Are all politics domestic? Perspectives on the integration of comparative politics and international relations theories

Comparative Politics

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 93-115

  Jacobsen, John Kurt ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040203965     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422184     Document Type: Article

References (156)

1. Lately the title of a political memoir by former U.S. House Speaker Tip O'Neill.
2. Paul E. Peterson, "The President's Dominance in Foreign Policy," Political Science Quarterly, 109 (Summer 1994), 228.
3. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
4. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
5. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
6. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
7. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
8. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
9. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
10. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
11. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
12. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
13. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
14. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
15. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
16. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
17. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
18. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
19. See Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Coalitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); Jack Snyder, Myths of Empire: International Ambitions and Domestic Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992); Bruce Buena De Mesquita, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Friedrich Kratochwil, Rules, Norms and Decision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, eds., The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986); James W. Lamare, ed., International Crisis and Domestic Politics (New York: Praeger, 1991); International Organization, issue on "Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy," 42 (1988); Thomas Risse-Kappen, "Public Opinion, Domestic Structure and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies," World Politics, 43 (July 1991); Zeev Maoz, National Choices and International Processes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Patrick James and Athanastos Hristoulos, "Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy: Evaluating a Model of Crisis Activity for the U.S." Journal of Politics, 56 (May 1994); Peter Cowhey, "Elect Locally, Order Globally: Domestic Politics and Multilateralism," in John R. Ruggie, ed., Multilateralism Matters (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); James D. Fearon, "Domestic Politic Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes" American Political Science Review 88 (September 1994); Jack Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43 (1988); Randall L. Schweller, "Domestic Politics and Preventative War," World Politics, 44 (January 1992); Michael Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics: The Domestic and Systemic Sources of Israeli Security," World Politics, 42 (July 1990); Matthew Evangelista, "The Paradox of State Strength: Transnational Relations, Domestic Structures, and Security Policy in Russia and the Soviet Union," International Organization, 49 (Winter 1995); and Bruce Russett, "Processes of Dyadic Choice for War and Peace," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
20. See Wolfram Hanrieder, "Compatibility and Consensus: A Proposal for the Conceptual Linkage of External and Internal Dimensions of Foreign Policy," American Political Science Review, 61 (1967), and "Dissolving International Politics," American Political Science Review, 72 (1978); and James N. Rosenau, ed., Linkage Politics: Essays on the Convergence of National and International Systems (New York: Free Press, 1969).
21. See Wolfram Hanrieder, "Compatibility and Consensus: A Proposal for the Conceptual Linkage of External and Internal Dimensions of Foreign Policy," American Political Science Review, 61 (1967), and "Dissolving International Politics," American Political Science Review, 72 (1978); and James N. Rosenau, ed., Linkage Politics: Essays on the Convergence of National and International Systems (New York: Free Press, 1969).
22. See Wolfram Hanrieder, "Compatibility and Consensus: A Proposal for the Conceptual Linkage of External and Internal Dimensions of Foreign Policy," American Political Science Review, 61 (1967), and "Dissolving International Politics," American Political Science Review, 72 (1978); and James N. Rosenau, ed., Linkage Politics: Essays on the Convergence of National and International Systems (New York: Free Press, 1969).
23. Robert Keohane, "Theory of World Politics: Structural Realism and Beyond," in Robert Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), p. 1.
24. Kenneth Waltz, "A Response to My Critics," in ibid., p. 340.
25. Waltz freely concedes that "the state is not a unitary and purposive actor. I assumed it to be such for the purpose of constructing a theory." Ibid., p. 339.
26. Richard Rosecrance and Arthur Stein, "Beyond Realism: The Study of Grand Strategy," in Richard Rosecrance and Art Stein, eds., Beyond the Global-State Divide: A Neo-Structuralist Approach (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p. 6.
27. See John Lewis Gaddis, "International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War," International Security, 17 (Suimmer 1992); and Paul Schroeder, "Neo-Realist Theory and International History: An Historian's View," International Security, 19 (Summer 1994).
