Women, work, and family in America

Population Bulletin

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 2-46

  Bianchi, Suzanne M ^a   Spain, Daphne ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0040518854     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Claudia Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
2. Daphne Spain and Suzanne M. Bianchi, Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women (New York: Russell Sage, 1996): 6-8; William J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); and Andrew Cherlin, Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
3. Daphne Spain and Suzanne M. Bianchi, Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women (New York: Russell Sage, 1996): 6-8; William J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); and Andrew Cherlin, Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
4. Daphne Spain and Suzanne M. Bianchi, Balancing Act: Motherhood, Marriage, and Employment Among American Women (New York: Russell Sage, 1996): 6-8; William J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); and Andrew Cherlin, Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
5. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: 11-13.
6. Bureau of the Census, "Marital Status and Living Arrangements: March 1994," by Arlene F. Saluter, Current Population Reports P20-484 (Feb. 1996) : figure 1, table A-3; and PRB analysis of the March 1996 Current Population Survey.
7. Larry L. Bumpass, "What's Happening to the Family? Interactions Between Demographic and Institutional Change," Demography 27 (Nov. 1990): 483-98; Larry L. Bumpass and James A. Sweet, "National Estimates of Cohabitation," Demography 26 (Aug. 1989): 615-25; and U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Population Profile of the United States: 1995," Current Population Reports P23-189 (1995): 25.
8. Larry L. Bumpass, "What's Happening to the Family? Interactions Between Demographic and Institutional Change," Demography 27 (Nov. 1990): 483-98; Larry L. Bumpass and James A. Sweet, "National Estimates of Cohabitation," Demography 26 (Aug. 1989): 615-25; and U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Population Profile of the United States: 1995," Current Population Reports P23-189 (1995): 25.
9. Larry L. Bumpass, "What's Happening to the Family? Interactions Between Demographic and Institutional Change," Demography 27 (Nov. 1990): 483-98; Larry L. Bumpass and James A. Sweet, "National Estimates of Cohabitation," Demography 26 (Aug. 1989): 615-25; and U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Population Profile of the United States: 1995," Current Population Reports P23-189 (1995): 25.
10. Steven L. Nock, "A Comparison of Marriages and Cohabiting Relationships," Journal of Family Issues 16, no. 1 (1995): 53-76.
11. Lee A. Lillard, Michael J. Brien, and Linda J. Waite, "Pre-Marital Cohabitation and Subsequent Marital Dissolution: A Matter of Self-Selection?" Demography 32, no. 3 (1995): 437-58.
12. Bureau of the Census, "Marital Status": table A-9.
13. Wendy Manning and Daniel Lichter, "Parental Cohabitation and Children's Economic Well-Being," Journal of Marriage and the Family 58 (forthcoming, 1996).
14. Larry L. Bumpass, R. Kelly Raley, and James A. Sweet, "The Changing Character of Step-Families: Implications of Cohabitation and Nonmarital Childbearing" Demography 32, no. 3 (1995): 425-36; and Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: 32-34.
15. Larry L. Bumpass, R. Kelly Raley, and James A. Sweet, "The Changing Character of Step-Families: Implications of Cohabitation and Nonmarital Childbearing" Demography 32, no. 3 (1995): 425-36; and Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: 32-34.
16. Bureau of the Census, "Population Profile": 58; and PRB analysis of the March 1996 Current Population Survey.
17. Bureau of the Census, "Population Profile": 58; and PRB analysis of the March 1996 Current Population Survey.
18. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: 30.
19. Cherlin, Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage: 24-25.
20. Cherlin, Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage: 53; and Scott J. South and Kim M. Lloyd, "Spousal Alternatives and Marital Dissolution," American Sociological Review 60, no. 1 (Feb. 1995): 21-35.
21. Cherlin, Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage: 53; and Scott J. South and Kim M. Lloyd, "Spousal Alternatives and Marital Dissolution," American Sociological Review 60, no. 1 (Feb. 1995): 21-35.
22. Bumpass, "What's Happening to the Family?"
23. Richard Burkhauser, et al., "Economic Burdens of Marital Disruptions: A Comparison of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany," Review of Income and Wealth 36 (Dec. 1990): 319-33; and Pamela J. Smock, "The Economic Costs of Marital Disruption for Young Women Over the Past Two Decades," Demography 30, no. 3 (1993): 353-71.
