New bottles for new wine: A pericentric framework for the study of the Cold War

Diplomatic History

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 567-591

  Smith, Tony ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040434990     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00237     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. "Orthodoxy plus archives" was the term used by Bruce Cumings in "Revising Postrevisionism: Or the Poverty of Theory," Diplomatic History 17 (Fall 1993): 539-69. The comment on "no big surprise" was made by Vojtech Mastny in prepared remarks at a conference on the Cold War at Ohio University, 10 May 1997. On the revival of orthodoxy see Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 1997); Douglas Macdonald, "Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold War: Challenging Realism, Refuting Revisionism," International Security 20 (Winter 1995/96): 152-88; and John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997). For one of the many breakdowns of the literature into these periods and camps see Howard Jones and Randall B. Woods et al., "The Origins of the Cold War: A Symposium," Diplomatic History 17 (Spring 1993): 251-310.
2. "Orthodoxy plus archives" was the term used by Bruce Cumings in "Revising Postrevisionism: Or the Poverty of Theory," Diplomatic History 17 (Fall 1993): 539-69. The comment on "no big surprise" was made by Vojtech Mastny in prepared remarks at a conference on the Cold War at Ohio University, 10 May 1997. On the revival of orthodoxy see Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 1997); Douglas Macdonald, "Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold War: Challenging Realism, Refuting Revisionism," International Security 20 (Winter 1995/96): 152-88; and John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997). For one of the many breakdowns of the literature into these periods and camps see Howard Jones and Randall B. Woods et al., "The Origins of the Cold War: A Symposium," Diplomatic History 17 (Spring 1993): 251-310.
3. "Orthodoxy plus archives" was the term used by Bruce Cumings in "Revising Postrevisionism: Or the Poverty of Theory," Diplomatic History 17 (Fall 1993): 539-69. The comment on "no big surprise" was made by Vojtech Mastny in prepared remarks at a conference on the Cold War at Ohio University, 10 May 1997. On the revival of orthodoxy see Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 1997); Douglas Macdonald, "Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold War: Challenging Realism, Refuting Revisionism," International Security 20 (Winter 1995/96): 152-88; and John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997). For one of the many breakdowns of the literature into these periods and camps see Howard Jones and Randall B. Woods et al., "The Origins of the Cold War: A Symposium," Diplomatic History 17 (Spring 1993): 251-310.
4. "Orthodoxy plus archives" was the term used by Bruce Cumings in "Revising Postrevisionism: Or the Poverty of Theory," Diplomatic History 17 (Fall 1993): 539-69. The comment on "no big surprise" was made by Vojtech Mastny in prepared remarks at a conference on the Cold War at Ohio University, 10 May 1997. On the revival of orthodoxy see Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 1997); Douglas Macdonald, "Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold War: Challenging Realism, Refuting Revisionism," International Security 20 (Winter 1995/96): 152-88; and John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997). For one of the many breakdowns of the literature into these periods and camps see Howard Jones and Randall B. Woods et al., "The Origins of the Cold War: A Symposium," Diplomatic History 17 (Spring 1993): 251-310.
5. "Orthodoxy plus archives" was the term used by Bruce Cumings in "Revising Postrevisionism: Or the Poverty of Theory," Diplomatic History 17 (Fall 1993): 539-69. The comment on "no big surprise" was made by Vojtech Mastny in prepared remarks at a conference on the Cold War at Ohio University, 10 May 1997. On the revival of orthodoxy see Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 1997); Douglas Macdonald, "Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold War: Challenging Realism, Refuting Revisionism," International Security 20 (Winter 1995/96): 152-88; and John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997). For one of the many breakdowns of the literature into these periods and camps see Howard Jones and Randall B. Woods et al., "The Origins of the Cold War: A Symposium," Diplomatic History 17 (Spring 1993): 251-310.
