Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: A review

Avian Pathology

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 175-194

  Van Den Berg, Thierry P Den ^a  

^a VETERINARY AND AGROCHEMICAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034210376     PISSN: 03079457     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03079450050045431     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Akin A., Wu, C.C. & Lin, T.L. (1999). Amplification and cloning of infectious bursal disease virus genomic RNA segments by long and accurate PCR. Journal of Virological Methods, 82, 55-61.
2. Arns, C.W. & Hafez, H.M. (1995). Isolation and identification of avian pneumovirus from broiler breeder flocks in Brazil. In Proceedings of the 44th Western Poultry Disease Conference (pp. 124-125). USA.
3. Azad, A.A., Barrett, S.A. & Fahey, K.J. (1985). The characterization and molecular cloning of the double-stranded dsRNA genome of an Australian strain of infectious bursal disease virus. Virology, 143, 35-44.
4. Azad, A.A, Jagadish, M.N., Brown, M.A. & Hudson, P.J. (1987). Deletion mapping and expression in E. Coli of the large genomic segment of a birnavirus. Virology, 161, 145-152.
5. Bayliss, C.D., Spies, U., Shaw, K., Peters, R.W., Papageorgiou, A., Muller, H. & Boursnell, M.E.G. (1990). A comparison of the sequences of segment A of four infectious bursal disease virus strains and identification of a variable region in VP2. Journal of General Virology, 71, 1303-1312.
6. Bayliss, C.D., Peters, R.W., Cook, J.K.A., Reece, R.L., Howes, K., Binns, M.M. & Boursnell, M.E.G. (1991). A recombinant fowlpox virus that expresses the VP2 antigen of infectious bursal disease virus induces protection against mortality caused by the virus. Archives of Virology, 120, 193-205.
7. Becht H., Müller, H. & Müller, H.K. (1988). Comparative studies on structural and antigenic properties of two serotypes of infectious bursal disease virus. Journal of General Virology, 69, 631-640.
8. Birghan, C., Mundt, E., & Gorbalenya, A.E. (2000). A non-canonical Lon proteinase lacking the ATPase domain employs the Ser-Lys catalytic dyad to exercise broad control over the life cycle of a double-stranded RNA virus. EMBO Journal, 4, 114-123.
9. Boot H.J., ter Huurne, A.H.M., Peeters, B.P.H. & Gielkens, A.L.J. (1999). Efficient rescue of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus from cloned cDNA: evidence for involvement of the 3-terminal sequence in genome replication. Virology, 265, 330-341.
10. Boot H.J., ter Huurne, A.H.M. & Peeters, B.P.H. (2000). Generation of full-length cDNA of the two genomic dsRNA segments of Infectious Bursal Disease virus. Journal of Virological Methods, 84, 49-58.
11. Böttcher B., Kiselev, N.A., Stel'Mashchuk, V.Y., Perevozchikova, N.A., Borisov, A.V. & Crowther, R.A. (1997). Three-dimensional structure of infectious bursal disease virus determined by electron cryomicroscopy. Journal of Virology, 71, 325-330.
12. Box, P. (1989). High maternal antibodies help chickens beat virulent virus. World Poultry, 53, 17-19.
13. Brown, M.D. & Skinner, M.A. (1996). Coding sequences of both genome segments of a European "very virulent" infectious bursal disease virus. Virus Research, 40, 1-15.
14. Brown, M.D., Green, P. & Skinner, M.A. (1994). VP2 sequences of recent European "very virulent" isolates of infectious bursal disease virus are closely related to each other but are distinct from those of "classical" strains. Journal of General Virology, 75, 675-680.
15. Bumstead, N., Reece, R.L. & Cook, J.K.A. (1993). Genetic differences in susceptibility of chicken lines to infection with infectious bursal disease virus. Poultry Science, 72, 403-410.
16. Burkhardt, E. & Müller, H. (1987). Susceptibility of chicken blood lymphoblasts and monocytes to IBDV. Archives of Virology, 94, 297-303.
17. Cao, Y.C., Yeung, W.S., Law, M., Bi, Y.Z., Leung, F.C. & Lim, B.L. (1998). Molecular characterization of seven Chinese isolates of infectious bursal disease virus: classical, very virulent, and variant strains. Avian Diseases, 42, 340-351.
18. Cardoso, T.C., Sousa, R.L., Alessi, A.C., Montassier, H.J. & Pinto, A.A. (1998). A double antibody sandwich ELISA for rapid diagnosis of virus infection and to measure the humoral response against infectious bursal disease on clinical material. Avian Pathology, 27, 450-454.