28. See John Lewis Gaddis, "International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War," International Security, 17 (Suimmer 1992); and Paul Schroeder, "Neo-Realist Theory and International History: An Historian's View," International Security, 19 (Summer 1994).
29. Snyder, Myths of Empire, pp. 12, 19, refers to neorealists as "truncated realists" (who view states as "irreducible atoms") versus the "broader" realist approaches of Morgenthau, Machiavelli, and Thucydides. To the fold he adds "aggressive realism" (exemplified by John Mearsheimer) and "defensive realism" (rendered by Stephen Walt). Ole Waever, "Identity, Integration, and Security: Solving The Sovereignty Puzzle in E.U. Studies," International Organization, 49 (Spring 1995), 396, 397, labels Mearsheimer a "modified neorealist." Many writers on international relations insist on labeling E. H. Carr a realist despite what he had to say on the subject.
30. Snyder, Myths of Empire, pp. 12, 19, refers to neorealists as "truncated realists" (who view states as "irreducible atoms") versus the "broader" realist approaches of Morgenthau, Machiavelli, and Thucydides. To the fold he adds "aggressive realism" (exemplified by John Mearsheimer) and "defensive realism" (rendered by Stephen Walt). Ole Waever, "Identity, Integration, and Security: Solving The Sovereignty Puzzle in E.U. Studies," International Organization, 49 (Spring 1995), 396, 397, labels Mearsheimer a "modified neorealist." Many writers on international relations insist on labeling E. H. Carr a realist despite what he had to say on the subject.
31. Peter Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1976); Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 31 (1978), and Politics in Hard Times (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
32. Peter Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1976); Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 31 (1978), and Politics in Hard Times (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
33. Peter Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1976); Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 31 (1978), and Politics in Hard Times (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
34. Andrew Moravscik, "Integrating Domestic and International Theories of International Bargaining," in Peter Evans, Harold Jacobson, and Robert Putnam, ed., Double Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 12.
35. Ibid., p. 33.
36. Daniel Verdier, Democracy and International Trade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. xix. By contrast, see Stephen S. Cohen, Modern Capitalist Planning (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Michael Hayward and Jack Walker, eds., Planning, Politics and Public Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and Andrew Shonfield, Modern Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965).
37. Daniel Verdier, Democracy and International Trade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. xix. By contrast, see Stephen S. Cohen, Modern Capitalist Planning (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Michael Hayward and Jack Walker, eds., Planning, Politics and Public Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and Andrew Shonfield, Modern Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965).
38. Daniel Verdier, Democracy and International Trade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. xix. By contrast, see Stephen S. Cohen, Modern Capitalist Planning (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Michael Hayward and Jack Walker, eds., Planning, Politics and Public Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and Andrew Shonfield, Modern Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965).
39. Daniel Verdier, Democracy and International Trade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. xix. By contrast, see Stephen S. Cohen, Modern Capitalist Planning (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Michael Hayward and Jack Walker, eds., Planning, Politics and Public Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1975); and Andrew Shonfield, Modern Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965).
40. Michael W. Doyle, "Politics and Grand Strategy" in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., p. 25.
41. Robert Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," in Evans, Jacobson, and Putnam, eds., p. 433.
42. Alas, I can be faulted for confinement to English language works. Keohane, p. 200, n1, regrets "Americanocentrism." Also see Stanley Hoffman, "An American Social Science: International Relations," Daedalus, 106 (1977); Muller and Risse-Kappen, "From the Outside In and from the Inside Out: International Relations, Domestic Politics, and Foreign Policy," in Thomas Skidmore and Valerie Hudson, eds., The Limits of State Autonomy (Boulder: Westview, 1993), p. 48.
43. Alas, I can be faulted for confinement to English language works. Keohane, p. 200, n1, regrets "Americanocentrism." Also see Stanley Hoffman, "An American Social Science: International Relations," Daedalus, 106 (1977); Muller and Risse-Kappen, "From the Outside In and from the Inside Out: International Relations, Domestic Politics, and Foreign Policy," in Thomas Skidmore and Valerie Hudson, eds., The Limits of State Autonomy (Boulder: Westview, 1993), p. 48.
