Compliance regimes for multilateral environmental agreements - A progress report

Environmental Policy and Law

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 304-307

  Széll, Patrick ^a  

^a UK Department of the Environment   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002796485     PISSN: 0378777X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3233/epl-1997-27416     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. See Decision II/5 of 27 June 1990 and Decision IV/5 and Annex of 25 November 1992.
2. See P. H. Sand, "Institution Building to Assist Compliance with International Environmental Law: Perspectives", (1996)56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 774-95 at 786-88 and 793.
3. For further analysis of the Montreal Protocol's compliance regime and its operation, see M. Koskenniemi, "Breach of Treaty or Non-Compliance? Reflections on the Enforcement of the Montreal Protocol", 3 YIEL (1992) 123-62; W. Lang, "Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities", (1996) 56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 685-95 ; J. Trask, "Montreal Protocol Non-Compliance Procedure: the Best Approach to Resolving International Environmental Disputes?", 80 Georgetown Law J. 1973 (1992); D.G. Victor, "The Early Operation and Effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol Implementation Committee", 1995 Project on Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments for the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria; D.G. Victor, "The Montreal Protocol's Non-Compliance Procedure: Lessons for Making Other International Environmental Regimes More Effective" in The Ozone Treaties and Their Influence an the Building of International Environmental Regimes, ed. W. Lang, Austrian Foreign Policy Documentation, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1996 (Lang 1996), pp. 58-81; and P.J. Széll, "The Development of Multilateral Mechanisms for Monitoring Compliance" in Sustainable Development and International Law, ed. W. Lang (Graham & Trotman, 1994) (Lang 1994) pp.97-109 at 99-103 and 106-109.
4. For further analysis of the Montreal Protocol's compliance regime and its operation, see M. Koskenniemi, "Breach of Treaty or Non-Compliance? Reflections on the Enforcement of the Montreal Protocol", 3 YIEL (1992) 123-62; W. Lang, "Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities", (1996) 56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 685-95 ; J. Trask, "Montreal Protocol Non-Compliance Procedure: the Best Approach to Resolving International Environmental Disputes?", 80 Georgetown Law J. 1973 (1992); D.G. Victor, "The Early Operation and Effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol Implementation Committee", 1995 Project on Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments for the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria; D.G. Victor, "The Montreal Protocol's Non-Compliance Procedure: Lessons for Making Other International Environmental Regimes More Effective" in The Ozone Treaties and Their Influence an the Building of International Environmental Regimes, ed. W. Lang, Austrian Foreign Policy Documentation, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1996 (Lang 1996), pp. 58-81; and P.J. Széll, "The Development of Multilateral Mechanisms for Monitoring Compliance" in Sustainable Development and International Law, ed. W. Lang (Graham & Trotman, 1994) (Lang 1994) pp.97-109 at 99-103 and 106-109.
5. For further analysis of the Montreal Protocol's compliance regime and its operation, see M. Koskenniemi, "Breach of Treaty or Non-Compliance? Reflections on the Enforcement of the Montreal Protocol", 3 YIEL (1992) 123-62; W. Lang, "Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities", (1996) 56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 685-95 ; J. Trask, "Montreal Protocol Non-Compliance Procedure: the Best Approach to Resolving International Environmental Disputes?", 80 Georgetown Law J. 1973 (1992); D.G. Victor, "The Early Operation and Effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol Implementation Committee", 1995 Project on Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments for the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria; D.G. Victor, "The Montreal Protocol's Non-Compliance Procedure: Lessons for Making Other International Environmental Regimes More Effective" in The Ozone Treaties and Their Influence an the Building of International Environmental Regimes, ed. W. Lang, Austrian Foreign Policy Documentation, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1996 (Lang 1996), pp. 58-81; and P.J. Széll, "The Development of Multilateral Mechanisms for Monitoring Compliance" in Sustainable Development and International Law, ed. W. Lang (Graham & Trotman, 1994) (Lang 1994) pp.97-109 at 99-103 and 106-109.