19. Cardoso, T.C., Rahal, P., Pilz, D., Teixeira, M.C.B. & Arns, C.W. (2000). Replication of classical infectious bursal disease virus in the chicken embryo related (CER) cell line. Avian Pathology, 29, 213-217.
20. Chettle, N.J., Stuart, J.C. & Wyeth, P.J. (1989). Outbreaks of virulent infectious bursal disease in East Anglia. Veterinary Record, 125, 271-272.
21. Chen, H.Y., Zhou, Q., Zhang, M.F. & Giambrone, J.J. (1998) Sequence analysis of the VP2 hypervariable region of nine infectious bursal disease virus isolates from mainland China. Avian Diseases, 42, 762-769.
22. Cloud, S.S., Lillehoj, H.S. & Rosenberger, J.K. (1992a). Immune dysfunction following infection with chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus. I. Kinetic alterations of avian lymphocytes subpopulations. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 34, 337-352.
23. Cloud, S.S., Rosenberger, J.K. & Lillehoj, H.S. (1992b). Immune dysfunction following infection with chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus. II. Alteration of in vitro immune response. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 34, 353-366.
24. Collins, M.S., Bashiruddin, J.B. & Alexander, D.J. (1993) Deduced amino acid sequences at the fusion protein cleavage site of Newcastle disease viruses showing variation in antigenicity and pathogenicity. Archives of Virology, 128, 363-370.
25. Confer, A.W. & MacWilliams, P.S. (1982). Correlation of hematological changes and serum and monocyte inhibition with the early suppression of phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes in experimental infectious bursal disease. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medecine, 46, 169-175.
26. Confer A.W., Springer, W.T., Shane, S.M. & Donovan, J.F. (1981). Sequential mitogen stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from chickens inoculated with infectious bursal disease virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 42, 2109-2113.
27. Czifra, G. & Janson, D.S. (1999). Infectious Bursal Disease in Sweden. Proceedings of the First Working Group 1 meeting on Epidemiology, COST Action 839, 06-08/06/99. Ploufragan, France.
28. Dani, M.A.C., Arns, C.W. & Durigon, E.L. (1999). Molecular characterization of Brazilian avian pneumovirus isolates using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, restriction endonuclease analysis and sequencing of a G gene fragment. Avian Pathology, 28, 473-476.
29. Darteil, R., Bublot, M., Laplace, E., Bouquet, J.F., Audonnet, J.C. & Riviere, M. (1995). Herpesvirus of turkey recombinant viruses expressing infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP2 immunogen induce protection against an IBDV virulent challenge in chickens. Virology, 211, 481-490.
30. Di Fabio, J., Rossini, L.I., Eterradossi, N., Toquin D. & Gardin, Y. (1999). European-like pathogenic infectious bursal disease viruses in Brazil. Veterinary Record, 145, 203-204.
31. Dijkmans, R., Creemers, J. & Billiau, A. (1990). Chicken macrophage activation by interferon: do birds lack the molecular homologue of mammalian interferon-gamma? Veterinary Immunology & Immunopathology, 26, 319-332.
32. Dybing, J.K. & Jackwood, D.J. (1998). Antigenic and immunogenic properties of baculovirus-expressed infectious bursal disease viral proteins. Avian Diseases, 42, 80-91.
33. Eterradossi, N. (1995) Progress in the Diagnosis and Prophylaxis of Infectious Bursal Disease in Poultry. Comprehensive reports on technical items presented to the International Committee or to regional Commissions (pp. 75-82). Paris: OIE.
34. Eterradossi, N., Picault, J.P., Drouin, P., Guittet, M., L'Hospitalier, R. & Bennejean, G. (1992). Pathogenicity and preliminary antigenic characterization of six infectious bursal disease virus strains isolated in France from acute outbreaks. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, B39, 683-691.
35. Eterradossi, N., Toquin, D., Rivallan, G. & Guittet, M. (1997a). Modified activity of a VP2-located neutralizing epitope on various vaccine, pathogenic and hypervirulent strains of infectious bursal disease virus. Archives of Virology, 142, 255-270.
36. Eterradossi, N., Rivallan, G., Toquin, D. & Guittet, M. (1997b). Limited antigenic variation among recent infectious bursal disease virus isolates from France. Archives of Virology, 142, 2079-2087.
37. Eterradossi, N., Arnauld, C., Toquin, D., Rivallan, G. (1998). Critical amino acid changes in VP2 variable domain are associated with typical and atypical antigenicity in very virulent infectious bursal disease viruses. Archives of Virology, 143, 1627-1636.
38. Eterradossi, N., Arnaud, C., Tekaia, F., Toquin, D., Le Coq, H., Rivallan, G., Guittet, M., Domenech, J., van den Berg, T.P. & Skinner, M.A. (1999). Antigenic and genetic relationship between European very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses and an early West-African isolate. Avian Pathology, 28, 36-46.