44. Lawrence Freedman, "Strategic Studies," in Steve Smith, ed., International Relations: British and American Approaches (London: Basil Blackwell, 1985), p. 31. F. S. Northedge, The International Political System (London: Faber and Faber, 1966), p. 175, argued that "the nature of the state and its attitudes toward other state-members of the international system will, elude us unless we have done something to penetrate its unique cast of mind, the product of quite unique historical experiences." Martin Wight, Systems of States (Leicester: University of Leicester, 1997), analyzes connections between domestic politics and the international system.
45. Lawrence Freedman, "Strategic Studies," in Steve Smith, ed., International Relations: British and American Approaches (London: Basil Blackwell, 1985), p. 31. F. S. Northedge, The International Political System (London: Faber and Faber, 1966), p. 175, argued that "the nature of the state and its attitudes toward other state-members of the international system will, elude us unless we have done something to penetrate its unique cast of mind, the product of quite unique historical experiences." Martin Wight, Systems of States (Leicester: University of Leicester, 1997), analyzes connections between domestic politics and the international system.
46. Lawrence Freedman, "Strategic Studies," in Steve Smith, ed., International Relations: British and American Approaches (London: Basil Blackwell, 1985), p. 31. F. S. Northedge, The International Political System (London: Faber and Faber, 1966), p. 175, argued that "the nature of the state and its attitudes toward other state-members of the international system will, elude us unless we have done something to penetrate its unique cast of mind, the product of quite unique historical experiences." Martin Wight, Systems of States (Leicester: University of Leicester, 1997), analyzes connections between domestic politics and the international system.
47. Andrew Linklater, "Dialogue, Dialectics and Emancipation in International Relations at the End of the Post-War Age," Millennium, 23 (Spring 1994), 128. Also Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1994), p. 127; and Justin Rosenberg, The Empire of Civil Society (London: Verso, 1994), p. 32. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis 1919-1939 (2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1946), pp. 80-88, skewers this practice by the British during their imperial heyday.
48. Andrew Linklater, "Dialogue, Dialectics and Emancipation in International Relations at the End of the Post-War Age," Millennium, 23 (Spring 1994), 128. Also Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1994), p. 127; and Justin Rosenberg, The Empire of Civil Society (London: Verso, 1994), p. 32. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis 1919-1939 (2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1946), pp. 80-88, skewers this practice by the British during their imperial heyday.
49. Andrew Linklater, "Dialogue, Dialectics and Emancipation in International Relations at the End of the Post-War Age," Millennium, 23 (Spring 1994), 128. Also Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1994), p. 127; and Justin Rosenberg, The Empire of Civil Society (London: Verso, 1994), p. 32. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis 1919-1939 (2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1946), pp. 80-88, skewers this practice by the British during their imperial heyday.
50. Andrew Linklater, "Dialogue, Dialectics and Emancipation in International Relations at the End of the Post-War Age," Millennium, 23 (Spring 1994), 128. Also Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1994), p. 127; and Justin Rosenberg, The Empire of Civil Society (London: Verso, 1994), p. 32. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis 1919-1939 (2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1946), pp. 80-88, skewers this practice by the British during their imperial heyday.
51. E. H. Carr, What is History? (New York: Vintage, 1961), p. 84, believed that "the more sociological history becomes and the more historical sociology becomes, the better for both," and for students of politics.
52. Gabriel Almond, "The National-International Connection," in Gabriel Almond, A Discipline Divided: Schools and Sects in Political Science (London: Sage, 1990), p. 264.
53. Ibid., p. 266; and Otto Hintze, "Military Organization and the Organization of the State," in Felix Gilbert, ed., The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (New York: 1975).
54. Ibid., p. 266; and Otto Hintze, "Military Organization and the Organization of the State," in Felix Gilbert, ed., The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (New York: 1975).
55. Charles S. Maier, The Unmasterable Past (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 35.
56. Ibid., p. 116.
57. On Social Darwinism in Germany and Britain, see Paul Kennedy, The Rise of Anglo-German Antagonisn (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1980), pp. 308-16. On imperialist motives reflected in popular American literature, see Bruce Franklin, War Stars: The Superweapon and the Amencan Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 19-53.