6. The literature on the way smaller powers tried to sap the energy of the Cold War is voluminous with respect to individual cases but has yet to be put together into a single narrative. The way smaller powers may have encouraged the struggle similarly lacks a single narrative, but see Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (New York, 1990) talking about a U.S. "empire by invitation," 54ff. For alliance literature see Robert O. Keohane, "The Big Influence of Small Allies," Foreign Policy 2 (Spring 1971): 161-82; Glenn H. Snyder, "Alliance Politics and the Security Dilemma" (The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, Working Paper, 1982); Stephen M. Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, 1987), 43ff, 242ff; and Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 5ff.
7. The literature on the way smaller powers tried to sap the energy of the Cold War is voluminous with respect to individual cases but has yet to be put together into a single narrative. The way smaller powers may have encouraged the struggle similarly lacks a single narrative, but see Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (New York, 1990) talking about a U.S. "empire by invitation," 54ff. For alliance literature see Robert O. Keohane, "The Big Influence of Small Allies," Foreign Policy 2 (Spring 1971): 161-82; Glenn H. Snyder, "Alliance Politics and the Security Dilemma" (The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, Working Paper, 1982); Stephen M. Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, 1987), 43ff, 242ff; and Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 5ff.
8. The literature on the way smaller powers tried to sap the energy of the Cold War is voluminous with respect to individual cases but has yet to be put together into a single narrative. The way smaller powers may have encouraged the struggle similarly lacks a single narrative, but see Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (New York, 1990) talking about a U.S. "empire by invitation," 54ff. For alliance literature see Robert O. Keohane, "The Big Influence of Small Allies," Foreign Policy 2 (Spring 1971): 161-82; Glenn H. Snyder, "Alliance Politics and the Security Dilemma" (The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, Working Paper, 1982); Stephen M. Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, 1987), 43ff, 242ff; and Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 5ff.
9. The literature on the way smaller powers tried to sap the energy of the Cold War is voluminous with respect to individual cases but has yet to be put together into a single narrative. The way smaller powers may have encouraged the struggle similarly lacks a single narrative, but see Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (New York, 1990) talking about a U.S. "empire by invitation," 54ff. For alliance literature see Robert O. Keohane, "The Big Influence of Small Allies," Foreign Policy 2 (Spring 1971): 161-82; Glenn H. Snyder, "Alliance Politics and the Security Dilemma" (The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, Working Paper, 1982); Stephen M. Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, 1987), 43ff, 242ff; and Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 5ff.
10. The literature on the way smaller powers tried to sap the energy of the Cold War is voluminous with respect to individual cases but has yet to be put together into a single narrative. The way smaller powers may have encouraged the struggle similarly lacks a single narrative, but see Geir Lundestad, The American "Empire" and Other Studies of U.S. Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective (New York, 1990) talking about a U.S. "empire by invitation," 54ff. For alliance literature see Robert O. Keohane, "The Big Influence of Small Allies," Foreign Policy 2 (Spring 1971): 161-82; Glenn H. Snyder, "Alliance Politics and the Security Dilemma" (The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, Working Paper, 1982); Stephen M. Walt, The Origin of Alliances (Ithaca, 1987), 43ff, 242ff; and Abraham Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel: The Limits of the Special Relationship (New York, 1993), 5ff.
11. I am using the term "pericentric" as Michael W. Doyle does in Empires (Ithaca, 1986), 25f, 147f. Doyle attributes the self-conscious use of this approach to John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson's well-known essay "The Imperialism of Free Trade," Economic History Review, 2d ser; 6, no. 1 (1953): 1-95. See also Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperialism: The United States, Great Britain, and the Late-Industrializing World since 1915 (New York, 1981), chap. 3, and "The Spirit of the Sierra Maestra: Observations on Writing about Cuban Foreign Policy," World Politics 41 (October 1988): 98-119.
12. I am using the term "pericentric" as Michael W. Doyle does in Empires (Ithaca, 1986), 25f, 147f. Doyle attributes the self-conscious use of this approach to John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson's well-known essay "The Imperialism of Free Trade," Economic History Review, 2d ser; 6, no. 1 (1953): 1-95. See also Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperialism: The United States, Great Britain, and the Late-Industrializing World since 1915 (New York, 1981), chap. 3, and "The Spirit of the Sierra Maestra: Observations on Writing about Cuban Foreign Policy," World Politics 41 (October 1988): 98-119.