39. Fahey, K.J., Erny, K. & Crooks, J. (1989). A conformational immunogen on VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus that induces virus-neutralizing antibodies that passively protect chickens. Journal of General Virology, 70, 1473-1481.
40. Fernandez-Arias, A., Martinez, S. & Rodriguez, J.F. (1997). The major antigenic protein of infectious bursal disease virus, VP2, is an apoptotic inducer. Journal of Virology, 71, 8014-8018.
41. Fernandez-Arias, A., Risco, C., Martinez, S., Albar, J.P. & Rodriguez, J.F. (1998). Expression of ORF A1 of infectious bursal disease virus results in the formation of virus-like particles. Journl of General Virology, 79, 1047-1054.
42. Fodor, I., Horvath, E., Fodor, N., Nagy, E., Rencendorsh, A., Vakharia, V.N. and Dube, S.K. (1999). Induction of protective immunity in chickens immunised with plasmid DNA encoding infectious bursal disease virus antigens. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 47, 481-492.
43. Gardner, H., Kerry, K., Riddle, M., Brouwer, S. & Gleeson, L. (1997). Poultry virus infection in Antarctic penguins. Nature, 387, 245.
44. Gelb, J., Eidson, C.S., Fletcher, O.J. & Kleven, S.H. (1979a). Studies on interferon induction by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). I. Interferon production in chicken embryo cell cultures infected with IBDV. Avian Diseases, 23, 485-492.
45. Gelb, J., Eidson, C.S., Fletcher, O.J. & Kleven, S.H. (1979b). Studies on interferon induction by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). II. Interferon production in White Leghorn chickens infected with an attenuated or pathogenic isolant of IBDV. Avian Diseases, 23, 634-645.
46. Granzow, H., Birghan, C., Mettenleiter, T.C., Beyer, J., Kollner, B. & Mundt, E. (1997). A second form of infectious bursal disease virus-associated tubule contains VP4. Journal of Virology, 71, 8879-8885.
47. Green, L.C., Wagner, D.A., Glogowski, J., Skipper, P.L., Wishnok, J.S. & Tannenbaum, S.R. (1982) Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids. Analytical Biochemistry, 126, 131-138.
48. Guittet, M., Le Coq, H., Picault, J.P., Eterradossi, N. & Bennejean, G (1992). Safety of infectious bursal disease vaccines: assessment of an acceptability threshold. Developments of Biological Standards, 79, 147-152.
49. Haddad, E.E., Whitfill, C.E., Avakian, A.P., Ricks, C.A., Andrews, P.D., Thoma, J.A. & Wakenell, P.S. (1997). Efficacy of a novel infectious bursal disease virus immune complex vaccine in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases, 41, 882-889.
50. Hassan, M.K., Nielsen, C.K., Ward, L.A., Jackwood, D.J. & Saif, Y.M. (1996). Antigenicity, pathogenicity and immunogenicity of small & large plaque infectious bursal disease virus clones. Avian Diseases, 40, 832-836.
51. Havarstein, L.S., Kalland, K.H., Christie, K.E. & Endresen, C. (1990). Sequence of the large double-stranded RNA segment of the N1 strain of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus: a comparison with other Birnaviridae. Journal of General Virology, 71, 299-308.
52. Heine, H.G. & Boyle, D.B. (1993). Infectious bursal disease virus structural protein VP2 expressed by a fowlpox virus recombinant confers protection against disease in chickens. Archives of Virology, 131, 277-292.
53. Hiraga, M., Nunoya, T., Otaki, Y., Tajima, M., Saito, T. & Nakamura, T. (1994). Pathogenesis of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection in intact and bursectomized chickens. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 56, 1057-1063.
54. Hirai, K. & Calnek, B.W. (1979). In vitro replication of infectious bursal disease virus in established lymphoid cell lines and chicken B lymphocytes. Infection and Immunity, 25, 964-970.
55. Hirai, K., Funakoshi, T., Nakai, T. & Shimakura, S. (1981) Sequential changes in the number of surface immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes in infectious bursal disease virus-infected chickens. Avian Diseases, 25, 484-496.
56. Howie, R.I. & Thorsen, J. (1981). Identification of a strain of infectious bursal disease virus isolated from mosquitoes. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine, 45, 315-320.
57. Hu, Y.C., Bentley, W.E., Edwards, G.H. & Vakharia, V.N. (1999) Chimeric infectious bursal disease virus-like particles expressed in insect cells and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 63, 721-729.
58. Hudson, P.J., McKern, N.M., Power, B.E. & Azad, A.A. (1986). Genomic structure of the large RNA segment of infectious bursal disease virus. Nucleic Acid Research, 14, 5001-5012.
