A new look at poverty in America

Population Bulletin

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 2-46

  O'Hare, William P ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039862384     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Richard K. Armey, Hearings Before the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States (July 25, 1991), Senate Hearing 102-631: 3.
2. Sheldon H. Danziger and Daniel H. Weinberg, "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality and Poverty," in Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change, Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel H. Weinberg, eds. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994): 22.
3. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "A Brief Look at Postwar U.S. Income Inequality," by Daniel H. Weinberg, Current Population Reports P60-191 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1996): table 3.
4. Guy Gugilotta, "Scaling Down the American Dream," The Washington Post, April 19, 1995: A21; and George Gallup International Institute, "Nastier World Predicted by Teens," Youth Views 3, no. 10 (June 1996).
5. Guy Gugilotta, "Scaling Down the American Dream," The Washington Post, April 19, 1995: A21; and George Gallup International Institute, "Nastier World Predicted by Teens," Youth Views 3, no. 10 (June 1996).
6. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits: 1994" Current Population Reports P60-189 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1996): table 8.
7. U.S. Bureau of the Census, unpublished tabulations from the March 1995 Current Population Survey.
8. Annie E. Casey Foundation and the Center for the Study of Social Policy, 1993 KIDS COUNT Data Book (Washington, DC: Center for the Study of Social Policy, 1993): 13.
9. Sar Levitan, Frank Gallo, and Issac Shapiro, Working But Poor: America's Contradiction (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993); Steve Burghard and Michael Fabricant, Working Under the Safety Net (New York: Sage Human Services Guide, 1987); and John E. Schwarz and Thomas J. Volgy, The Forgotten Americans: Thirty Million Working Poor in the Land of Opportunity (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992).
10. Sar Levitan, Frank Gallo, and Issac Shapiro, Working But Poor: America's Contradiction (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993); Steve Burghard and Michael Fabricant, Working Under the Safety Net (New York: Sage Human Services Guide, 1987); and John E. Schwarz and Thomas J. Volgy, The Forgotten Americans: Thirty Million Working Poor in the Land of Opportunity (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992).
11. Sar Levitan, Frank Gallo, and Issac Shapiro, Working But Poor: America's Contradiction (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993); Steve Burghard and Michael Fabricant, Working Under the Safety Net (New York: Sage Human Services Guide, 1987); and John E. Schwarz and Thomas J. Volgy, The Forgotten Americans: Thirty Million Working Poor in the Land of Opportunity (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992).
12. Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and John Schmitt, The State of Working America: 1995-96 (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996): table 3.10.
13. Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1995 KIDS COUNT Data Book (Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1995): 7, figure 2.
14. Issac Shapiro, Forty Years and Still Falling: The Decline in the Value of the Minimum Wage (Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 1995).
15. Economic Policy Institute analysis of the March 1995 Current Population Survey.
16. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Health Insurance Coverage: 1994," Current Population Reports P60-190 (Washington, DC: GPO, Nov. 1995).
17. Ibid.: 1.
18. U.S. Bureau of the Census, unpublished tabulations from the March 1995 Current Population Survey.
19. Christine Ross, Sheldon Danziger, and Eugene Smolensky, "The Level and Trend of Poverty in the United States, 1939-1979," Demography 24, no. 4 (Nov. 1987): 587-600, table 1.
20. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, "Only High-Income Households Have Recovered Fully from the Recession" (Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Oct. 1995): 3.
21. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984); and Robert Rector and William F. Lauber, America's Failed $5.4 Trillion War on Poverty (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 1995).
22. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984); and Robert Rector and William F. Lauber, America's Failed $5.4 Trillion War on Poverty (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 1995).
23. Michael Harrington, The New American Poverty (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1984).
24. Danziger, Sandefur, and Weinberg, eds., Confronting Poverty: 1.
25. Isabel V. Sawhill and Daniel McMurrer, "Declining Economic Opportunity in America," The Future of the Public Sector 1 (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, April 1996).
26. Douglas Massey, "The Age of the Extremes," Demography (forthcoming, 1996).
27. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P60-189: table 9.
28. Samuel H. Preston, "Children and the Elderly, Divergent Paths for America's Dependents," Demography 21, no. 4 (Nov. 1984): 435-457.