24. Richard Burkhauser, et al., "Economic Burdens of Marital Disruptions: A Comparison of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany," Review of Income and Wealth 36 (Dec. 1990): 319-33; and Pamela J. Smock, "The Economic Costs of Marital Disruption for Young Women Over the Past Two Decades," Demography 30, no. 3 (1993): 353-71.
25. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: 34.
26. Andrew Cherlin, "Remarriage as an Incomplete Institution," American Journal of Sociology 84 (Nov. 1978): 634-50.
27. Ellen Kramorow, "The Elderly Who Live Alone in the United States: Historical Perspectives on Household Change," Demography 32, no. 3 (1995): 335-52; and Robin Weinick, "Sharing a Home: The Experiences of American Women and Their Parents Over the Twentieth Century," Demography 32, no. 3 (1995): 281-97.
28. Ellen Kramorow, "The Elderly Who Live Alone in the United States: Historical Perspectives on Household Change," Demography 32, no. 3 (1995): 335-52; and Robin Weinick, "Sharing a Home: The Experiences of American Women and Their Parents Over the Twentieth Century," Demography 32, no. 3 (1995): 281-97.
29. Bureau of the Census, "Marital Status": table A-8; and PRB analysis of the March 1996 Current Population Survey.
30. Bureau of the Census, "Marital Status": table A-8; and PRB analysis of the March 1996 Current Population Survey.
31. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: table 3.4; and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1995 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1995): table 241.
32. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: table 3.4; and National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1995 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1995): table 241.
33. Jerry A. Jacobs, "Gender and Academic Specialties: Trends Among Recipients of College Degrees in the 1980s," Sociology of Education 68 (April 1995): 81-98.
34. Center for the American Woman In Politics, "Women in Elective Office 1996" (New Brunswick, NJ: Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University, 1996).
35. Valerie Kincade Oppenheimer, The Female Labor Force in the United States (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970).
36. Patricia A. Roos and Barbara F. Reskin, "Occupational Desegregation in the 1970s: Integration and Economic Equality?" Sociological Perspectives 35 (1992): 69-91.
37. Rosemary Wright and Jerry A. Jacobs, "Male Flight from Computer Work: A New Look at Occupational Resegregation and Ghettoization," American Sociological Review 59 (June 1994): 511-36; Jerry A. Jacobs, Revolving Doors: Sex Segregation and Women's Careers (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989); and Jerry A. Jacobs, "Women's Entry Into Management: Trends in Earnings, Authority, and Values Among Salaried Managers," Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (1992): 282-301.
38. Rosemary Wright and Jerry A. Jacobs, "Male Flight from Computer Work: A New Look at Occupational Resegregation and Ghettoization," American Sociological Review 59 (June 1994): 511-36; Jerry A. Jacobs, Revolving Doors: Sex Segregation and Women's Careers (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989); and Jerry A. Jacobs, "Women's Entry Into Management: Trends in Earnings, Authority, and Values Among Salaried Managers," Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (1992): 282-301.
39. Rosemary Wright and Jerry A. Jacobs, "Male Flight from Computer Work: A New Look at Occupational Resegregation and Ghettoization," American Sociological Review 59 (June 1994): 511-36; Jerry A. Jacobs, Revolving Doors: Sex Segregation and Women's Careers (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1989); and Jerry A. Jacobs, "Women's Entry Into Management: Trends in Earnings, Authority, and Values Among Salaried Managers," Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (1992): 282-301.
40. Paula England and Irene Browne, "Trends in Women's Status," Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 1 (1992): 17-51.
41. William T. Bielby and James N. Baron, "A Woman's Place Is with Other Women: Sex Segregation Within Organizations," in Sex Segregation in the Workplace: Trends, Explanations, Remedies, ed. Barbara F. Reskin (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1984).
42. Trond Petersen and Laurie A. Morgan, "Separate and Unequal: Occupational Establishment Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap," American Journal of Sociology 101, no.2 (1995): 329-65.
43. Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, "The Gender and Race Composition of Jobs and the Male, Female, White/Black Pay Gaps," Social Forces 72 (1993): 999-1029; and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, "Sex Composition and Gendered Earnings Inèquality: A Comparison of Job and Occupational Models," in Gender Inequality at Work, ed. Jerry A. Jacobs (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995): 23-56.
44. Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, "The Gender and Race Composition of Jobs and the Male, Female, White/Black Pay Gaps," Social Forces 72 (1993): 999-1029; and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, "Sex Composition and Gendered Earnings Inèquality: A Comparison of Job and Occupational Models," in Gender Inequality at Work, ed. Jerry A. Jacobs (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995): 23-56.
45. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: figure 5.