59. Inoue, M., Yamamoto, H., Matuo, K. & Hihara, H. (1992). Susceptibility of chicken monocytic cell lines to infectious bursal disease virus. Journal of Veterinary and Medical Science, 54, 575-577.
60. Inoue, M., Fukuda, M. & Miyano, K. (1994). Thymic lesions in chicken infected with infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Diseases, 38, 839-846.
61. Inoue, M., Fujita, A. & Maeda, K (1999). Lysis of myelocytes in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus. Veterinary Pathology, 36, 146-151.
62. Jackwood, D.J. & Saif, Y.M. (1987). Antigenic diversity of infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Diseases, 31, 766-770.
63. Jackwood, D.J. & Sommer, S.E. (1999). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease viruses from outside the United States. Avian Diseases, 43, 310-314.
64. Jackwood, D.J., Saif, Y.M. & Hughes, H.J. (1987). Replication of infectious bursal disease virus in continuous cell lines. Avian Diseases, 31, 370-375.
65. Jeurissen, S.H., Janse, E.M., Lehrbach, P.R., Haddad, E.E., Avakian, A. & Whitfill, C.E. (1998). The working mechanism of an immune complex vaccine that protects chickens against infectious bursal disease. Immunology, 95, 494-500.
66. Johnston, P.A., Liu, H., O'Connell, T., Phelps, P., Bland, M., Tyczkowski, J., Kemper, A., Harding, T., Avakian, A., Haddad, E., Whitfill, C., Gildersleeve, R. & Ricks, C.A. (1997). Applications in in ovo technology. Poultry Science, 76, 165-178.
67. Kaiser, P., Hughes, S. & Bumstead, N. (1999). The chicken 9E3/CEF4 CXC chemokine is the avian orthologue of IL8 and maps to chicken chromosome 4 syntenic with genes flanking the mammalian chemokine cluster. Immunogenetics, 49, 673-684.
68. Kant, A., Koch, G., Van Roozelaar, D. J., Balk, F. & Ter Huurne, A. (1997). Differentiation of virulent and non-virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus within 24 hours by polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathology, 26, 837-850.
69. Karaca, K., Kim, I.J., Reddy, S.K. & Sharma, J.M. (1996). Nitric oxide inducing factor as a measure of antigen and mitogen-specific T cell responses in chickens. Journal of Immunological Methods, 10, 97-103.
70. Kibenge, F.S.B. & Dhama, V. (1997). Evidence that virion-associated VP1 of avibirnaviruses contains viral RNA sequences. Archives of Virology, 142, 1227-1236.
71. Kibenge, F.S.B., Dhillon, A.S. & Russel, R.G. (1988). Biochemistry and immunology of infectious bursal disease virus. Journal of General Virology, 69, 1757-1775.
72. Kibenge, F.S.B., Qian, B., Cleghorn, J.R. & Martin, C.K. (1997). Infectious bursal disease virus polyprotein processing does not involve cellular proteases. Archives of Virology, 142, 2401-2419.
73. Kibenge, F.S., Qian, B., Nagy, E., Cleghom, J.R. & Wadowska, D. (1999). Formation of virus-like particles when the polyprotein gene (segment A) of infectious bursal disease virus is expressed in insect cells. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 49-55.
74. Kim, I.J., Karaca, K., Pertile, T.L., Erickson, S.A. & Sharma, J.M. (1998). Enhanced expression of cytokine genes in spleen macrophages during acute infection with infectious bursal disease virus in chickens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 61, 331-341.
75. Klasing, K.C. & Peng, R.K. (1990). Monokine-like activities released from a chicken macrophage line. Animal Biotechnology, 1, 107-120.
76. Kouwenhoven, B. & van den Bos, J. (1994). Control of very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro Disease) in the Netherlands with more virulent vaccines. Proceedings of the International symposium on infectious bursal disease and chicken infectious anaemia (pp. 262-271). Rauischholzhausen, Germany.
77. Lam, K.M. (1998). Alteration of chicken heterophil and macrophage functions by the infectious bursal disease virus. Microbiological Pathogenesis, 25, 147-155.
78. Lambrecht, B., Gonze, M., Meulemans, G., & van den Berg, T.P. (2000). Production of antibodies against chicken interferon-γ: demonstration of neutralizing activity and development of a quantitative ELISA. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 74, 137-144.
79. Lasher, H.N. & Shane, S.M. (1994). Infectious bursal disease. World's Poultry Science Journal, 50, 133-166.
80. Leutz, A., Damm, K., Sterneck, E., Kowenz, E., Ness, S., Frank, R., Gausepohl, H., Pan, Y.C., Smart, J., Hayman, M. & Graf, T. (1989). Molecular cloning of the chicken myelomonocytic growth factor (cMGF) reveals relationship to interleukin 6 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor. EMBO Journal, 8, 175-181.