13. I am using the term "pericentric" as Michael W. Doyle does in Empires (Ithaca, 1986), 25f, 147f. Doyle attributes the self-conscious use of this approach to John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson's well-known essay "The Imperialism of Free Trade," Economic History Review, 2d ser; 6, no. 1 (1953): 1-95. See also Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperialism: The United States, Great Britain, and the Late-Industrializing World since 1915 (New York, 1981), chap. 3, and "The Spirit of the Sierra Maestra: Observations on Writing about Cuban Foreign Policy," World Politics 41 (October 1988): 98-119.
14. I am using the term "pericentric" as Michael W. Doyle does in Empires (Ithaca, 1986), 25f, 147f. Doyle attributes the self-conscious use of this approach to John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson's well-known essay "The Imperialism of Free Trade," Economic History Review, 2d ser; 6, no. 1 (1953): 1-95. See also Tony Smith, The Pattern of Imperialism: The United States, Great Britain, and the Late-Industrializing World since 1915 (New York, 1981), chap. 3, and "The Spirit of the Sierra Maestra: Observations on Writing about Cuban Foreign Policy," World Politics 41 (October 1988): 98-119.
15. Stephen L. McFarland, "A Peripheral View of the Origins of the Cold War: The Crises in Iran, 1941-47," Diplomatic History 4 (Fall 1980): 333-51; David Reynolds, ed., The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives (New Haven, 1994), where several chapters underscore the way European actors were determined to use the Cold War for their own domestic or global purposes. See also James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (New York, 1998), chap. 22.
16. Stephen L. McFarland, "A Peripheral View of the Origins of the Cold War: The Crises in Iran, 1941-47," Diplomatic History 4 (Fall 1980): 333-51; David Reynolds, ed., The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives (New Haven, 1994), where several chapters underscore the way European actors were determined to use the Cold War for their own domestic or global purposes. See also James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (New York, 1998), chap. 22.
17. Stephen L. McFarland, "A Peripheral View of the Origins of the Cold War: The Crises in Iran, 1941-47," Diplomatic History 4 (Fall 1980): 333-51; David Reynolds, ed., The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives (New Haven, 1994), where several chapters underscore the way European actors were determined to use the Cold War for their own domestic or global purposes. See also James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (New York, 1998), chap. 22.
18. Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-73 (New York, 1974), 408ff. On the ideological drive of East German Communists see Christian Ostermann, "New Documents on the East German Uprising of 1953," Cold War International History Project (hereafter CWIHP) Bulletin 5 (1995): 10-21.
19. Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-73 (New York, 1974), 408ff. On the ideological drive of East German Communists see Christian Ostermann, "New Documents on the East German Uprising of 1953," Cold War International History Project (hereafter CWIHP) Bulletin 5 (1995): 10-21.
20. Kathryn Weathersby, "The Korean War Revisited," Wilson Quarterly 23 (Summer 1999): 91-97; idem, "New Russian Documents on the Korean War," Chen Jian, "China's Road to the Korean War," and Evgueni Bajanov, "Assessing the Politics of the Korean War," CWIHP Bulletin 6-7 (1995/96): 30-68. See also the contributions to the "Symposium: Rethinking the Lost Chance in China," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 71-115.
21. Kathryn Weathersby, "The Korean War Revisited," Wilson Quarterly 23 (Summer 1999): 91-97; idem, "New Russian Documents on the Korean War," Chen Jian, "China's Road to the Korean War," and Evgueni Bajanov, "Assessing the Politics of the Korean War," CWIHP Bulletin 6-7 (1995/96): 30-68. See also the contributions to the "Symposium: Rethinking the Lost Chance in China," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 71-115.
22. Kathryn Weathersby, "The Korean War Revisited," Wilson Quarterly 23 (Summer 1999): 91-97; idem, "New Russian Documents on the Korean War," Chen Jian, "China's Road to the Korean War," and Evgueni Bajanov, "Assessing the Politics of the Korean War," CWIHP Bulletin 6-7 (1995/96): 30-68. See also the contributions to the "Symposium: Rethinking the Lost Chance in China," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 71-115.
