An exploration of the effects of negative political advertising on political decision making

Journal of Advertising

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 13-25

  Pinkleton, Bruce E ^a   Um, Nam Hyun ^b   Austin, Erica Weintraub ^a  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Cheil Communications   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040670126     PISSN: 00913367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00913367.2002.10673657     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Anderson, Norman H. (1965), “Averaging vs. Adding as a Stimulus-Combination Rule in Impression Formation, ” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70 (4), 394-400.
2. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Roy Behr, and Shanto Iyengar (1993), The Media Game, New York: Macmillan.
3. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Roy Behr and Shanto Iyengar (1995), Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink & Polarize the Electorate, New York: The Free Press.
4. Austin, Erica W. and Bruce E. Pinkleton (1995), “Positive and Negative Effects of Political Disaffection on the Less Experienced Voter, ” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39 (2), 215-235.
5. Bandura, Albert (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
6. Bandura, Albert (1997), Self Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
7. Boiney, John and David L. Paletz (1991), “In Search of the Model Model: Political Science Versus Political Advertising Perspectives on Voter Decision Making, ” in Television and Political Advertising, Volume 1: Psychological Processes, Frank Biocca, ed., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 3-26.
8. Bowen, Lawrence, Keith Stamm, and Fiona Clark (2000), “Television Reliance and Political Malaise: A Contingency Analysis, ” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44 (1), 1-15.
9. Cappella, Joseph N. and Kathleen Hall Jamieson (1997), Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good, New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Chaffee, Steven H. and Lee B. Becker (1975), “Young Voters’ Reactions to Early Watergate Issues, ” American Politics Quarterly, 3 (4), 360-385.
11. Chaffee, Steven H., Lee B. Becker and Joan Schleuder (1986), “Measurement and Effects of Attention to Media News, ” Human Communication Research, 13 (1), 76-107.
12. Chen, Kevin (1992), Political Alienation and Voting Turnout in the United States 1960-1988, San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press.
13. Craig, Stephen C., Richard G. Niemi, and Glenn E. Silver (1990), “Political Efficacy and Trust: A Report on the NES Pilot Study Items, " Political Behavior, 12 (3), 289-313.
14. Crotty, William J. and Gary C. Jacobson (1980), American Parties in Decline, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
15. Dennis, Jack and Carol Webster (1975), “Childrens’ Images of the President and of Government in 1962 and 1974, ” Atnerican Politics Quarterly, 3 (4), 386-405.
16. Diamond, Edwin and Stephen Bates (1988), The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
17. Dionne, E.J., Jr. (1991), Why Americans Hate Politics, New York: Simon and Schuster.
18. Doak, David (1995), “Attack Ads: Rethinking the Rules, ” Campaigns & Elections, 16 (July), 20-21.
19. Faber, Ronald J., Albert R. Tims, and Kay G Schmitt (1990), “Accentuate the Negative?: The Impact of Negative Political Appeals on Voting Intent, ” in Proceedings of the American Academy of Advertising, Patricia Stout, ed., Austin, TX: American Academy of Advertising, 10-16.
20. Garramone, Gina M. (1984), “Voter Responses to Negative Political Ads, ” Journalism Quarterly, 61 (2), 250-259.
21. Garramone, Gina M. (1985), “Effects of Negative Political Advertising: The Roles of Sponsor and Rebuttal, ” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 29 (2), 147-159.
22. Garramone, Gina M., and Sandra J. Smith (1984), “Reactions to Political Advertising: Clarifying Sponsor Effects, ” Journalism Quarterly, 61 (4), 771-775.
23. Grove, Lloyd (1989), “How Experts Fueled a Race with Vitriol, " The Washington Post, (January 18), A1 and A14.
24. Hamilton, David L. and Leroy J. Huffman (1971), “Generality of Impression-Formation Processes for Evaluative and Nonevaluative Judgments, ” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 20 (2), 200-207.
25. Hamilton, David L., Leroy J. Huffman and Mark P. Zanna (1972), “Differential Weighting of Favorable and Unfavorable Attributes in Impression Formation, ” Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 6 (2-3), 204-212.
26. Hodges, Bert H. (1974), “Effect of Valence on Relative Weighting in Impression Formation, ” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30 (3), 378-381.
27. Horn, Randolph C. and M. Margaret Conway (1996), “Public Judgment and Political Engagement in the 1992 Election, ” in Broken ContractI Changing Relationships Between Americans and Their Government, Stephen C. Craig, ed., Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 110-126.