81. Lim, B.L., Cao, Y., Yu, T. & Mo, C.W. (1999). Adaptation of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus to chicken embryonic fibroblasts by site-directed mutagenesis of residues 279 and 284 of viral coat protein VP2. Journal of Virology, 73, 2854-2862.
82. Lin, Z., Kato, A, Otaki, Y., Nakamura, T., Sasmaz, E. & Ueda, S. (1993). Sequence comparison of a highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus prevalent in Japan. Avian Diseases, 37, 315-323.
83. Lombardo, E., Maraver, A., Casten J.R., Rivera, J., Fernandez-Arias, A., Serrano, A., Carrascosa, J.L. & Rodriguez, J.F. (1999). VP1, the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of infectious bursal disease virus, forms complexes with the capsid protein VP3, leading to efficient encapsidation into virus-like particles. Journal of Virology, 73, 6973-6983.
84. Lowenthal, J.W., Digby, M.R. & York, J.J. (1995). Production of interferon-gamma by chicken T cells. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research, 15, 933-938.
85. Lütticken, D. (1997). Viral diseases of the immune system and strategies to control infectious bursal disease by vaccination. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 45, 239-249.
86. Macreadie, I.G., Vaughan, P.R., Chapman, A.J., McKern, N.M., Jagadish, M.N., Heine, H.G., Ward, C.W., Fahey, K.J. & Azad, A.A. (1990). Passive protection against infectious bursal disease virus by viral VP2 expressed in yeast. Vaccine, 8, 549-552.
87. Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J.L., Caston, J.R., Rodriguez, F. & Casal, J.I. (1999). New alternatives in the use of structural proteins of IBDV as subunit vaccines. Proceedings of the First Working Group 3 meeting on Vaccination, COST Action 839, 18-19/06/99 (p. 13). Belfast, UK.
88. McFerran, J.B. (1993). Infectious Bursal Disease. In J.B. McFerran & M.S. McNulty (Eds.), Virus Infections of Birds (pp. 213-228). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
89. McNeilly, F., Walker, I., Allan, G.M. & Adair, B. (1999). Bursal lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate: effect of IBDV strains on the proliferation response. Avian Pathology, 28, 301-303.
90. Müller, H. & Becht, H. (1982). Biosynthesis of virus-specific proteins in cells infected with infectious bursal disease virus and signification as structural elements for infectious virus and incomplete particles. Journal of Virology, 44, 384-392.
91. Müller, H. & Nitschke, R. (1987). The two segments of the infectious bursal disease virus genome are circularized by a 90,000-Da protein. Virology, 159, 174-177.
92. Müller, R., Kaufer, I., Reinacher, M. & Weiss, E. (1979). Immunofluorescent studies of early virus propagation after oral infection with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Zentralblad Veterinarmedicine [B], 26, 345-352.
93. Müller, H., Schnitzler, D., Bernstein, F., Becht, H., Cornelissen, D. & Lutticken, D.H. (1992). Infectious bursal disease of poultry: antigenic structure of the virus and control. Veterinary Microbiology, 33, 175-183.
94. Mundt, E. (1999). Tissue culture infectivity of different strains of infectious bursal disease virus is determined by distinct amino acids in VP2. Journal of General Virology, 80, 2067-2076.
95. Mundt, E. & Vakharia, V.N. (1996). Synthetic transcripts of double-stranded birnavirus genome are infectious. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 11131-11136.
96. Mundt, E., Beyer, J. & Müller, H. (1995). Identification of a novel viral protein in infectious bursal disease virus-infected cells. Journal of General Virology, 76, 437-443.
97. Mundt, E., Kollner, B. & Kretzschmar, D. (1997). VP5 of infectious bursal disease virus is not essential for viral replication in cell culture. Journal of Virology, 71, 5647-5651.
98. Nagarajan, M.M. & Kibenge, F.S.B. (1997). Infectious Bursal Disease Virus: a review of molecular basis for variations in antigenicity and virulence. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 81-88.
99. Nevalainen, M., Ek-Kommonen, C. & Sihvonen, L. (1999). Infectious bursal disease. Epidemiosurveillance in Finland. Proceedings of the First Working Group 1 meeting on Epidemiology, COST Action 839, 06-08/06/99, Ploufragan, France.
100. Nielsen, O.L., Sorensen, P., Hedemand, J.E., Laursen, S.B. & Jorgensen, P.H. (1998). Inflammatory response of different chicken lines and B haplotypes to infection with infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Pathology, 27, 181-189.
