Enhanced implementation of the biological diversity convention by judicial control

Environmental Policy and Law

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 32-42

  Rest, Alfred ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040366658     PISSN: 0378777X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (91)

1. G. Handl, Compliance Control Mechanisms and International Environmental Obligations, in: Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1997, p. 19;
2. A. Rest, The Aftermath of Rio: Hurdles and Obstacles in Implementing Environmental Policies and Law - Some Examples of Preliminary Efforts in State Practice, in: K. H. Bockstiegel (ed.), Proceedings of an International Colloquium, Cologne, 7-9 June 1995, (Cologne, 1996), p. 257
3. Cf. Federal Government Report under the Convention on Biological Diversity. National Report on Biological Diversity, edited by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn, March 1998, p. 7 (in the following cited: National Report 1998)
4. See note before: National Report 1998, pp. 21
5. National Report 1998, p. 13
6. National Report 1998, p. 14
7. Cf. for the details table 2 in the National Report 1998, p. 15 et seq.
8. See National Report 1998, p. 17 with further references
9. Cf. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 16 Nov. 1972, in: vol. 1037 UNTS, pp. 151
10. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat of 2 February 1971, in: vol. 996 UNTS, pp. 245
11. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora of 3 March 1973, in: vol. 983 UNTS, pp. 243
12. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals of 23 June 1979, in: ILM 1980, pp. 19
13. Cf. BGB1.(Federal Official Journal) 1993 II, pp. 1741; BGB1. 1995 II, pp. 350
14. Cf. BGB1.(Federal Official Journal) 1993 II, pp. 1741; BGB1. 1995 II, pp. 350
15. The table taken from National Report 1998, pp. 18 has been amended by the author
16. EC OJ 1993 No. L 309 of 13 Dec. 1993, pp. 1
17. EC OJ No. C 138 of 17 May 1993, pp. 1
18. EC OJ 1994 No. L 159, pp. 1
19. EC OJ 1992 No. L 215, pp. 85
20. EC OJ 1992 No. L 206, pp. 7
21. EC OJ 1979 No. L103, pp. 1
22. EC OJ 1997 No. L 223, pp. 9
23. For the details cf. National Report 1998, p. 12
24. See National Report 1998, p. 13
25. For the numerous examples of running projects cf. National Report 1998, pp. 90
26. For further details cf. National Report 1998, pp. 121
27. Cf. for examples A. Rest, Die rechtliche Umsetzung der Rio-Vorgaben in der Staatenpraxis, in: Archiv des Völkerrechts, 1996, pp. 145; pp. 153; K. W. Grewlich, Umweltschutz durch "Umweltvereinbarungen" nach nationalem Recht und Europarecht, in: Die öffentliche Verwaltung (DÖV) 1998, pp. 54
28. Cf. for examples A. Rest, Die rechtliche Umsetzung der Rio-Vorgaben in der Staatenpraxis, in: Archiv des Völkerrechts, 1996, pp. 145; pp. 153; K. W. Grewlich, Umweltschutz durch "Umweltvereinbarungen" nach nationalem Recht und Europarecht, in: Die öffentliche Verwaltung (DÖV) 1998, pp. 54
29. To these and further cases see A. Rest, International Environmental Law in German Courts, in: EPL 1997, p. 409
30. A. Rest, The Need for an International Court for the Environment: Underdeveloped Legal Protection of the Individual in Transnational Litigation, in: Towards the World Governing of the Environment, IV. International Conference 2-5 June, Venice, a cura di G. Cordini/A. Postiglione, Pavia 1996, p. 591
31. For the details see A. Rest, The Need for an International Court for the Environment? in: EPL 1994, pp. 173
32. Cf. Workshop of the ASIL Interest Group for Environmental Law of 9 April 1997, Washington, D.C. The preliminary Report of national jurisdiction in the various countries is partially published in: Review of European Community & International Environmental Law (RECIEL), vol. 7, issue 1, 1998, pp. 1
33. For the details see L. Kurukulasuriya, Role of Judiciary in Promoting Sustainable Development, in: EPL 1998, pp. 27
34. EPL 1998, p. 28
35. Cf. Compendium of Summaries of Judicial Decisions in Environment Related Cases - with special Reference to Countries in South Asia -, in: SACEP/ UNEP/NORAD Publication Series on Environmental Law and Policy No. 3, 1997