46. Francine D. Blau and Marianne A. Ferber, The Economics of Women, Men, and Work, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992).
47. June O'Neill and Solomon Polachek, "Why the Gender Gap in Wages Narrowed in the 1980s," Journal of Labor Economics 11, part 1 (1992): 205-28.
48. Goldin, Understanding the Gender Gap.
49. Barbara Bergmann, The Economic Emergence of Women (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
50. Jerry A. Jacobs and Ronnie Steinberg, "Further Evidence on Compensating Differentials and the Gender Gap in Wages," in Gender Inequality at Work, ed. Jerry A. Jacobs: 93-124.
51. Barbara F. Reskin, "Bringing the Men Back In: Sex Differentiation and the Devaluation of Women's Work," Gender and Society 2 (March 1988): 58-81.
52. Ann M. Beutel and Margaret Mooney Marini, "Gender and Values," American Sociological Review 60 (June 1995): 436-48; and England and Brown, "Women's Status."
53. Ann M. Beutel and Margaret Mooney Marini, "Gender and Values," American Sociological Review 60 (June 1995): 436-48; and England and Brown, "Women's Status."
54. Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt, "Job Search and the Occupational Segregation of Women," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82, no. 2 (1991); and Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt, Gender, Work, and Space (London: Routledge, 1995).
55. Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt, "Job Search and the Occupational Segregation of Women," Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82, no. 2 (1991); and Susan Hanson and Geraldine Pratt, Gender, Work, and Space (London: Routledge, 1995).
56. National Center for Education Statistics, "High School Seniors Look to the Future, 1972 and 1992," by Patricia Green, Statistics in Brief, no. 93-473 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1993).
57. Annette Bernhardt, Martina Morris, and Mark S. Handcock, "Women's Gains or Men's Losses? A Closer Look at the Shrinking Gender Gap in Earnings," American Journal of Sociology 101, no. 2 (1995): 302-28.
58. Valerie K. Oppenheimer, Matthijs Kalmijn, Nelson Lim, and Vivian Lew, "Men's Career Development and Marriage Timing: Race and Schooling Differences" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, New Orleans, LA, May 1996).
59. Jennifer Glass, "The Impact of Occupational Segregation on Working Conditions," Social Forces 90 (1990): 779-96; and Jennifer Glass and Valerie Camarigg, "Gender, Parenthood, and Job-Family Compatibility," American Journal of Sociology 98, no. 1 (1992): 131-51.
60. Jennifer Glass, "The Impact of Occupational Segregation on Working Conditions," Social Forces 90 (1990): 779-96; and Jennifer Glass and Valerie Camarigg, "Gender, Parenthood, and Job-Family Compatibility," American Journal of Sociology 98, no. 1 (1992): 131-51.
61. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: table 3.5.
62. Ibid.: figure 6.2.
63. Suzanne M. Bianchi, "The Changing Demographic and Socioeconomic Character of Single-Parent Families," Marriage and Family Review 20, nos. 1/2 (1994): 71-97.
64. Dennis P. Hogan and Daniel T. Lichter, "Children and Youth: Living Arrangements and Welfare," in State of the Union, vol. 2: Social Trends, ed. Reynolds Farley: 93-104.
65. Bureau of the Census, "Poverty in the United States: 1995," by Eleanor Baugher and Leatha Lamison-White, Current Population Reports P60-194 (1996): tables 1 and 2; and William P. O'Hare, "A New Look at Poverty in America," Population Bulletin 51, no. 2 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1996).
66. Bureau of the Census, "Poverty in the United States: 1995," by Eleanor Baugher and Leatha Lamison-White, Current Population Reports P60-194 (1996): tables 1 and 2; and William P. O'Hare, "A New Look at Poverty in America," Population Bulletin 51, no. 2 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1996).
67. Bureau of the Census, "Housing Vacancies and Homeownership Annual Statistics: 1995" (online, Nov. 1996) available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/housing/hvs/annual95/ann95t15hum; and James W. Hughes, "Economic Shifts and the Changing Home Ownership Trajectory," Housing Policy Debate 7, no. 2 (1996): 293-325.
68. Bureau of the Census, "Housing Vacancies and Homeownership Annual Statistics: 1995" (online, Nov. 1996) available at http://www.census.gov/hhes/housing/hvs/annual95/ann95t15hum; and James W. Hughes, "Economic Shifts and the Changing Home Ownership Trajectory," Housing Policy Debate 7, no. 2 (1996): 293-325.