101. Nieper, H. & Müller, H. (1996). Susceptibility of chicken lymphoid cells to infectious bursal disease virus does not correlate with the presence of specific binding sites. Journal of General Virology, 77, 1229-1237.
102. Nieper, H., Teifke, J.P., Jungmann, A., Löhr, C. V. & Müller, H. (1999). Infected and apoptotic cells in the IBDV-infected bursa of Fabricus, studied by double-labelling techniques. Avian Pathology, 28, 279-285.
103. Nunoya, T., Otaki, Y, Tajima, M, Hiraga, M. & Saito, T. (1992). Occurrence of acute infectious bursal disease with high mortality in Japan and pathogenicity of field isolates in SPF chickens. Avian Diseases, 36, 597-609.
104. Oberdörfer, A & Werner, O. (1998). Newcastle disease virus: detection and characterization by PCR of recent German isolates differing in pathogenicity. Avian Pathology, 27, 237-243.
105. Ogawa, M., Yamaguchi, T., Setiyono, A., Ho, T., Matsuda, H., Furusawa, S., Fukushi, H. & Hirai, K. (1998a). Some characteristics of a cellular receptor for virulent infectious bursal disease virus by using flow cytometry. Archives of Virology, 143, 2327-2341.
106. Ogawa, M., Wakuda, T., Yamaguchi, T., Murata, K., Setiyono, A., Fukushi, H. & Hirai, K. (1998b). Seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease virus in free-living wild birds in Japan. Journal of Veterinary and Medical Science, 60, 1277-1279.
107. Ojeda, F., Skardova, I., Guarda, M.I., Ulloa, J. & Folch, H. (1997). Proliferation and apoptosis in Infection with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus: a flow cytometric study. Avian Diseases, 41, 312-316.
108. Öppling, V., Müller, H. & Becht, H. (1991). Heterogeneity of the antigenic site responsible for the induction of neutralizing antibodies in infectious bursal disease virus. Archives of Virology, 119, 211-223.
109. Pitcovski, J., Di-Castro, D., Shaaltiel, Y., Azriel, A., Gutter, B., Yarkoni, E., Michael, A., Krispel, S. & Levi, B.Z. (1996). Insect cell-derived VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus confers protection against the disease in chickens. Avian Diseases, 40, 753-761.
110. Pitcovski, J., Goldberg, D., Levi, B.Z., Di-Castro, D., Azriel, A., Krispel, S., Maray, T. & Shaaltiel, Y. (1998). Coding region of segment A sequence of a very virulent isolate of IBDV-comparison with isolates from different countries and virulence. Avian Diseases, 42, 497-506.
111. Pitcovski, J., Levi, B.Z., Maray, T., Di-Castro, D., Safadi, A., Krispel, S., Azriel, A., Gutter, B. & Michael, A. (1999). Failure of viral protein 3 of infectious bursal disease virus produced in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems to protect chickens against the disease. Avian Diseases, 43, 8-15.
112. Proffitt, J.M., Bastin, D.A. & Lehrbach, P.R. (1999). Sequence analysis of Australian infectious bursal disease viruses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 77, 186-188.
113. Rodenberg, J., Sharma, J., Belzer, S.W., Nordgren, R.M. & Nagi, S. (1994). Flow cytometric analysis of B cell and T cell subpopulations in virus. Avian Diseases, 38, 16-21.
114. Samad, F., Bergtrom, G., Eissa, H. & Amrani, D.L. (1993). Stimulation of chick hepatocyte fibronectin production by fibroblast-conditioned medium is due to interleukin 6. Biochim Biophys Acta, 19, 207-213.
115. Sanchez, A.B. & Rodriguez, J.F. (1999). Proteolytic processing in infectious bursal disease virus: identification of the polyprotein cleavage sites by site-directed mutagenesis. Virology, 262, 190-199.
116. Sapats, S. & Ignjatovic, J. (2000). Antigenic and sequence heterogeneity of infectious bursal disease virus strains isolated in Australia. Archives of Virology, 145, 773-785.
117. Savic, V., Bidin, Z., Cajavec, S., Stancic, M., Gjurcevic, D. & Saviv, G. (1997). Epidemic of infectious bursal disease in Croatia during the period 1995-1996: field and experimental observations. Veterinarski Arhiv, 67, 243-251.
118. Scherbakova, L.O., Lomakin, A.I., Borisov, A.V., Drygin, V.V. & Gusev, A.A. (1998). Comparative analysis of the VP2 variable region of the gene from infectious bursal disease virus isolates. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol, 1, 35-40.
119. Schnitzler, D., Bernstein, F., Müller H. & Becht, H. ( 1993). The genetic basis for the antigenicity of the VP2 protein of the infectious bursal disease virus. Journal of General Virology, 74, 1563-1571.