36. For the numerous decisions see A. Rest, International Environmental Law in German Courts, in: EPL 1997, pp. 412; for lititgation in the 50s and 60s cf. A. Rest, The more Favourable Law Principle in Transfrontier Environmental Law - A Means of Strenghtening the Protection of the Individual? in: Beiträge zur Umweltgestaltung, 1980, pp. 69
37. For the numerous decisions see A. Rest, International Environmental Law in German Courts, in: EPL 1997, pp. 412; for lititgation in the 50s and 60s cf. A. Rest, The more Favourable Law Principle in Transfrontier Environmental Law - A Means of Strenghtening the Protection of the Individual? in: Beiträge zur Umweltgestaltung, 1980, pp. 69
38. For a discussion on global commons, common heritage, common concern and interest, and erga omnes obligations cf. A. Rest, Ecological Damage in Public International Law, in: EPL 1992, pp. 31
39. To this and other criminal law cases cf. A. Rest, International Environmental Law in German Courts, EPL 1997, pp. 419
40. To such postulation of environmental lawyers, judges and environmental protection associations cf. A. Rest, Zur Notwendigkeit eines Internationalen Umweltgerichtshofes, in: Liber amicorum in honour of Prof. I. Seidl-Hohenveldem (G. Hafner/G. Loibl/A. Rest/L. Sucharipa-Behrmann/K. Zemanek, eds.), The Hague 1998, pp. 575; 577
41. (31) ILM 1992, pp. 876
42. ECE Doc. ECE/CEP/43 of 25 June 1998
43. Cf. Agenda 21: Earth's Action Plan, (N. A. Robinson, ed.), IUCN Environmental Policy & Law Paper No. 27, 1993, p. 626
44. To the details of "compliance procedure" in the various international environmental treaties see P. Széll, Compliance Regimes for Multilateral Environmental Agreements - A Progress Report - in: EPL 1997, pp. 304; W. Lang, Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities, in: (56) Zeitschrift für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV) 1996, pp. 685, P. H. Sand, Institution Building to Assist Compliance with International Environmental Law: Perspectives, in: (56) ZaöRV 1996, pp. 774; pp. 786-788; p. 793
45. To the details of "compliance procedure" in the various international environmental treaties see P. Széll, Compliance Regimes for Multilateral Environmental Agreements - A Progress Report - in: EPL 1997, pp. 304; W. Lang, Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities, in: (56) Zeitschrift für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV) 1996, pp. 685, P. H. Sand, Institution Building to Assist Compliance with International Environmental Law: Perspectives, in: (56) ZaöRV 1996, pp. 774; pp. 786-788; p. 793
46. To the details of "compliance procedure" in the various international environmental treaties see P. Széll, Compliance Regimes for Multilateral Environmental Agreements - A Progress Report - in: EPL 1997, pp. 304; W. Lang, Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities, in: (56) Zeitschrift für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV) 1996, pp. 685, P. H. Sand, Institution Building to Assist Compliance with International Environmental Law: Perspectives, in: (56) ZaöRV 1996, pp. 774; pp. 786-788; p. 793
47. Art. 6 of the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (ILM 1987, pp. 1516) has incorporated the COP-mechanism too. Together with the amending Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (ILM 1987, pp. 1541) this mechanism is combined with the non-compliance-procedure ruled in Art. 8
48. Cf. to this statement P. Széll, EPL 1997, p. 305
49. Institut de Droit International, Session de Strasbourg, Resolution on "Environment", adopted 3 Sept. 1997; cf. Art. 11; Resolution on "Responsibility and Liability under International Law for Environmental Damage", adopted 4 Sept. 1997; see Articles 26-28. The text of the second Resolution is published in: Review of European Community & International Environmental Law (RECIEL), vol. 7, 1998, pp. 99