69. Judith Treas and Ramon Torrecilha, "The Older Population: Demographic, Social, and Economic Trends," in State of the Union, vol. 2: Social Trends, ed. Reynolds Farley: 47-92; and Judith Treas, "Older Americans in the 1990s and Beyond" Population Bulletin 50, no. 2 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1995).
70. Judith Treas and Ramon Torrecilha, "The Older Population: Demographic, Social, and Economic Trends," in State of the Union, vol. 2: Social Trends, ed. Reynolds Farley: 47-92; and Judith Treas, "Older Americans in the 1990s and Beyond" Population Bulletin 50, no. 2 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1995).
71. Karen C. Holden and Pamela J. Smock, "The Economic Costs of Marital Dissolution: Why Do Women Bear a Disproportionate Cost?" Annual Review of Sociology 17 (1991): 51-78.
72. Howard V. Hayghe and Suzanne M. Bianchi, "Married Mothers' Work Patterns: The Job-Family Compromise," Monthly Labor Review 117 (June 1994): 24-30.
73. England and Browne, "Women's Status"; Paula England and Barbara Stanek Kilbourne, "Markets, Marriages, and Other Mates: The Problem of Power," in Beyond the Market Place: Rethinking Economy and Society, eds. Roger Friedland and A.F. Robertson (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990); and Judith Treas, "Money in the Bank: Transaction Costs and Economic Organization of Marriage," American Sociological Review 58 (Oct. 1993): 723-34.
74. England and Browne, "Women's Status"; Paula England and Barbara Stanek Kilbourne, "Markets, Marriages, and Other Mates: The Problem of Power," in Beyond the Market Place: Rethinking Economy and Society, eds. Roger Friedland and A.F. Robertson (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990); and Judith Treas, "Money in the Bank: Transaction Costs and Economic Organization of Marriage," American Sociological Review 58 (Oct. 1993): 723-34.
75. England and Browne, "Women's Status"; Paula England and Barbara Stanek Kilbourne, "Markets, Marriages, and Other Mates: The Problem of Power," in Beyond the Market Place: Rethinking Economy and Society, eds. Roger Friedland and A.F. Robertson (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990); and Judith Treas, "Money in the Bank: Transaction Costs and Economic Organization of Marriage," American Sociological Review 58 (Oct. 1993): 723-34.
76. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: table 6.6.
77. Jonathan Gershuny and John P. Robinson, "Historical Changes in the Household Division of Labor," Demography 25, no. 4 (1988): 537-52; John P. Robinson, "Who's Doing the Housework?" American Demographics 10 (1988): 24-28; and authors' communication with John Robinson, Nov. 1996.
78. Jonathan Gershuny and John P. Robinson, "Historical Changes in the Household Division of Labor," Demography 25, no. 4 (1988): 537-52; John P. Robinson, "Who's Doing the Housework?" American Demographics 10 (1988): 24-28; and authors' communication with John Robinson, Nov. 1996.
79. Frances Goldscheider and Linda Waite, New Families, No Families? The Transformation of the American Home (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1991): chapter 7.
80. Leon Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson, 1957).
81. Peter M. Blau, Exchange and Power in Social Life (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964).
82. Gary Becker, A Treatise on the Family (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981).
83. Emily W. Kane and Laura Sanchez, "Family Status and Criticism of Gender Inequality at Home and At Work," Social Forces 72, no. 4 (1994): 1079-102; and Mary Clare Lennon and Sarah Rosenfield, "Relative Fairness and the Division of Housework: The Importance of Options," American Journal of Sociology 100, no. 2 (1994): 506-31.
84. Emily W. Kane and Laura Sanchez, "Family Status and Criticism of Gender Inequality at Home and At Work," Social Forces 72, no. 4 (1994): 1079-102; and Mary Clare Lennon and Sarah Rosenfield, "Relative Fairness and the Division of Housework: The Importance of Options," American Journal of Sociology 100, no. 2 (1994): 506-31.
85. George C. Homans, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1961); and Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1968).
86. George C. Homans, Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1961); and Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1968).
87. Laura Sanchez, "Gender Labor Allocations and the Psychology of Entitlement Within the Home," Social Forces 73, no. 2 (1994): 533-53.
88. Linda Thompson, "Family Work: Women's Sense of Fairness," Journal of Family Issues 12 (1991): 181-95.
89. John P. Robinson and Melissa Milkie, "Back to the Basics: Trends in and Determinants of Women's Attitudes Toward Housework," Draft manuscript (College Park, MD: University of Maryland, 1996).