23. Kathryn Weathersby, "The Korean War Revisited," Wilson Quarterly 23 (Summer 1999): 91-97; idem, "New Russian Documents on the Korean War," Chen Jian, "China's Road to the Korean War," and Evgueni Bajanov, "Assessing the Politics of the Korean War," CWIHP Bulletin 6-7 (1995/96): 30-68. See also the contributions to the "Symposium: Rethinking the Lost Chance in China," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 71-115.
24. Kathryn Weathersby, "The Korean War Revisited," Wilson Quarterly 23 (Summer 1999): 91-97; idem, "New Russian Documents on the Korean War," Chen Jian, "China's Road to the Korean War," and Evgueni Bajanov, "Assessing the Politics of the Korean War," CWIHP Bulletin 6-7 (1995/96): 30-68. See also the contributions to the "Symposium: Rethinking the Lost Chance in China," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 71-115.
25. Tony Smith, Thinking Like a Communist: State and Legitimacy in the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba (New York, 1987), chap. 5.
26. Tony Smith, America's Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, 1994), chap. 8.
27. Smith, "The Spirit of the Sierra Maestra."
28. On Cuba in Africa prior to 1977 see Piero Gleijeses, "Havana's Policy in Africa, 1959-1976: New Evidence from Cuban Archives," and Odd Arne Westad, "Moscow and the Angolan Crisis: A New Pattern of Intervention," CWIHP Bulletin 8-9 (1996/97): 5-31.
29. On Cuba in Africa prior to 1977 see Piero Gleijeses, "Havana's Policy in Africa, 1959-1976: New Evidence from Cuban Archives," and Odd Arne Westad, "Moscow and the Angolan Crisis: A New Pattern of Intervention," CWIHP Bulletin 8-9 (1996/97): 5-31.
30. James Barber and John Barratt, South Africa's Foreign Policy: The Search for Status and Security, 1945-1988 (New York, 1990). On the period after 1948, see 5ff, 27, 56; on repeated concerns in the 1950s about the Communist menace in Africa, see chap. 4; on concerns after the Cuban arrival in Angola (late 1975) and Soweto (June 1976), see 225ff and 254.
31. Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (Madison, 1985). On the ability of Mobutu to act as an agent in his own right, see chap. 13.
32. Jorge I. Dominguez, To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy (New York, 1989).
33. Uri Bialer, Between East and West: Israel's Foreign Policy Orientation, 1948-1956 (New York, 1990), chaps. 11-12; Malik Mufti, "The United States and Nasserist Pan-Arabism," in The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder, CO, 1996), 167-86. Douglas Little, "The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and Israel, 1957-68," International Journal of Middle East Studies 25 (1995): 563-85. Walt, The Origins of Alliances, 226.
34. Uri Bialer, Between East and West: Israel's Foreign Policy Orientation, 1948-1956 (New York, 1990), chaps. 11-12; Malik Mufti, "The United States and Nasserist Pan-Arabism," in The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder, CO, 1996), 167-86. Douglas Little, "The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and Israel, 1957-68," International Journal of Middle East Studies 25 (1995): 563-85. Walt, The Origins of Alliances, 226.
35. Uri Bialer, Between East and West: Israel's Foreign Policy Orientation, 1948-1956 (New York, 1990), chaps. 11-12; Malik Mufti, "The United States and Nasserist Pan-Arabism," in The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder, CO, 1996), 167-86. Douglas Little, "The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and Israel, 1957-68," International Journal of Middle East Studies 25 (1995): 563-85. Walt, The Origins of Alliances, 226.
36. Uri Bialer, Between East and West: Israel's Foreign Policy Orientation, 1948-1956 (New York, 1990), chaps. 11-12; Malik Mufti, "The United States and Nasserist Pan-Arabism," in The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder, CO, 1996), 167-86. Douglas Little, "The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and Israel, 1957-68," International Journal of Middle East Studies 25 (1995): 563-85. Walt, The Origins of Alliances, 226.