6. For further analysis of the Montreal Protocol's compliance regime and its operation, see M. Koskenniemi, "Breach of Treaty or Non-Compliance? Reflections on the Enforcement of the Montreal Protocol", 3 YIEL (1992) 123-62; W. Lang, "Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities", (1996) 56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 685-95 ; J. Trask, "Montreal Protocol Non-Compliance Procedure: the Best Approach to Resolving International Environmental Disputes?", 80 Georgetown Law J. 1973 (1992); D.G. Victor, "The Early Operation and Effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol Implementation Committee", 1995 Project on Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments for the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria; D.G. Victor, "The Montreal Protocol's Non-Compliance Procedure: Lessons for Making Other International Environmental Regimes More Effective" in The Ozone Treaties and Their Influence an the Building of International Environmental Regimes, ed. W. Lang, Austrian Foreign Policy Documentation, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1996 (Lang 1996), pp. 58-81; and P.J. Széll, "The Development of Multilateral Mechanisms for Monitoring Compliance" in Sustainable Development and International Law, ed. W. Lang (Graham & Trotman, 1994) (Lang 1994) pp.97-109 at 99-103 and 106-109.
7. For further analysis of the Montreal Protocol's compliance regime and its operation, see M. Koskenniemi, "Breach of Treaty or Non-Compliance? Reflections on the Enforcement of the Montreal Protocol", 3 YIEL (1992) 123-62; W. Lang, "Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities", (1996) 56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 685-95 ; J. Trask, "Montreal Protocol Non-Compliance Procedure: the Best Approach to Resolving International Environmental Disputes?", 80 Georgetown Law J. 1973 (1992); D.G. Victor, "The Early Operation and Effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol Implementation Committee", 1995 Project on Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments for the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria; D.G. Victor, "The Montreal Protocol's Non-Compliance Procedure: Lessons for Making Other International Environmental Regimes More Effective" in The Ozone Treaties and Their Influence an the Building of International Environmental Regimes, ed. W. Lang, Austrian Foreign Policy Documentation, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1996 (Lang 1996), pp. 58-81; and P.J. Széll, "The Development of Multilateral Mechanisms for Monitoring Compliance" in Sustainable Development and International Law, ed. W. Lang (Graham & Trotman, 1994) (Lang 1994) pp.97-109 at 99-103 and 106-109.
8. For further analysis of the Montreal Protocol's compliance regime and its operation, see M. Koskenniemi, "Breach of Treaty or Non-Compliance? Reflections on the Enforcement of the Montreal Protocol", 3 YIEL (1992) 123-62; W. Lang, "Compliance-Control in International Environmental Law: Institutional Necessities", (1996) 56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 685-95 ; J. Trask, "Montreal Protocol Non-Compliance Procedure: the Best Approach to Resolving International Environmental Disputes?", 80 Georgetown Law J. 1973 (1992); D.G. Victor, "The Early Operation and Effectiveness of the Montreal Protocol Implementation Committee", 1995 Project on Implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments for the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria; D.G. Victor, "The Montreal Protocol's Non-Compliance Procedure: Lessons for Making Other International Environmental Regimes More Effective" in The Ozone Treaties and Their Influence an the Building of International Environmental Regimes, ed. W. Lang, Austrian Foreign Policy Documentation, Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1996 (Lang 1996), pp. 58-81; and P.J. Széll, "The Development of Multilateral Mechanisms for Monitoring Compliance" in Sustainable Development and International Law, ed. W. Lang (Graham & Trotman, 1994) (Lang 1994) pp.97-109 at 99-103 and 106-109.
9. The Committee's first meeting was held in Nairobi on 11-12 December 1990 (see UNEP/Ozl.Pro/Imp Com/1 /2 ; its sixteenth meeting took place in San José, Costa Rica on 20 November 1996 ( see UNEP/Ozl.Pro/Imp Com/16/1).
10. H.M. Schally, "The Role and Importance of Implementation Monitoring and Non-Compliance in International Environmental Regimes" in Lang 1996, pp.82-92 and P J Széll, "Implementation Control: Non-Compliance Procedure and Dispute Settlement in the Ozone Regime" in Lang 1996, pp. 43-50.
11. H.M. Schally, "The Role and Importance of Implementation Monitoring and Non-Compliance in International Environmental Regimes" in Lang 1996, pp.82-92 and P J Széll, "Implementation Control: Non-Compliance Procedure and Dispute Settlement in the Ozone Regime" in Lang 1996, pp. 43-50.