90. Goldscheider and Waite, New Families, No Families.
91. Robert Moffitt, "Incentive Effects of the U.S. Welfare System: A Review," Journal of Economic Literature 30, no. 4 (1992): 615-26.
92. Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution (New York: Russell Sage, 1987).
93. Suzanne M. Bianchi, "Children of Poverty: Why Are They Poor?" in Child Poverty and Public Policy, ed. Judith Chafel (Washington DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1993): 91-125; Wilson, Truly Disadvantaged; and Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-80 (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
94. Suzanne M. Bianchi, "Children of Poverty: Why Are They Poor?" in Child Poverty and Public Policy, ed. Judith Chafel (Washington DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1993): 91-125; Wilson, Truly Disadvantaged; and Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-80 (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
95. Suzanne M. Bianchi, "Children of Poverty: Why Are They Poor?" in Child Poverty and Public Policy, ed. Judith Chafel (Washington DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1993): 91-125; Wilson, Truly Disadvantaged; and Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-80 (New York: Basic Books, 1984).
96. Barry R. Chiswick and Teresa A. Sullivan, "The New Immigrants," in State of the Union, vol. 2: Social Trends, ed. Reynolds Farley: 211-70; and PRB analysis of the March 1996 Current Population Survey.
97. Barry R. Chiswick and Teresa A. Sullivan, "The New Immigrants," in State of the Union, vol. 2: Social Trends, ed. Reynolds Farley: 211-70; and PRB analysis of the March 1996 Current Population Survey.
98. Chiswick and Sullivan, "The New Immigrants."
99. Carl Haub and Machiko Yanagishita, 1996 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1996); and Sheila B. Kamerman, "Gender Role and Family Structure Changes in the Advanced Industrialized West: Implications for Social Policy," in Poverty, Inequality, and the Future of Social Policy, eds. Katherine McFate, Roger Lawson, and William Julius Wilson (New York: Russell Sage, 1995): 231-56.
100. Carl Haub and Machiko Yanagishita, 1996 World Population Data Sheet (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 1996); and Sheila B. Kamerman, "Gender Role and Family Structure Changes in the Advanced Industrialized West: Implications for Social Policy," in Poverty, Inequality, and the Future of Social Policy, eds. Katherine McFate, Roger Lawson, and William Julius Wilson (New York: Russell Sage, 1995): 231-56.
101. Child Trends, Facts at a Glance 1996.
102. Brent C. Miller and Kristin A. Moore, "Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy, and Parenting: Research Through the 1980s," Journal of Marriage and the Family 52 (Nov. 1990): 1025-44.
103. Ibid; and United Nations, The World's Women 1995: 28.
104. Ibid; and United Nations, The World's Women 1995: 28.
105. Sara McLanahan and Lynne Casper, "Growing Diversity and Inequality in the American Family," in State of the Union, vol. 2: Social Trends, ed. Reynolds Farley: 1-46.
106. Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, "The Gender Earnings Gap: Some International Evidence," NBER Working Paper 4224 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992); Blan and Ferber, The Economics of Women; and Charles W. Mueller, Sarosh Kuruvilla, and Roderick D. Iverson, "Swedish Professionals and Gender Inequalities," Social Forces 73 (Dec. 1994): 555-73.
107. Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, "The Gender Earnings Gap: Some International Evidence," NBER Working Paper 4224 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992); Blan and Ferber, The Economics of Women; and Charles W. Mueller, Sarosh Kuruvilla, and Roderick D. Iverson, "Swedish Professionals and Gender Inequalities," Social Forces 73 (Dec. 1994): 555-73.
108. Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn, "The Gender Earnings Gap: Some International Evidence," NBER Working Paper 4224 (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992); Blan and Ferber, The Economics of Women; and Charles W. Mueller, Sarosh Kuruvilla, and Roderick D. Iverson, "Swedish Professionals and Gender Inequalities," Social Forces 73 (Dec. 1994): 555-73.
109. Spain and Bianchi, Balancing Act: 137-38.
110. United Nations, The World's Women 1995: table 8.
111. Constance Sorrentino, "The Changing Family in International Perspective," Monthly Labor Review 113, no. 3 (1990): 41-58.
112. Anne Helene Gauthier, The State and the Family: A Comparative Analysis of Family Policies in Industrialized Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996): 154-85.
113. Jan Hoem, "Social Policy and Recent Fertility Change in Sweden," Population and Development Review 16 (Dec. 1990): 735-48.
114. Kamerman, "Gender Role."