29. John L. Kiely, "Poverty and Infant Mortality: United States, 1988," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 44, no. 49 (Dec. 15, 1995): 922-927.
30. Greg J. Duncan, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Pamela Kato Klebanov, "Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development," Child Development 65, no. 2 (1994): 296-318; and Jane E. Miller, "Poverty Patterns and Cognitive Development" (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting, Population Association of America, New Orleans, May 1996).
31. Greg J. Duncan, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Pamela Kato Klebanov, "Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development," Child Development 65, no. 2 (1994): 296-318; and Jane E. Miller, "Poverty Patterns and Cognitive Development" (Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting, Population Association of America, New Orleans, May 1996).
32. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Who's Minding the Kids?" Current Population Reports P70-36 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1994); and National Research Council, Child Care for Low Income Families (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996).
33. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Who's Minding the Kids?" Current Population Reports P70-36 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1994); and National Research Council, Child Care for Low Income Families (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996).
34. General Accounting Office, Child-Care Subsidies Increase Likelihood that Low-Income Mothers Will Work (Washington, DC: GAO, 1994): 2.
35. Donald J. Hernandez, "Poverty Trends," in Growing Up Poor, eds. Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, forthcoming).
36. National Commission on Children, Beyond Rhetoric: A New American Agenda for Children and Families (Washington, DC: National Commission on Children, 1991): 37.
37. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P60-102 (Washington, DC: GPO, Jan. 1976): table 24; and unpublished tabulations from the March 1995 Current Population Survey.
38. Mishel, Bernstein, and Schmitt, The State of Working America: 31, 46; and Wages of American Workers in the 1980s, 100th Congress, Budget Committee, Committee Print 10-124 (Washington, DC: GPO, Sept. 1988): 7
39. Mishel, Bernstein, and Schmitt, The State of Working America: 31, 46; and Wages of American Workers in the 1980s, 100th Congress, Budget Committee, Committee Print 10-124 (Washington, DC: GPO, Sept. 1988): 7
40. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Studies in Family and Household Formation," Current Population Reports P23-179 (Washington, DC: GPO, Sept. 1992): 20.
41. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Report to Congress on Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing (Washington, DC: GPO, Sept. 1995).
42. Elaine Sorenson, "Noncustodial Fathers: Can They Afford to Pay More Child Support?" (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, Dec. 1994); Sara S. McLanahan, Judith A. Seltzer, Thomas L. Hanson, and Elizabeth Thomson, "Child Support Enforcement and Child Well-Being: Greater Security or Greater Conflict," in Child Support and Child Well-Being, eds. Irwin Garfinkel, Sara S. McLanahan, and Philip K. Robins (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1994); and Dan Bloom and Kay Sherwood, "Matching Opportunities to Obligations: Lessons for Child Support Reform from the Parents' Fair Share Pilot Phase" (New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1994): xviii, table 3.
43. Elaine Sorenson, "Noncustodial Fathers: Can They Afford to Pay More Child Support?" (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, Dec. 1994); Sara S. McLanahan, Judith A. Seltzer, Thomas L. Hanson, and Elizabeth Thomson, "Child Support Enforcement and Child Well-Being: Greater Security or Greater Conflict," in Child Support and Child Well-Being, eds. Irwin Garfinkel, Sara S. McLanahan, and Philip K. Robins (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1994); and Dan Bloom and Kay Sherwood, "Matching Opportunities to Obligations: Lessons for Child Support Reform from the Parents' Fair Share Pilot Phase" (New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1994): xviii, table 3.
44. Elaine Sorenson, "Noncustodial Fathers: Can They Afford to Pay More Child Support?" (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, Dec. 1994); Sara S. McLanahan, Judith A. Seltzer, Thomas L. Hanson, and Elizabeth Thomson, "Child Support Enforcement and Child Well-Being: Greater Security or Greater Conflict," in Child Support and Child Well-Being, eds. Irwin Garfinkel, Sara S. McLanahan, and Philip K. Robins (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1994); and Dan Bloom and Kay Sherwood, "Matching Opportunities to Obligations: Lessons for Child Support Reform from the Parents' Fair Share Pilot Phase" (New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1994): xviii, table 3.
45. Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro, Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (New York: Routledge, 1995); and William P. O'Hare, Wealth and Economic Status: A Perspective on Racial Inequity (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political Studies, Oct. 1983).
46. Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro, Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (New York: Routledge, 1995); and William P. O'Hare, Wealth and Economic Status: A Perspective on Racial Inequity (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political Studies, Oct. 1983).
47. T.J. Eller and Wallace Fraser, "Asset Ownership of Households: 1993," Current Population Reports P70-47 (Washington, DC: GPO, Sept. 1995): table F.
48. William P. O'Hare, "America's Minorities: The Demographics of Diversity," Population Bulletin 47, no. 4 (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, Dec. 1992): 13.
49. Ibid.
50. "Spare a Franc? Ranks of French Homeless Soar," The Washington Post, Aug. 30, 1995: A19.
51. Martha Burt and Barbara E. Cohen, America's Homeless: Numbers, Characteristics, and Programs that Serve Them (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1989); Richard B. Freeman and Brian Hall, "Permanent Homelessness in America?" Population Research and Policy Review 6 (1987): 3-27; Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994); and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, A Report to the Secretary on the Homeless and Emergency Shelters (Washington, DC: Office of Policy Development and Research, 1984).
52. Martha Burt and Barbara E. Cohen, America's Homeless: Numbers, Characteristics, and Programs that Serve Them (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1989); Richard B. Freeman and Brian Hall, "Permanent Homelessness in America?" Population Research and Policy Review 6 (1987): 3-27; Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994); and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, A Report to the Secretary on the Homeless and Emergency Shelters (Washington, DC: Office of Policy Development and Research, 1984).
53. Martha Burt and Barbara E. Cohen, America's Homeless: Numbers, Characteristics, and Programs that Serve Them (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1989); Richard B. Freeman and Brian Hall, "Permanent Homelessness in America?" Population Research and Policy Review 6 (1987): 3-27; Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994); and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, A Report to the Secretary on the Homeless and Emergency Shelters (Washington, DC: Office of Policy Development and Research, 1984).
54. Martha Burt and Barbara E. Cohen, America's Homeless: Numbers, Characteristics, and Programs that Serve Them (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 1989); Richard B. Freeman and Brian Hall, "Permanent Homelessness in America?" Population Research and Policy Review 6 (1987): 3-27; Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994); and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, A Report to the Secretary on the Homeless and Emergency Shelters (Washington, DC: Office of Policy Development and Research, 1984).
55. Duncan, Brooks-Gunn, and Klebanov, "Economic Deprivation."
56. Massey, "The Age of the Extremes."
57. The 1990 Census provides a unique opportunity to examine poverty at the neighborhood level because it divided the entire country into approximately 60,000 smaller areas called census tracts or Block Numbering Areas.
58. Embry Martin Howell and Paul Vert, "Neonatal Intensive Care and Birth Weight-Specific Perinatal Mortality in Michigan and Lorraine," Pediatrics 91, no. 2 (Feb. 1993): 464-469.
59. John D. Kasarda, "Inner-City Concentrated Poverty and Neighborhood Distress, 1970-1990," Housing Policy Debates 4, no. 3 (1993): 253-302.
60. Massey, "The Age of the Extremes."
61. Joleen Kirschenman and Kathryn Neckerman, "'We'd Love to Hire Them, But...,' The Meaning of Race for Employers," in The Urban Underclass, eds. Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Peterson (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1991).
62. See Ken Auletta, The Underclass (New York: Random House, 1982); Nicholas Lemann, "The Origins of the Underclass," Atlantic Monthly (series: June and July 1986); Leon Dash, "At Risk: The Chronicles of Teenage Pregnancy," The Washington Post (series: Jan. 26-31, 1986); and Jencks and Petersen, eds., The Urban Underclass.
63. See Ken Auletta, The Underclass (New York: Random House, 1982); Nicholas Lemann, "The Origins of the Underclass," Atlantic Monthly (series: June and July 1986); Leon Dash, "At Risk: The Chronicles of Teenage Pregnancy," The Washington Post (series: Jan. 26-31, 1986); and Jencks and Petersen, eds., The Urban Underclass.