120. Sekellick, M.J., Ferrandino, A.F., Hopkins, D.A. & Marcus, P.I. (1994). Chicken interferon gene: cloning, expression, and analysis. Journal of Interferon Research, 14, 71-79.
121. Sharma, J.M. & Fredricksen, T.L. (1987). Mechanisms of T cell immunosuppression by infectious bursal disease virus of chickens. Proceedings of Avian Immunology, 238, 283-294.
122. Sharma, J.M. & Lee, L. (1983). Effects of infectious bursal disease virus on natural killer cell activity and mitogenic response of chicken lymphoid cells. Infection and Immunity, 42, 747-754.
123. Sharma, J.M., Dohms, J.E. & Metz, A.L. (1989). Comparative pathogenesis of serotype 1 and variant serotype 1 isolates of infectious bursal disease and their effect on humoral and cellular immune competence of SPF chickens. Avian Diseases, 33, 112-124.
124. Sharma, J.M., Dohms, J., Walser, M. & Snyder, D.B. (1993). Presence of lesions without virus replication in the thymus of chickens exposed to infectious bursal disease virus. Avian Diseases, 37, 741-748.
125. Sheppard, M., Werner, W., Tsatas, E., McCoy, R., Prowse, S. & Johnson, M. (1998). Fowl adenovirus recombinant expressing VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus induces protective immunity against bursal disease. Archives of Virology, 143, 915-930.
126. Skeeles, J.K., Slavik, M., Beasley, J.N., Brown, A.M., Meinecke, C.F., Maruca, S. & Welch, S. (1980). An age-related coagulation disorder associated with experimental infection with infectious bursal disease virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 41, 1458-1461.
127. Smith, L.A., Tignor, G.H., Mifune, K., Narita, M. & Maeda, M. (1997). Isolation and assay of rabies serogroup viruses in CER cells. Intervirology, 8, 92-99.
128. Snyder, D.B. (1990). Changes in the field status of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus-Guest Editorial. Avian Pathology 19, 419-423.
129. Snyder, D.B., Vakharia, V.N. & Savage, P.K. (1992). Naturally occuring-neutralizing monoclonal antibody escape variants define the epidemiology of infectious bursal disease viruses in the United States. Archives of Virology, 127, 89-101.
130. Spies, U., Müller, H. & Becht, H. (1987). Properties of RNA polymerase activity associated with infectious bursal disease virus and characterization of its reaction products. Virus Research, 8, 127-140.
131. Stuart, J.C. (1989). Acute Infectious Bursal Disease in Poultry. Veterinary Record, 125, 281.
132. Tacken, M.G., Rottier, P.J., Gielkens, A.L. & Peeters, B.P. (2000). Interactions in vivo between the proteins of infectious bursal disease virus: capsid protein VP3 interacts with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, VP1. Journal of General Virology, 81, 209-218.
133. Tanimura, N. & Sharma, J.M. (1997). Appearance of T cells in the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils during the acute phase of infectious bursal disease virus infection in chickens. Avian Diseases, 41, 638-645.
134. Tanimura, N. & Sharma, J.M. (1998). In-situ apoptosis in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 118, 15-27.
135. Tanimura, N., Tsukamolo, K, Nakamura, K., Narita, M. & Maeda M. (1995). Association between pathogenicity of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and viral antigen distribution detected by immunochemistry. Avian Diseases, 39, 9-20.
136. To, H., Yamaguchi, T., Nguyen, N.T., Nguyen, O.T., Nguyen, S.V., Agus, S., Kim, H.J., Fukushi, H. & Hirai, K. (1999). Sequence comparison of the VP2 variable region of infectious bursal disease virus isolates from Vietnam. Journal of Veterinary and Medical Science, 61, 429-432.
137. Tsukamoto, K., Tanimura, N., Hihara, H., Shirai, J., Imai, K., Nakamura, K. & Maeda, M. (1992). Isolation of virulent infectious bursal disease virus from field outbreaks with high mortality in Japan. Journal of Veterinary and Medical Science, 54, 153-155.
138. Tsukamoto, K., Tanimura, N., Mase, M. & Imai, K. (1995). Comparison of virus replication efficiency in lymphoid tissues among three infectious bursal disease virus strains. Avian Diseases, 39, 844-852.
139. Tsukamoto, K., Kojima, C., Komori, Y., Tanimura, N., Mase, M. & Yamaguchi, S. (1999). Protection of chickens against very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Marek's disease virus (MDV) with a recombinant MDV expressing IBDV VP2. Virology, 10, 257, 352-362.