28. Jennings, Kent M. and Richard G. Niemi (1978), “The Persistence of Political Orientations: An Over-Time Analysis ofTwo Generations, ” British Journal of Political Science, 8, 333-363.
29. Johnson-Cartee, Karen S. and Gary A. Copeland (1989), “Southern Voters’ Reaction to Negative Political Ads in 1936, " Journalism Quarterly, 66 (4), 888-893, 986.
30. Johnson-Cartee, Karen S. and Gary A. Copeland (1991a), “Candidate-Sponsored Negative Political Advertising Effects Reconsidered, ” paper presented to Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention, (August), Boston.
31. Johnson-Cartee, Karen S. and Gary A. Copeland (1991b), Negative Political Advertising: Coming of Age, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
32. Jordan, Nehemiah (1965), “The ‘Asymmetry’ of‘Liking’ and ‘Disliking’: A Phenomenon Meriting Further Replication and Research, ” Public Opinion Quarterly, 29 (2), 315-322.
33. Kaid, Lynda L. and John Boydston (1987), “An Experimental Study of the Effectiveness of Negative Political Advertisements, ” Communication Quarterly, 35 (2), 193-201.
34. Kellermann, Kathy (1989), ‘The Negativity Effect in Interaction: It’s All in Your Point of View, ” Human Communication Research, 16 (2), 147-183.
35. Kernell, S. (1977), “Presidential Popularity and Negative Voting: An Alternative Explanation of the Mid-Term Congressional Decline of the President’s Party, " American Political Science Review, 71, 44-66.
36. Lau, Richard R. (1982), “Negativity in Political Perception, ” Political Behavior, 4 (4), 353-377.
37. Lau, Richard R. (1985), “Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior, ” American Journal of Political Science, 29 (1), 119-138.
38. Lau, Richard R. and Ralph Erber (1985), “Political Sophistication: An Information-Processing Perspective, ” in Mass Media & Political Thought, Sidney Kraus and Richard M. Perloff, eds., Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 37-64.
39. McLeod, Jack M. and Daniel G. McDonald (1985), “Beyond Simple Exposure: Media Orientations and Their Impact on Political Processes, ” Communication Research, 12 (1), 3-33.
40. Merritt, Sharyne (1984), “Negative Political Advertising: Some Empirical Findings, ” Journal of Advertising, 13 (3), 27-38.
41. Nugent, John F. (1987), “Positively Negative, ” Campaigns and Elections, 7 (March/April), 47-49.
42. Perloff, Richard M. and Dennis Kinsey (1992), “Political Advertising as Seen by Consultants and Journalists, ” Journal of Advertising Research, 36 (May/June), 53-60.
43. Pfau, Michael, Henry C. Kenski, Michael Nitz, and John Sorenson (1990), “Efficacy of Inoculation Strategies in Promoting Resistance to Political Attack Messages: Application to Direct Mail, ” Communication Monographs, 57 (1), 25-43.
44. Pinkleton, Bruce E. (1997), “The Effects of Negative Comparative Political Advertising on Candidate Evaluations and Advertising Evaluations: An Exploration, ” Journal of Advertising, 26 (1), 19-29.
45. Pinkleton, Bruce E. (1998), “Effects of Print Comparative Political Advertising on Political Decision-Making and Participation, ” Journal of Communication, 48 (4), 24-36.
46. Pinkleton, Bruce E. and Erica W. Austin (1998), “Media and Participation: Breaking the Spiral of Disaffection, ” in Engaging the Public: How Government and the Media Can Reinvigorate American Democracy, Thomas J. Johnson, Carol E. Hays and Scott P. Hays, eds., Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 75-86.
47. Pinkleton, Bruce E., Erica W. Austin, and Kristine K. J. Fortman (1998), “Relationships of Media Use and Political Disaffection to Political Efficacy and Voting Behavior, ” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 42 (1), 34-49.
48. Pinkleton, Bruce E., Erica W. Austin, Kristine K. J. Fortman, Joey Reagan, Dustin Aaronson, and Chien-Fei Chen (1997), “The Role of Individual Motivations in Information Source Use and Knowledge Concerning Divergent Topics, ” Communication Research Reports, 14 (3), 291-301.
49. Reagan, Joey (1996), ‘The ‘Repertoire’ of Information Sources, ” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 40 (1), 112-121.
50. Roddy, Brian L. and Gina M. Garramone (1988), “Appeals and Strategies of Negative Political Advertising, ” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 32 (4), 415-427.
51. Salmore, Barbara G. and Stephen A. Salmore (1989), Candidates, Parties, and Campaigns, Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
52. Steward, Charles J. (1975), “Voter Perception of Mudslinging in Political Communication, ” Central States Speech Journal, 26 (4), 279-286.
53. Surlin, Stuart H. and Thomas F. Gordon (1977), “How Values Affect Attitudes Toward Direct Reference Political Advertising, ” Journalism Quarterly, 54 (1), 89-95.
54. Taylor, Paul (1989), “Consultants Rise Via the Low Road, ” The Washington Post, (January 17), Al-A14.
55. Wilkins, Karin Gwinn (2000), ‘The Role of Media in Public Disengagement from Public Life, ” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44 (4), 569-580.