64. See Ken Auletta, The Underclass (New York: Random House, 1982); Nicholas Lemann, "The Origins of the Underclass," Atlantic Monthly (series: June and July 1986); Leon Dash, "At Risk: The Chronicles of Teenage Pregnancy," The Washington Post (series: Jan. 26-31, 1986); and Jencks and Petersen, eds., The Urban Underclass.
65. See Ken Auletta, The Underclass (New York: Random House, 1982); Nicholas Lemann, "The Origins of the Underclass," Atlantic Monthly (series: June and July 1986); Leon Dash, "At Risk: The Chronicles of Teenage Pregnancy," The Washington Post (series: Jan. 26-31, 1986); and Jencks and Petersen, eds., The Urban Underclass.
66. William P. O'Hare, "People with Multiple Disadvantages Live in Rural Areas, Too," Rural Development Perspectives 9, no. 2 (Feb. 1994); William P. O'Hare and Brenda Curry-White, "Is There a Rural Underclass?" Population Today 20, no. 3 (March 1992): 6-8; and William P. O'Hare and Brenda Curry-White, "The Rural Underclass: Examination of Multiple-Problem Populations in Urban and Rural Settings," PRB Working Paper (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, Jan. 1992).
67. William P. O'Hare, "People with Multiple Disadvantages Live in Rural Areas, Too," Rural Development Perspectives 9, no. 2 (Feb. 1994); William P. O'Hare and Brenda Curry-White, "Is There a Rural Underclass?" Population Today 20, no. 3 (March 1992): 6-8; and William P. O'Hare and Brenda Curry-White, "The Rural Underclass: Examination of Multiple-Problem Populations in Urban and Rural Settings," PRB Working Paper (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, Jan. 1992).
68. William P. O'Hare, "People with Multiple Disadvantages Live in Rural Areas, Too," Rural Development Perspectives 9, no. 2 (Feb. 1994); William P. O'Hare and Brenda Curry-White, "Is There a Rural Underclass?" Population Today 20, no. 3 (March 1992): 6-8; and William P. O'Hare and Brenda Curry-White, "The Rural Underclass: Examination of Multiple-Problem Populations in Urban and Rural Settings," PRB Working Paper (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, Jan. 1992).
69. Ronald B. Mincy, "The Underclass: Concept, Controversy, and Evidence," in Confronting Poverty, eds. Danziger, Sandefur, and Weinberg (1994): table 5.1; Ronald B. Mincy, Isabel V. Sawhill, and Douglas A. Wolf, "The Underclass: Definition and Measurement," Science 248 (April 1990): 450-454; and Martha A. Gephart and Robert Pearson, "Contemporary Research on the Urban Underclass," Items 42 (June 1988): 1-10.
70. Ronald B. Mincy, "The Underclass: Concept, Controversy, and Evidence," in Confronting Poverty, eds. Danziger, Sandefur, and Weinberg (1994): table 5.1; Ronald B. Mincy, Isabel V. Sawhill, and Douglas A. Wolf, "The Underclass: Definition and Measurement," Science 248 (April 1990): 450-454; and Martha A. Gephart and Robert Pearson, "Contemporary Research on the Urban Underclass," Items 42 (June 1988): 1-10.
71. Ronald B. Mincy, "The Underclass: Concept, Controversy, and Evidence," in Confronting Poverty, eds. Danziger, Sandefur, and Weinberg (1994): table 5.1; Ronald B. Mincy, Isabel V. Sawhill, and Douglas A. Wolf, "The Underclass: Definition and Measurement," Science 248 (April 1990): 450-454; and Martha A. Gephart and Robert Pearson, "Contemporary Research on the Urban Underclass," Items 42 (June 1988): 1-10.
72. Danziger and Weinberg, 1994: 33.
73. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P60-102: tables 40-41; and P60-189: table I.
74. Richard May and Kathryn Porter, Poverty and Income Trends: 1994 (Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 1996): 45.
75. Karl Ashworth, Martha Hill, and Robert Walker, "Patterns of Childhood Poverty: New Challenges for Policy," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 13, no. 4 (fall 1994): 658-680.
76. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Dynamics of Economic Well-Being: Poverty 1992 to 1993," Current Population Reports P70-55 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1996): 5.
77. Peter Gottschalk, Sara McLanahan, and Gary Sandefur, "The Dynamics and Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty and Welfare Participation," in Confronting Poverty, eds. Danziger, Sandefur, and Weinberg: 92.
78. Greg Duncan, et al., Years of Poverty, Years of Plenty (Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, 1984): 42, figure 2.2.
79. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P70-55: 2.
80. Sanders Korenman, Jane E. Miller, and John E. Sjaastad, "Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results from the NLSY," Discussion Paper 1044-94, Institute for Research on Poverty (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1994).
81. David T. Ellwood, Divide and Conquer: Responsible Security for America's Poor (New York: Ford Foundation, 1987): table 1.
82. William J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
83. General Accounting Office, "Means-Tested Programs: An Overview, Problems, and Issues," T-HEHS-95-76 (Washington, DC: GAO, 1995).
84. National Research Council, Measuring Poverty: A New Approach (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995): 321, table 7-2.
85. Margaret Dunkle, "Bottom-Up Look at Welfare Reform: What Happens When Policy-Makers Apply for Assistance from the Programs They Create," Education Week 15, no. 13 (Nov. 29, 1995): 21-22.
86. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports P60-189: B-28, table B-8.
87. Census Bureau unpublished tabulations from the March 1995 Current Population Survey distributed at press conference, Oct. 6, 1995.
88. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, P60-189: B-28, table B-8.
89. R. Kent Weaver, Robert Shapiro, and Lawrence R. Jacobs, "Trends: Welfare," Public Opinion Quarterly 59, no. 5 (winter 1995): 606-627.
90. Mary Jo Bane and David T. Ellwood, Welfare Realities: From Rhetoric to Reform (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994): table 2.3.
91. Daniel Freidlander and Gary Burtless, Five Years After: The Long-Term Effects of Welfare-to-Work Programs (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994).
92. Kathleen Mullan Harris, "Life After Welfare: Women, Work, and Repeat Dependency," American Sociological Review 61, no. 3 (June 1996): 407-426.
93. Murray, Losing Ground.
94. Spencer Rich, "Senate Vote Overhaul on Welfare," The Washington Post, June 17, 1988: A1.
95. Neal R. Pierce, "A Bigger Bang for the Welfare Buck?" National Journal, Feb. 17, 1996: 384.
96. Robert Pear, "Clinton to Sign Welfare Bill that Ends U.S. Aid Guarantee and Gives States Broad Power," The New York Times, Aug. 1, 1996: A1, A22.
97. Judith Havemann and Barbara Vobejda, "As Welfare Cases Drop, Politicans Fight for Credit," The Washington Post, May 13, 1996: A1, A8.
98. Sheila Zedlewski, Sandra Clark, Eric Meier, and Keith Watson, "Potential Effects of Congressional Welfare Reform Legislation on Family Incomes" (Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1996).
99. William Claiborne, "California Faces New Welfare Reality: Counties With Large Immigrant Populations Fearful of Financial Hit," The Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1996: A9.
100. David Fireston, "New York Area See Huge Costs in Welfare Bill," The New York Times, Aug. 1, 1996: A1, A25.
101. Barbara Vobejda, "Few States Ready to Run Welfare," The Washington Post, Oct. 25, 1995: A1; and Rochelle L. Stanfield, "Holding the Bag?" National Journal, Sept. 9, 1995: 2206.
102. Barbara Vobejda, "Few States Ready to Run Welfare," The Washington Post, Oct. 25, 1995: A1; and Rochelle L. Stanfield, "Holding the Bag?" National Journal, Sept. 9, 1995: 2206.
103. Rebecca Blank, It Takes a Nation: A New Agenda for Fighting Poverty (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, forthcoming).
104. Paul E. Peterson, "State Response to Welfare Reform: A Race to the Bottom?" in Welfare Reform: An Analysis of the Issues, ed. Isabel V. Sawhill (Washington, DC: Urban Institute 1995): 7-10.
105. William J. Bennett, The Washington Post, Aug. 18, 1996: C7.