37. Malik Mufti, Sovereign Creations: Pan Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq (New York, 1996), 75-76.
38. David Ben Gurion cited by the U.S. ambassador to Israel in a letter to Secretary Dulles, 1957, Eisenhower Papers, MR 78-193-8, box 16. I would like to thank professor Mufti, for furnishing me with this material and that in the following note.
39. Ben Gurion in a letter to President Eisenhower, 24 July 1958, Eisenhower Papers, International Series, box 36, Middle East (4). See also Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel.
40. Ben Gurion in a letter to President Eisenhower, 24 July 1958, Eisenhower Papers, International Series, box 36, Middle East (4). See also Ben-Zvi, The United States and Israel.
41. See the discussion in Robert M. McMahon, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York, 1994), chap. 4.
42. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957 (Washington, 1987), 8:25f.
43. Chen Jian, "The Myth of America's 'Lost Chance' in China: A Chinese Perspective in Light of New evidence," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 77-86. On Soviet attacks on Mao's calls for war in 1960-61 see Nicolai N. Petro and Alvin Z. Rubinstein, Russian Foreign Policy: From Empire to Nation-State (New York, 1997), 87. Philip Brenner and James G. Blight, "Cuba 1962: The Crisis and Cuban-Soviet Relations: Fidel Castro's Secret 1968 Speech," CWIHP Bulletin 5 (1995): 1, 81-85; James G. Hershberg, "More New Evidence on the Cuban Missile Crisis," Bulletin 8/9 (1996/97): 270-77.
44. Chen Jian, "The Myth of America's 'Lost Chance' in China: A Chinese Perspective in Light of New evidence," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 77-86. On Soviet attacks on Mao's calls for war in 1960-61 see Nicolai N. Petro and Alvin Z. Rubinstein, Russian Foreign Policy: From Empire to Nation-State (New York, 1997), 87. Philip Brenner and James G. Blight, "Cuba 1962: The Crisis and Cuban-Soviet Relations: Fidel Castro's Secret 1968 Speech," CWIHP Bulletin 5 (1995): 1, 81-85; James G. Hershberg, "More New Evidence on the Cuban Missile Crisis," Bulletin 8/9 (1996/97): 270-77.
45. Chen Jian, "The Myth of America's 'Lost Chance' in China: A Chinese Perspective in Light of New evidence," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 77-86. On Soviet attacks on Mao's calls for war in 1960-61 see Nicolai N. Petro and Alvin Z. Rubinstein, Russian Foreign Policy: From Empire to Nation-State (New York, 1997), 87. Philip Brenner and James G. Blight, "Cuba 1962: The Crisis and Cuban-Soviet Relations: Fidel Castro's Secret 1968 Speech," CWIHP Bulletin 5 (1995): 1, 81-85; James G. Hershberg, "More New Evidence on the Cuban Missile Crisis," Bulletin 8/9 (1996/97): 270-77.
46. Chen Jian, "The Myth of America's 'Lost Chance' in China: A Chinese Perspective in Light of New evidence," Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997): 77-86. On Soviet attacks on Mao's calls for war in 1960-61 see Nicolai N. Petro and Alvin Z. Rubinstein, Russian Foreign Policy: From Empire to Nation-State (New York, 1997), 87. Philip Brenner and James G. Blight, "Cuba 1962: The Crisis and Cuban-Soviet Relations: Fidel Castro's Secret 1968 Speech," CWIHP Bulletin 5 (1995): 1, 81-85; James G. Hershberg, "More New Evidence on the Cuban Missile Crisis," Bulletin 8/9 (1996/97): 270-77.