12. See in this regard Decisions VII/15 to 19 concerning, respectively, Poland, Bulgaria, Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, adopted in Vienna on 7 December 1995, and Decision VIII/22 to 25 concerning, respectively, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation adopted in San José on 25-27 November 1996. For a detailed assessment of the situation, see J. Werksman, "Compliance and Transition Russian Non-compliance Tests the Ozone Regime", (1996)56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 750-73; for an analysis of illegal trade under the Montreal Protocol, see D. Brack, International Trade and the Montreal Protocol (Royal Institute of International Affairs and Earthscan Publications Ltd, 1996), pp. 99-114.
13. See in this regard Decisions VII/15 to 19 concerning, respectively, Poland, Bulgaria, Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, adopted in Vienna on 7 December 1995, and Decision VIII/22 to 25 concerning, respectively, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation adopted in San José on 25-27 November 1996. For a detailed assessment of the situation, see J. Werksman, "Compliance and Transition Russian Non-compliance Tests the Ozone Regime", (1996)56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 750-73; for an analysis of illegal trade under the Montreal Protocol, see D. Brack, International Trade and the Montreal Protocol (Royal Institute of International Affairs and Earthscan Publications Ltd, 1996), pp. 99-114.
14. Adopted in Geneva on 13 November 1979, 18 ILM 1442 (1979).
15. See Article 3.3 of the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted in Geneva on 18 November 1991, 31 ILM 586 (1992).
16. See Article 7 of the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, adopted in Oslo on 14 June 1994, 33 ILM 1542 (1994) and the Executive Body's related decision on compliance adopted on the same day (ECE/EB.AIR/38, para. 9, and ECE/EB.AIR/40).
17. See Széll, in Lang 1994, pp. 104-6.
18. Established by the Executive Body in November 1995 : see ECE/EB.AIR/46.para.45.
19. See the Expert Group's first report to the Executive Body (EB.AIR/R.102, dated 30 August 1996) and the Executive Body's debate and decision on that report (ECE/EB.AIR/49, paras. 62-64 and Annex III).
20. See Széll, in Lang 1994, p. 108.
21. Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted in Nairobi, 22 May 1992, 31 ILM 851 (1992).
22. Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa, adopted in Paris, 17 June 199-4.
23. Basle Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, adopted in Basle, 22 March 1989, 28 ILM 649 (1989).
24. I. Rummel-Bulska, "Implementation Control: Non-Compliance Procedure and Dispute Settlement: From Montreal to Basle", in Lang 1996, pp. 51-57, at 53.
25. See Xueman Wang, "Towards a Compliance Regime in Environmental Treaties" (paper prepared at the Max Planck Institute, Heidelberg: not yet published).
26. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York, 9 May 1992, 31 ILM 851 (1992).
27. See H.E. Ott, "Elements of a Supervisory Procedure for the Climate Regime", (1996) 56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 732-49 and D.G. Victor "Design Options for Article 13 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change: Lessons from the GATT Dispute Panel System" (ER-96-2: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1996).
28. See H.E. Ott, "Elements of a Supervisory Procedure for the Climate Regime", (1996) 56 Heidelberg Journal of International Law 732-49 and D.G. Victor "Design Options for Article 13 of the Framework Convention on Climate Change: Lessons from the GATT Dispute Panel System" (ER-96-2: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 1996).
29. See in this regard para. 23.1 of the Declaration of the European Environment Ministers at the Environment for Europe Conference, held in Lucerne, 28-30 April, 1993.
30. See FCCC/AG13/1995/2, para. 17.
31. For the responses from Parties and non-Parties, see FCCC/AG 13/1996/MISC.1 and Add.1; for the responses from intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies, see FCCC/AG13/1996/MISC.2 and Add.1.
32. See FCCC/AG13/1996/1.
33. For the Chairman's informal report on the panel presentation and discussions, see FCCC/AG 13/1996/2, paras. 7-9 and Annex.
34. See the report of the Working Group's third session, FCCC/AG13/1996/4, para. 16 and Annex II.
35. See the report of the Working Group's fourth session, FCCC/AG13/1997/2, para. 13 and Annex II.