140. Vakharia, V.N., Snyder, D.B., Lutticken, D., Mengel-Whereat, S.A., Savage, P.K., Edwards, G.H. & Goodwin, M.A. (1994a). Active and passive protection against variant and classic infectious bursal disease virus strains induced by baculovirus-expressed structural proteins. Vaccine, 12, 452-456.
141. Vakharia, V.N., He, J., Ahamed, B. & Snyder D.B. (1994b). Molecular basis of antigenic variation in IBDV. Virus Research, 31, 265-273.
142. van den Berg, T.P. & Meulemans, G. (1991). Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry; protection afforded by maternally derived antibodies and interference with live vaccination. Avian Pathology, 20, 409-421.
143. van den Berg, T.P., Gonze, M. & Meulemans, G. (1991). Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: isolation and characterisation of a highly virulent strain. Avian Pathology, 20, 133-143.
144. van den Berg, T.P., Gonze, M., Morales, D. & Meulemans, G. (1994a). Relevance of antigenic variation for protection in infectious bursal disease. Proceedings of the International symposium on infectious bursal disease and chicken infectious anaemia (pp. 22-36). Rauischholzhausen, Germany.
145. van den Berg, T.P., Godfroid, J., Morales, D., & Meulemans, G. (1994b). The use of HD11 macrophage cell line in the study of IBDV. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Infectious Bursal Disease and Chicken Infectious Anaemia (pp. 133-142). Rauischholzhausen, Germany.
146. van den Berg, T.P., Gonze, M., Morales, D. & Meulemans, G. (1996). Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: immunological and molecular basis of antigenicity of a highly virulent strain. Avian Pathology, 25, 751-768.
147. van den Berg, T.P., Lambrecht, B., Morales, D., Gonze, M. & Meulemans, G. (1999). Partial protection of chickens against IBDV by DNA vaccination. Proceedings of the Keystone Symposium: DNA Vaccines: Immune responses, mechanisms and manipulating antigen processing. Snowbird, UT, 12-17 April.
148. Van der Marel, P., Snyder, D. & Lutticken, D. (1990). Antigenic characterization of IBDV field isolates by their reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Deutsch Tierarztl Wochenschrift, 97, 81-83.
149. Vasconcelos, A.C. & Lam, K.M. (1994). Apoptosis induced by infectious bursal disease virus. Journal of General Virology, 75, 1803-1806.
150. Vervelde, L. & Davison, T.F. (1997). Comparison of the in situ changes in lymphoid cells during infection with infectious bursal disease virus in chickens of different ages. Avian Pathology, 26, 803-821
151. Weining, K.C., Sick, C., Kaspers, B. & Staeheli, P. (1998). A chicken homolog of mammalian interleukin-1 beta: cDNA cloning and purification of active recombinant protein. European Journal of Biochemistry, 15, 994-1000.
152. Wilcox, G.E., Flower, R.L., Baxendale, W. & Smith, V.W. (1983). Infectious bursal disease in Western Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 60, 86-87.
153. Yamaguchi, T., Kondo, T., Inoshima, Y., Ogawa, M., Miyoshi, M., Yanai,
154. Yamaguchi, T., Ogawa, M., Inoshima, Y, Miyoshi, M., Fukushi, H. & Hirai K. (1996b). Identification of sequence changes responsible for the attenuation of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Virology, 223, 219-223.
155. Yamaguchi, T., Ogawa, M., Miyoshi, M., Inoshima, Y., Fukushi, H. & Hirai, K. (1997). Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Archives of Virology, 142, 1441-1458.
156. Yao, K., Goodwin, M.A. & Vakharia, V.N. (1998). Generation of a mutant infectious bursal disease virus that does not cause bursal lesions. Journal of Virology, 72, 2647-2654.
157. Yehuda, H., Pitcovski, J., Michael, A., Gutter, B. & Goldway, M. (1999) Viral protein 1 sequence analysis of three infectious bursal disease virus strains: a very virulent virus, its attenuated form, and an attenuated vaccine. Avian Diseases, 43, 55-64.
158. Yehuda, H., Goldway, M., Gutter, B., Michael, A., Godfried, Y., Shaaltiel, Y., Levi, B.Z. & Pitcovski, J. (2000). Transfer of antibodies elicited by baculovirus-derived VP2 of very virulent infectious bursal disease virus strains to progeny of commercial breeder chickens. Avian Pathology, 29, 13-19.
159. Zierenberg, K., Nieper H., van den Berg, T.P., Ezeokoli, C.D., Voss, M. & Müller, H. (2000). The VP2 variable region of two German and 11 African isolates of Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses (IBDV): comparison of the amino acid sequences with very virulent, "classical" virulent, and attenuated tissue culture-adapted strains. Archives of Virology, 145, 113-125.