47. On East Germany see Gregory W. Sanford, From Hitler to Ulbricht: The Communist Reconstruction of East Germany, 1945-46 (Princeton, 1983); references to East Germany's hardline stance toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe occur in essays/documents on Hungary and Czechoslovakia in Mark Kramer and Csaba Bekes, "Inside the Warsaw Pact," CWIHP Bulletin 2 (1992): 1-12; Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises," ibid. 8/9 (1997): 358-84; on Czechoslovakia, Mark Kramer, "The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia," ibid. 2 (1992): 1-13, ibid. 3 (1993): 2-13; on Poland, Mark Kramer, "Poland, 1980-91: Soviet Policy during the Polish Crisis," ibid. 5 (1995): 1, 116-26, and L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland, 1956: Khrushchev, Gomulka, and the 'Polish October?'" ibid., 1, 38-49. See also Petro and Rubinstein, From Empire to Nation-State, 80f.
48. On East Germany see Gregory W. Sanford, From Hitler to Ulbricht: The Communist Reconstruction of East Germany, 1945-46 (Princeton, 1983); references to East Germany's hardline stance toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe occur in essays/documents on Hungary and Czechoslovakia in Mark Kramer and Csaba Bekes, "Inside the Warsaw Pact," CWIHP Bulletin 2 (1992): 1-12; Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises," ibid. 8/9 (1997): 358-84; on Czechoslovakia, Mark Kramer, "The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia," ibid. 2 (1992): 1-13, ibid. 3 (1993): 2-13; on Poland, Mark Kramer, "Poland, 1980-91: Soviet Policy during the Polish Crisis," ibid. 5 (1995): 1, 116-26, and L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland, 1956: Khrushchev, Gomulka, and the 'Polish October?'" ibid., 1, 38-49. See also Petro and Rubinstein, From Empire to Nation-State, 80f.
49. On East Germany see Gregory W. Sanford, From Hitler to Ulbricht: The Communist Reconstruction of East Germany, 1945-46 (Princeton, 1983); references to East Germany's hardline stance toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe occur in essays/documents on Hungary and Czechoslovakia in Mark Kramer and Csaba Bekes, "Inside the Warsaw Pact," CWIHP Bulletin 2 (1992): 1-12; Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises," ibid. 8/9 (1997): 358-84; on Czechoslovakia, Mark Kramer, "The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia," ibid. 2 (1992): 1-13, ibid. 3 (1993): 2-13; on Poland, Mark Kramer, "Poland, 1980-91: Soviet Policy during the Polish Crisis," ibid. 5 (1995): 1, 116-26, and L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland, 1956: Khrushchev, Gomulka, and the 'Polish October?'" ibid., 1, 38-49. See also Petro and Rubinstein, From Empire to Nation-State, 80f.
50. On East Germany see Gregory W. Sanford, From Hitler to Ulbricht: The Communist Reconstruction of East Germany, 1945-46 (Princeton, 1983); references to East Germany's hardline stance toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe occur in essays/documents on Hungary and Czechoslovakia in Mark Kramer and Csaba Bekes, "Inside the Warsaw Pact," CWIHP Bulletin 2 (1992): 1-12; Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises," ibid. 8/9 (1997): 358-84; on Czechoslovakia, Mark Kramer, "The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia," ibid. 2 (1992): 1-13, ibid. 3 (1993): 2-13; on Poland, Mark Kramer, "Poland, 1980-91: Soviet Policy during the Polish Crisis," ibid. 5 (1995): 1, 116-26, and L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland, 1956: Khrushchev, Gomulka, and the 'Polish October?'" ibid., 1, 38-49. See also Petro and Rubinstein, From Empire to Nation-State, 80f.
51. On East Germany see Gregory W. Sanford, From Hitler to Ulbricht: The Communist Reconstruction of East Germany, 1945-46 (Princeton, 1983); references to East Germany's hardline stance toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe occur in essays/documents on Hungary and Czechoslovakia in Mark Kramer and Csaba Bekes, "Inside the Warsaw Pact," CWIHP Bulletin 2 (1992): 1-12; Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises," ibid. 8/9 (1997): 358-84; on Czechoslovakia, Mark Kramer, "The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia," ibid. 2 (1992): 1-13, ibid. 3 (1993): 2-13; on Poland, Mark Kramer, "Poland, 1980-91: Soviet Policy during the Polish Crisis," ibid. 5 (1995): 1, 116-26, and L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland, 1956: Khrushchev, Gomulka, and the 'Polish October?'" ibid., 1, 38-49. See also Petro and Rubinstein, From Empire to Nation-State, 80f.