58. On Social Darwinism in Germany and Britain, see Paul Kennedy, The Rise of Anglo-German Antagonisn (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1980), pp. 308-16. On imperialist motives reflected in popular American literature, see Bruce Franklin, War Stars: The Superweapon and the Amencan Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 19-53.
59. Eckart Kehr, Economic Interest, Militarism and Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977). "Sparta affords [a strong example] of the primacy of domestic politics since her interstate policy [was based on] the conduct of a permanent war of the Spartiates against the subjugated majority of her population, and this preoccupation governed every other aspect of policy." Wight, p., 57.
60. Maier, p. 24.
61. Kennedy, p. 321.
62. Von Bulow insisted that "everything, including domestic politics, be subordinated to Germany's unity and position as a European power which in turn would serve as a powerful integrative force at home." Katherine A. Lerman, "Chancellor von Bulow and the National Idea, 1890-1918," in John Breuilly, ed., The State of Germany (London: Longman, 1992), pp. 109, 117-26.
63. Kehr, p. 23.
64. David D'Lugo and Ron Rogowski, "The Anglo-German Naval Race and Comparative Constitutional Fitness," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., p. 79.
65. See Kennedy, p. 358.
66. Jack Snyder, "The New Nationalism: Realist Interpretations and Beyond," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., p. 189.
67. See R. B. J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 153. Halliday, p. 223, reminds readers that full democracy is a quite recent phenomenon.
68. Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century (New York: Vintage Books, 1981), p. 4.
69. See John Kurt Jacobsen, "Much Ado about Ideas: The Cognitive Factor in Economic Policy," World Politics, 47 (January 1995).
70. "Public diplomacy" treats citizens to the same techniques in "influencing a population that the CIA applies to hostile foreign countries." Robert Parry, Fooling America (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 170.
71. See Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1975). Opportunistic exaggerations include the "bomber gap," the "missile gap," the promise that "we're not going north and drop bombs" in Vietnam, and the "window of opportunity." See Miroslav Nincic, Democracy and Foreign Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), pp. 120-21. Franklin, p. 181, recalls that as a SAC intelligence officer in 1957-1958 one of his duties was "helping to conceal from the America people, particularly our own SAC crews, the almost certain knowledge that the Soviets still had neither operational intercontinental bombers nor missiles."
72. See Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1975). Opportunistic exaggerations include the "bomber gap," the "missile gap," the promise that "we're not going north and drop bombs" in Vietnam, and the "window of opportunity." See Miroslav Nincic, Democracy and Foreign Policy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), pp. 120-21. Franklin, p. 181, recalls that as a SAC intelligence officer in 1957-1958 one of his duties was "helping to conceal from the America people, particularly our own SAC crews, the almost certain knowledge that the Soviets still had neither operational intercontinental bombers nor missiles."
73. Nincic, p. 44.
74. Ibid., pp. 38, 39-42, 54-55.
75. See Stephen E. Bronner, Moments of Decision (London: Routledge, 1992); and Gabriel Kolko, Century of War (New York: New Press, 1994), pp. 16, 41.
76. See Stephen E. Bronner, Moments of Decision (London: Routledge, 1992); and Gabriel Kolko, Century of War (New York: New Press, 1994), pp. 16, 41.
77. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading: Addison Wesley, 1979), pp. 71-72. "[O]ne must break with the assumptions of market level rhetoric . . . where markets are structured oligopolistically, the situation which best mirrors great power competition in the international system. Oligopolistic firms are potentially capable of influencing their environment by collusion with or responding to strategic rivals." Skidmore and Hudson, eds., p. 3.
78. Almond, p. 26.
79. Helene Adeline Guerber, Greece and Rome: Myths and Legends (London: Bracken Books, 1986), p. 177.
80. "Domestic actors appear to have understood more clearly than their government whether agreements were ratifiabie and are more able to disguise preferences and information." Evans, Jacobson, and Putnam, eds., p. 159.