50. Institut de Droit International, Session de Strasbourg, Resolution on "Environment", adopted 3 Sept. 1997; cf. Art. 11; Resolution on "Responsibility and Liability under International Law for Environmental Damage", adopted 4 Sept. 1997; see Articles 26-28. The text of the second Resolution is published in: Review of European Community & International Environmental Law (RECIEL), vol. 7, 1998, pp. 99
51. Institut de Droit International, Session de Strasbourg, Resolution on "Environment", adopted 3 Sept. 1997; cf. Art. 11; Resolution on "Responsibility and Liability under International Law for Environmental Damage", adopted 4 Sept. 1997; see Articles 26-28. The text of the second Resolution is published in: Review of European Community & International Environmental Law (RECIEL), vol. 7, 1998, pp. 99
52. Example: the forest burning in Indonesia was tolerated by the government, although the existing law prohibited such activities. For the details and further examples see A. Rest, Zur Notwendigkeit eines Internationalen Umweltgerichtshofes, in: Liber Amicorum, Seidl-Hohenveldern, The Hague/London/Boston 1998, pp. 575; pp. 579
53. On several occasions this was pointed out by A. Postiglione, The Global Village without Regulations. Ethical, Economical, Social and Legal Motivations for an International Court of the Environment, (ICEF, Florence 1992), pp. 24 and A. Rest, The Indispensability of an International Environmental Court, in: RECIEL 1998, pp. 63; p. 64
54. On several occasions this was pointed out by A. Postiglione, The Global Village without Regulations. Ethical, Economical, Social and Legal Motivations for an International Court of the Environment, (ICEF, Florence 1992), pp. 24 and A. Rest, The Indispensability of an International Environmental Court, in: RECIEL 1998, pp. 63; p. 64
55. See the judgement of 25 Sept. 1997 which has conciliation character, Case Concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project between Hungary and Slovakia in: ICJ Reports No. 92; to further details cf. A. Rest, Zur Notwendigkeit eines Internationalen Umweltgerichtshofes, in: Liber Amicorum, Seidl-Hohenveldern, 1998, p. 581
56. What is necessary is a new understanding of sovereignty which can meet the environmental challenges of our world in transition. Cf. S. Bhatt, Ecology and International Law, in: Indian Journal of Interantional Law 1982, pp. 422
57. (21) ILM 1982, pp. 1261
58. R. Wolfrum, Der Internationale Seegerichtshof in Hamburg, in: Vereinte Nationen 1996, pp. 205; T. Treves, The Law of the Sea Tribunal: Its Status and Scope of Jurisdiction after November 16, 1994, in: (55) ZaöRV 1995, pp. 421
59. R. Wolfrum, Der Internationale Seegerichtshof in Hamburg, in: Vereinte Nationen 1996, pp. 205; T. Treves, The Law of the Sea Tribunal: Its Status and Scope of Jurisdiction after November 16, 1994, in: (55) ZaöRV 1995, pp. 421
60. Cf. Art. 20 and 21, Annex VI of the Convention
61. For examples of ECJ-decisions cf. E. Hey, The European Community's Courts and International Environmental Agreements, in: RECIEL 1998, pp. 4; L. Krämer, Die Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Gemeinschaften zum Umweltrecht 1992-1994, in: EuGRZ 1995, pp. 45
62. For examples of ECJ-decisions cf. E. Hey, The European Community's Courts and International Environmental Agreements, in: RECIEL 1998, pp. 4; L. Krämer, Die Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Gemeinschaften zum Umweltrecht 1992-1994, in: EuGRZ 1995, pp. 45
63. For a survey see A. Rest, Improved Environmental Protection Through an Expanded Concept of Human Rights? in: EPL 1997, pp. 213; idem, Europäischer Menschenrechtsschutz als Katalysator für ein verbessertes Umweltrecht, in: Natur und Recht (NuR), 1997, pp. 209
64. For a survey see A. Rest, Improved Environmental Protection Through an Expanded Concept of Human Rights? in: EPL 1997, pp. 213; idem, Europäischer Menschenrechtsschutz als Katalysator für ein verbessertes Umweltrecht, in: Natur und Recht (NuR), 1997, pp. 209
65. López-Ostra v. Spain, ECHR Series A, Vol. 303/C
66. The judgement of 26 August 1997 in the case of Balmer-Schafroth and Others v. Switzerland is published in: European Court of Human Rights, Reports of Judgements and Decisions, No. 43, 1997, pp. 1347