52. On East Germany see Gregory W. Sanford, From Hitler to Ulbricht: The Communist Reconstruction of East Germany, 1945-46 (Princeton, 1983); references to East Germany's hardline stance toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe occur in essays/documents on Hungary and Czechoslovakia in Mark Kramer and Csaba Bekes, "Inside the Warsaw Pact," CWIHP Bulletin 2 (1992): 1-12; Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises," ibid. 8/9 (1997): 358-84; on Czechoslovakia, Mark Kramer, "The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia," ibid. 2 (1992): 1-13, ibid. 3 (1993): 2-13; on Poland, Mark Kramer, "Poland, 1980-91: Soviet Policy during the Polish Crisis," ibid. 5 (1995): 1, 116-26, and L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland, 1956: Khrushchev, Gomulka, and the 'Polish October?'" ibid., 1, 38-49. See also Petro and Rubinstein, From Empire to Nation-State, 80f.
53. On East Germany see Gregory W. Sanford, From Hitler to Ulbricht: The Communist Reconstruction of East Germany, 1945-46 (Princeton, 1983); references to East Germany's hardline stance toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe occur in essays/documents on Hungary and Czechoslovakia in Mark Kramer and Csaba Bekes, "Inside the Warsaw Pact," CWIHP Bulletin 2 (1992): 1-12; Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises," ibid. 8/9 (1997): 358-84; on Czechoslovakia, Mark Kramer, "The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia," ibid. 2 (1992): 1-13, ibid. 3 (1993): 2-13; on Poland, Mark Kramer, "Poland, 1980-91: Soviet Policy during the Polish Crisis," ibid. 5 (1995): 1, 116-26, and L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland, 1956: Khrushchev, Gomulka, and the 'Polish October?'" ibid., 1, 38-49. See also Petro and Rubinstein, From Empire to Nation-State, 80f.
54. On East Germany see Gregory W. Sanford, From Hitler to Ulbricht: The Communist Reconstruction of East Germany, 1945-46 (Princeton, 1983); references to East Germany's hardline stance toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe occur in essays/documents on Hungary and Czechoslovakia in Mark Kramer and Csaba Bekes, "Inside the Warsaw Pact," CWIHP Bulletin 2 (1992): 1-12; Mark Kramer, "New Evidence on Soviet Decision-Making and the 1956 Polish and Hungarian Crises," ibid. 8/9 (1997): 358-84; on Czechoslovakia, Mark Kramer, "The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia," ibid. 2 (1992): 1-13, ibid. 3 (1993): 2-13; on Poland, Mark Kramer, "Poland, 1980-91: Soviet Policy during the Polish Crisis," ibid. 5 (1995): 1, 116-26, and L. W. Gluchowski, "Poland, 1956: Khrushchev, Gomulka, and the 'Polish October?'" ibid., 1, 38-49. See also Petro and Rubinstein, From Empire to Nation-State, 80f.
55. Hope M. Harrison, "Ulbricht and the Concrete 'Rose': New Archival Evidence on the Dynamics of Soviet-East German Relations and the Berlin Crisis, 1958-1961," The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, Working Paper No. 5, May 1993.
56. On China's radicalism relative to the Soviet Union see the report of Mao's discussions with a Soviet diplomat in October 1959, "Document One," CWIHP Bulletin 3 (1993): 51-58, and Chen Jian et al., "Stalin's Conversations with Chinese Leaders," ibid. 6/7 (1995/96): 3-7; on the Vietnam War, Ilya V. Gaiduk, "The Vietnam War and Soviet-American Relations, 1964-73," and Qiang Zhai, "Beijing and the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-1965," ibid., 232-40.