81. Evans, in ibid., p. 429, n6.
82. "Suasive reverberation" implies a one way, top-down flow of influence which close study does not always confirm. See Judith Gross Stein, "The Political Economy of Security Agreements: The Linked Costs of Failure at Camp David," in Evans, Jacobson, and Putnam, eds., p. 87.
83. Jack Snyder, "East-West Bargaining over Germany: The Search for Synergy in a Two-Level Game," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., p. 122.
84. Neil Sheehan, The Pentagon Papers (New York: Bantam Books, 1971), p. 241.
85. See the essays by Miles Kahler and Ellis Krauss in Rosecrance and Stein, eds.
86. John Odell, "International Threats and Internal Politics: Brazil, the European Community and the United States, 1985-87," in ibid., pp. 233-64.
87. In Simmons the "market" judging government intentions turns out to be a handful of banks. Moravscik's study of European arms industries concludes that since "industry preferences are based on the global market position in that sector, and industry tends to get its way, there is little need to invoke an independent theory of domestic politics. A pure 'second-image reversed' approach, in which domestic conflicts minor global market opposition, provides an adequate explanation." Evans, Jacobson, and Putnam, eds., p. 137. Yet, his study offers evidence supporting the contrary conclusion that COGs tried to act as guardians of economic rationality against industrialists, who resisted arrangements that were more efficient but not more profitable than their preferred schemes. There was more pertinent political activity transpiring at the domestic level than a "second image reversed" approach encompassed.
88. Matthew Evangelista, "Internal and External Constraints on Grand Strategy," in Rosecrance and Stein eds., p. 156; and John Kurt Jacobsen, Chasing Progress in the Irish Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 17-20.
89. Matthew Evangelista, "Internal and External Constraints on Grand Strategy," in Rosecrance and Stein eds., p. 156; and John Kurt Jacobsen, Chasing Progress in the Irish Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 17-20.
90. Douglas Van Belle, "Domestic Imperatives and Rational Model of Foreign Policy-Making," in Skidmore and Hudson, eds., p. 153.
91. Steve Smith, "Introduction," in Smith, ed., International Relations, pp. x-xi. Also, Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight, Diplomatic Investigation (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966), p. 1.
92. Steve Smith, "Introduction," in Smith, ed., International Relations, pp. x-xi. Also, Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight, Diplomatic Investigation (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966), p. 1.
93. Smith, ed., pp. 50, 54.
94. "The Americans mass-produce strategists while the British remain satisfied with a small number of craftsmen. The Americans are preoccupied with technology while the British have more regard for politics. The Americans continually look to the future while the British never forget the past. Such judgments, while not wholly unfair, do justice neither to the quality nor the variety of much of American strategic writing. . . . " Freedman, in ibid., p. 31.
95. Linklater, p. 124. Also, Andrew Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism (New York: Saint Martin's Press, 1990), pp. 27-33.
96. Martin Shaw, "Global Society and Global Responsibility: The Theoretical, Historical and Political Limits of 'International Society,'" Millennium, 21 (Winter 1992), 428; Chris Boyle, "Imaging the World Market: IPE and the Task of Social Change," Millenium, 23 (Summer 1994), 355.
97. Martin Shaw, "Global Society and Global Responsibility: The Theoretical, Historical and Political Limits of 'International Society,'" Millennium, 21 (Winter 1992), 428; Chris Boyle, "Imaging the World Market: IPE and the Task of Social Change," Millenium, 23 (Summer 1994), 355.
98. See Walker, p. 125.
99. Rosenberg, p. 34, argues that the assumption of anarchy "blocks consideration of how much interstate behavior is determined by-and is concerned with managing-domestic political processes."
100. Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks (New York: International Publishers, 1971), pp. 176, 240. Carr's "doctrine of the harmony of interests" verges on Gramsci's concept of "hegemony."
101. Halliday rejects "internalist arguments" that reduce foreign policies to "the product of domestic factors alone; thus inter-state relations, changes in the outside world, legitimate national needs, appeals for help from abroad are all submerged in the identification of domestic causes Fred Halliday, "Theory and Ethics in International Relations: The Contribution of C. Wright Mills," Millennium, 23 (1994), 380-81.