67. Cf. Reports of Judgements and Decisions, No. 43, 1997, p. 1359 under para. 40
68. For the dissenting opinion of Judge Pettiti, joined by Judges Gölcüklü, Walsh, Russo, Valticos, Lopes Rocha and Jambrek and of Judge Foighel cf. Reports of Judgements and Decisions, No. 43, 1997, pp. 1361, 1367. The statement quoted is at p. 1363
69. Convention of 21 June 1993, in: (32) ILM 1993, pp. 1228
70. th session, Suppl. No. 10 (A/48/10), pp. 255
71. th session, Suppl. No. 10 (A/48/10), pp. 255
72. Cf. Press Release L/ROM/22 of 17 July 1998 edited by the UN Diplomatic Conference, Rome
73. For the details of the various kinds of crimes see the Bureau of the Conference Proposal for the Draft Statute - on jurisdiction, admissability and applicable law (A/ Conf. 183/C. 1/L. 59) - containing over eight pages of options for Article 5 (crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court); cf. Press Release L/ROM/16 of 13 July 1998
74. Art. 19(d) provides: "the serious breach of an international obligation of essential importance for the safeguarding and preservation of the human environment, such as those prohibiting massive pollution of the atmosphere or of the seas" as an international crime. Cf. YILC 1980, Vol. II, Part Two, pp. 30; at p. 32
75. A. Rest, The Need for an International Court for the Environment. Underdeveloped Legal Protection for the Individual in Transnational Litigation, in: Towards the World Governing of the Environment, IV. International Conference 2-5 June 1994, Venice (Italy), a cura di A. Postiglione, Pavia 1996, pp. 178
76. A. Rest, The Need for an International Court for the Environment. Underdeveloped Legal Protection for the Individual in Transnational Litigation, in: Towards the World Governing of the Environment, IV. International Conference 2-5 June 1994, Venice (Italy), a cura di A. Postiglione, Pavia 1996, pp. 178
77. See P. J. H. Jonkman, Resolution of International Environmental Disputes: A Potential Role for the Permanent Court of Arbitration, in: Towards the World Governing of the Environment, Pavia 1996, at pp. 435
78. PCA, Optional Conciliation Rules of 1 July 1996. All Optional Rules concerning Conciliation and Arbitration are published by the International Bureau of the PCA, Peace Palace, The Hague
79. The Rules of the United Nations Commission for International Trade of December 1976 are published in: A. Bülow/K. H. Böckstiegel/R. Geimer/R. A. Schütze, Der Internationale Rechtverkehr in Zivil-und Handelssachen, Vol. II, loose-leaf-collection, 1997, under No. 753
80. Optional Rules of 20 October 1992
81. Optional Rules of 6 July 1993
82. Optional Rules of 1 July 1996
83. Optional Rules of 1 July 1996
84. Environmental Disputes and the Permanent Court of Arbitration: Issues for Consideration, Background Paper for the Secretary-General of the PCA prepared by Ph. Sands, (FIELD, March 1996)
85. Cf. Protocol of P. J. H. Jonkman, Secretary-General of PCA of 19 May 1998, Procedural Rules for the Settlement of Environmental Disputes Before The Permanent Court of Arbitration - Summary of views expressed during a discussion held at the Peace Palace on February 24, 1998
86. Cf. Art. XIII of the Convention of 23 June 1979, in: ILM 1980, pp. 19
87. See Art. 62 para. 2 of the Draft International Covenant on Environment and Development of the World Conservation Union in cooperation with the International Council of Environmental Law, in: Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 31, Gland/Cambridge 1995
88. Cf. Guidelines for Negotiating and Drafting Dispute Settlement Clauses for International Environmental Agreements, prepared by Ph. Sands and R. MacKenzie, International Bureau of PCA, The Hague, January 1998
89. th Annual Report, Nos. 18-22, at p. 9
90. th Annual Report, No. 21, at p. 9
91. For the numerous recommendations coming from 54 States and several International Organisations see: The Global Demand for an International Court of the Environment, International Report 1998 of the International Court of the Environment Foundation (ICEF), Rome 1998