"Naive cynicism" in everyday theories of responsibility assessment: On biased assumptions of bias

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 76, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 743-753

  Kruger, Justin ^a   Gilovich, Thomas ^a  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040597127     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.743     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Ames, R. (1975). Teachers' attributions of responsibility: Some unexpected nondefensive effects. Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 668-676.
2. Asch, S. E. (1952). Social psychology. New York: Prentice Hall.
3. Babcock, L., & Loewenstein, G. (1997). Explaining bargaining impasse: The role of self-serving biases. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 109-126.
4. Beckman, L. (1973). Teachers' and observers' perceptions of causality for a child's performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 65, 198-204.
5. Brawley, L. R. (1984). Unintentional egocentric biases in attributions. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 264-278.
6. Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
7. Burger, J. M., & Rodman, J. L. (1983). Attributions of responsibility for group tasks: The egocentric bias and the actor-observer difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1232-1242.
8. Christensen, A., Sullaway, M., & King, C. E. (1983). Systematic error in behavioral reports of dyadic interaction: Egocentric bias and content effects. Behavioral Assessment, 5, 129-140.
9. Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic Press.
10. Contra [Computer software]. (1988). Redwood City, CA: Konami Industry Co., LTD.
11. Coser, L. A. (1956). The functions of social conflict. New York: Free Press.
12. DeConinck, J. B., Stilwell, C. D., & Brock, B. A. (1996). A construct validity analysis of scores on measures of distributive justice and pay satisfaction. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 1026-1036.
13. Deutsch, F. M., Lozy, J. L., & Saxon, S. (1993). Taking credit: Couples' reports of contributions to child care. Journal of Family Issues, 14, 421-437.
14. Diekmann, K. A., Samuels, S. M., Ross, L., & Bazerman, M. H. (1997). Self-interest and fairness in problems of resource allocation: Allocators versus recipients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1061-1074.
15. Dunning, D., Meyerowitz, J. A., & Holzberg, A. D. (1989). Ambiguity and self-evaluation: The role of idiosyncratic trait definitions in self-serving assessments of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1082-1090.
16. Fincham, F. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (1989). Assumed responsibility for activities in marriage: Egocentric or partner-centric bias? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 27-35.
17. Forsyth, D. R., Berger, R. E., & Mitchell, T. (1981). The effects of self-serving vs. other-serving claims of responsibility on attraction and attribution in groups. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 56-64.
18. Gill, D. L. (1980). Success-failure attributions in competitive groups: An exception to egocentrism. Journal of Sport Psychology, 2, 106-114.
19. Gilovich, T., Kruger, J., & Savitsky, K. (1999). Everyday egocentrism and everyday interpersonal problems. In R. M. Kowalski and M. R. Leary (Eds.), The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems: Interfaces of social and clinical psychology (pp. 69-95). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
20. Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Savitsky, K. (1999). The spotlight effect in social judgment: An egocentric bias in estimates of the salience of one's actions and appearance. Manuscript submitted for publication.
21. Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay satisfaction: Its multidimensional nature and measurement. International Journal of Psychology, 20, 129-141.
22. Ichheiser, G. (1951). Misunderstandings in international relations. American Sociological Review, 16, 311-315.
23. Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence (A. Parsons & S. Milgram, Trans.). New York: Basic Books. (Original work published 1955)
24. Janis, I. L. (1982). Victims of groupthink (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
25. Johnston, W. A. (1967). Individual performance and self-evaluation in a simulated team. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 2, 309-328.
26. Krueger, J. (1998). Enhancement bias in descriptions of self and others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 505-516.
27. Kruger, J. (in press). Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
28. Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Manuscript submitted for publication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
29. Kruger, J., & Gilovich, T. (1998a). [Intuitive awareness of the "above-average effect"]. Unpublished raw data.
30. Kruger, J., & Gilovich, T. (1998b). ["Naive cynicism" and marital satisfaction]. Unpublished raw data.
31. Leary, M. R., & Forsyth, D. R. (1987). Attributions of responsibility for collective endeavors. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 8. Group processes (pp. 167-188). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
32. Maass, A., & Volpato, C. (1989). Gender differences in self-serving attributions about sexual experiences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 517-542.
33. Miller, D. T., & Ratner, R. K. (1998). The disparity between the actual and assumed power of self-interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 53-62.
34. Piaget, J. (1926). The language and thought of the child (M. Warden, Trans.). New York: Harcourt Brace. (Original work published 1923)
35. Piaget, J. (1928). Judgment and reasoning in the child (M. Warden, Trans.). New York: Harcourt Brace. (Original work published 1924)
36. Piaget, J. (1929). The child's conception of the world (J. Tomlinson & A. Tomlinson, Trans.). New York: Harcourt Brace. (Original work published 1926)
37. Robinson, R., & Keltner, D. (1996). Much ado about nothing? Revisionists and traditionalists choose an introductory English syllabus. Psychological Science, 7, 18-24.
38. Robinson, R., Keltner, D., Ward, A., & Ross, L. (1995). Actual versus assumed differences in construal: "Naive realism" in intergroup perception and conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 404-417.
39. Ross, L., Bierbrauer, G., & Polly, S. (1974). Attribution of educational outcomes by professional and nonprofessional instructors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 609-618.
40. Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1995). Psychological barriers to dispute resolution. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 255-304). New York: Academic Press.
41. Ross, L., & Ward, A. (1996). Naive realism: Implications for misunderstanding and divergent perceptions of fairness and bias. In T. Brown, E. Reed, & E. Turiel (Eds.), Values and knowledge (pp. 103-135). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. Ross, M. (1981). Self-centered biases in attributions of responsibility: Antecedents and consequences. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario symposium (pp. 305-321). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Ross, M., & Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 322-336.
44. Schlenker, B. R., & Miller, R. S. (1977). Egocentrism in groups: Self-serving biases or logical information processing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 755-764.
45. Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Rittenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 195-202.
46. Sherif, M. (1966). In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
47. Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, J., Hood, W., & Sherif, C. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers Cave experiment. Norman: University of Oklahoma, Institute of Intergroup Relations.
48. Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988). Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193-210.
49. Thompson, S. C., & Kelley, H. H. (1981). Judgments of responsibility for activities in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 469-477.
50. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.
51. Walster, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity: Theory and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
52. White, R. K. (1977). Misperception in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 33, 190-221.
53. Zuckerman, M. (1979). Attribution of success and failure revisited: or The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Personality, 47, 245-287.