102. Alexander Wendt, "Collective Identity Formation and the International State," American Political Science Review, 88 (June 1994), 388, 389.
103. Halliday cites Charles Tilly, Theda Skocpol, Michael Mann, and Perry Anderson. See Philip Abrams, Historical Sociology (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982).
104. Linklater, pp. 170-71.
105. See Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, Why Americans Don't Vote (New York: Pantheon, 1988). 69. Snyder, Myths of Empire, p. 310. On "antipolitical" efforts in the financial realm to "move effective decision-making entirely out of the political arena and into the hands of technicians and market players," see Louis W. Pauly, "Capital Mobility, State Autonomy, and Political Legitimacy," Journal of International Affairs, 48 (Winter 1995).
106. See Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, Why Americans Don't Vote (New York: Pantheon, 1988). 69. Snyder, Myths of Empire, p. 310. On "antipolitical" efforts in the financial realm to "move effective decision-making entirely out of the political arena and into the hands of technicians and market players," see Louis W. Pauly, "Capital Mobility, State Autonomy, and Political Legitimacy," Journal of International Affairs, 48 (Winter 1995).
107. See Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, Why Americans Don't Vote (New York: Pantheon, 1988). 69. Snyder, Myths of Empire, p. 310. On "antipolitical" efforts in the financial realm to "move effective decision-making entirely out of the political arena and into the hands of technicians and market players," see Louis W. Pauly, "Capital Mobility, State Autonomy, and Political Legitimacy," Journal of International Affairs, 48 (Winter 1995).
108. Beth A. Simmons, Who Adjusts? Domestic Sources of Foreign Economic Policy during the Interwar Years (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 4, 281.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid., p. 101.
111. Ibid., p. 27.
112. John Odell, "International Threats and Internal Politics," in Evans, Jacobson, and Putnam, eds., pp. 233-34.
113. See Tom Wells, The War Within (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 5-6; also Pentagon Papers, pp. 601-602; Terry Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 237-38; Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), pp. 129-31, 195. On Nixon's countermobilization, see H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries (New York: Putnam, 1994), pp. 126, 164, 172, 326.
114. See Tom Wells, The War Within (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 5-6; also Pentagon Papers, pp. 601-602; Terry Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 237-38; Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), pp. 129-31, 195. On Nixon's countermobilization, see H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries (New York: Putnam, 1994), pp. 126, 164, 172, 326.
115. See Tom Wells, The War Within (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 5-6; also Pentagon Papers, pp. 601-602; Terry Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 237-38; Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), pp. 129-31, 195. On Nixon's countermobilization, see H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries (New York: Putnam, 1994), pp. 126, 164, 172, 326.
116. See Tom Wells, The War Within (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 5-6; also Pentagon Papers, pp. 601-602; Terry Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 237-38; Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), pp. 129-31, 195. On Nixon's countermobilization, see H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries (New York: Putnam, 1994), pp. 126, 164, 172, 326.
117. See Tom Wells, The War Within (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. 5-6; also Pentagon Papers, pp. 601-602; Terry Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 237-38; Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), pp. 129-31, 195. On Nixon's countermobilization, see H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries (New York: Putnam, 1994), pp. 126, 164, 172, 326.
118. Tamar Hermann, "Grassroots Activism as a Fact or in Foreign Policymaking: The Case of the Israeli Peace Movement," in Skidmore and Hudson, eds., p. 141.
119. Wells, pp. 256, 257. Richard M. Nixon, No More Vietnams (New York: Arbor House, 1985), p. 102, believed he could not "hold the country together" had he escalated.
120. James William Gibson, The Perfect War (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), p. 332; also, Pentagon Papers, pp. 316, 321, 470, 515.
121. James William Gibson, The Perfect War (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), p. 332; also, Pentagon Papers, pp. 316, 321, 470, 515.
122. Gibson, pp. 64, 333. "The best and the brightest" approached the American public as ancient Greek states approached the oracle at Delphi. They "did not ask Apollo to originate or direct their policy," J. B. Bury observed. "They only sought his authority for what they already had determined." Cited in Wight, p. 48.