57. On China's radicalism relative to the Soviet Union see the report of Mao's discussions with a Soviet diplomat in October 1959, "Document One," CWIHP Bulletin 3 (1993): 51-58, and Chen Jian et al., "Stalin's Conversations with Chinese Leaders," ibid. 6/7 (1995/96): 3-7; on the Vietnam War, Ilya V. Gaiduk, "The Vietnam War and Soviet-American Relations, 1964-73," and Qiang Zhai, "Beijing and the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-1965," ibid., 232-40.
58. On China's radicalism relative to the Soviet Union see the report of Mao's discussions with a Soviet diplomat in October 1959, "Document One," CWIHP Bulletin 3 (1993): 51-58, and Chen Jian et al., "Stalin's Conversations with Chinese Leaders," ibid. 6/7 (1995/96): 3-7; on the Vietnam War, Ilya V. Gaiduk, "The Vietnam War and Soviet-American Relations, 1964-73," and Qiang Zhai, "Beijing and the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-1965," ibid., 232-40.
59. On China's radicalism relative to the Soviet Union see the report of Mao's discussions with a Soviet diplomat in October 1959, "Document One," CWIHP Bulletin 3 (1993): 51-58, and Chen Jian et al., "Stalin's Conversations with Chinese Leaders," ibid. 6/7 (1995/96): 3-7; on the Vietnam War, Ilya V. Gaiduk, "The Vietnam War and Soviet-American Relations, 1964-73," and Qiang Zhai, "Beijing and the Vietnam Conflict, 1964-1965," ibid., 232-40.
60. "Fidel Castro's 1977 Southern African Tour: A Report to Honecker," and Jorge I. Dominguez, "Cuba as Superpower: Havana and Moscow, 1979," CWIHP Bulletin 8/9 (1996/97): 8-20, 216-17. On Soviet perceptions see Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents (1962-1986) (New York, 1995), 362f.
61. "Fidel Castro's 1977 Southern African Tour: A Report to Honecker," and Jorge I. Dominguez, "Cuba as Superpower: Havana and Moscow, 1979," CWIHP Bulletin 8/9 (1996/97): 8-20, 216-17. On Soviet perceptions see Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents (1962-1986) (New York, 1995), 362f.
62. "Fidel Castro's 1977 Southern African Tour: A Report to Honecker," and Jorge I. Dominguez, "Cuba as Superpower: Havana and Moscow, 1979," CWIHP Bulletin 8/9 (1996/97): 8-20, 216-17. On Soviet perceptions see Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents (1962-1986) (New York, 1995), 362f.
63. Peter Kornbluh, "'A Moment of Rapprochement': The Haig-Rodriguez Secret Talks," CWIHP Bulletin 8/9, (1996/97): 217-19.
64. Jiri Valenta and Esperanza Duran, eds., Conflict in Nicaragua: A Multidimensional Perspective (Boston, 1987).
65. Diego Cordovez and Selig S. Harrison, Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal (New York, 1995), 44ff.
66. J. J. Goldberg, Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment (Reading, MA, 1996), chap. 7.
67. Edward Tivnan, The Lobby: Jewish Political Power and American Foreign Policy (New York, 1987), 168, 170.
68. Smith, America's Mission, chap. 6 and on Greece, 136ff.
69. See the discussion in Adam Ulam, The Communists: The Story of Power and Lost Illusions, 1948-1991 (New York, 1992), 449ff; Charles S. Maier, Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton, 1997), 154f.
70. See the discussion in Adam Ulam, The Communists: The Story of Power and Lost Illusions, 1948-1991 (New York, 1992), 449ff; Charles S. Maier, Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton, 1997), 154f.
71. Benjamin Netanyahu, "Act Now Against the Terrorist Network," New York Times, 4 November 1995. Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy 106 (Spring 1997): 72.
72. Benjamin Netanyahu, "Act Now Against the Terrorist Network," New York Times, 4 November 1995. Selig S. Harrison, "Promoting a Soft Landing in Korea," Foreign Policy 106 (Spring 1997): 72.
73. See, for example, the discussion in Carol R. Saivetz, "The Superpowers in the Middle East: Cold War and Post-Cold War Policies," in The Fall of Great Powers: Peace, Stability, and Legitimacy, ed. Geir Lundestad (New York, 1994), 259-80.