123. Contrast the essays on leaders "blinded by prejudice and paralyzed by pride" in Hans Morgenthau, Truth and Power (New York: Praeger, 1970), against haughtier views expressed in Politics among Nations, rev. ed. (New York: Knopf, 1985), and The Purpose of American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1960).
124. Contrast the essays on leaders "blinded by prejudice and paralyzed by pride" in Hans Morgenthau, Truth and Power (New York: Praeger, 1970), against haughtier views expressed in Politics among Nations, rev. ed. (New York: Knopf, 1985), and The Purpose of American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1960).
125. Contrast the essays on leaders "blinded by prejudice and paralyzed by pride" in Hans Morgenthau, Truth and Power (New York: Praeger, 1970), against haughtier views expressed in Politics among Nations, rev. ed. (New York: Knopf, 1985), and The Purpose of American Politics (New York: Knopf, 1960).
126. Sam Adams, War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir (South Royalton: Steelforth Press, 1994). A correction in Viet Cong strength from 240,000 to 600,000 was not welcomed in 1967. The official figure prior to the consequently shocking Tet offensive was lowered to 224,000 (p. 217).
127. Snyder, Myths of Empire, p. 300.
128. See Daniel Hallin, The "Uncensored" War: The Media and Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); and Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie (New York: Random House, 1988), pp. 342-48.
129. See Daniel Hallin, The "Uncensored" War: The Media and Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); and Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie (New York: Random House, 1988), pp. 342-48.
130. Nincic, p. 16.
131. Theodore Zeldin, France 1848-1945, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 3. On divisions in Britain, see Clive Ponting, 1940: Myth and Reality (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990); and Ralph Miliband, Capitalist Democracy in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 51.
132. Theodore Zeldin, France 1848-1945, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 3. On divisions in Britain, see Clive Ponting, 1940: Myth and Reality (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990); and Ralph Miliband, Capitalist Democracy in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 51.
133. Theodore Zeldin, France 1848-1945, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 3. On divisions in Britain, see Clive Ponting, 1940: Myth and Reality (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990); and Ralph Miliband, Capitalist Democracy in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 51.
134. Gibson, p. 103. Almost 80 percent of American troops in Vietnam came from working-class or poor backgrounds. Christian G. Appy, Working Class War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993). p. 5.
135. David H. Edgerton, England and the Aeroplane: An Essay on a Militant and Technological Nation (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 1-11. On Nazi concerns, see William S. Allen, "The Collapse of Nationalism in Nazi Germany," in Breuilly, ed., pp. 147-49.
136. David H. Edgerton, England and the Aeroplane: An Essay on a Militant and Technological Nation (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 1-11. On Nazi concerns, see William S. Allen, "The Collapse of Nationalism in Nazi Germany," in Breuilly, ed., pp. 147-49.
137. Richard Rosecrance and Zara Steiner, "British Grand Strategy and the Origins of World War II," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., pp. 136, 139, 147-48. 89. Arthur Stein "Domestic Constraints, Extended Deterrence and the Incoherence of Grand Strategy," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., pp. 106, 110; and Kenneth Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, 1937-1940 (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 565.
138. Richard Rosecrance and Zara Steiner, "British Grand Strategy and the Origins of World War II," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., pp. 136, 139, 147-48. 89. Arthur Stein "Domestic Constraints, Extended Deterrence and the Incoherence of Grand Strategy," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., pp. 106, 110; and Kenneth Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, 1937-1940 (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 565.
139. Richard Rosecrance and Zara Steiner, "British Grand Strategy and the Origins of World War II," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., pp. 136, 139, 147-48. 89. Arthur Stein "Domestic Constraints, Extended Deterrence and the Incoherence of Grand Strategy," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., pp. 106, 110; and Kenneth Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, 1937-1940 (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 565.
140. Robert Shogan, Hard Bargain (New York: Scribners, 1995), p. 267. In June 1940, 85 percent of Americans polled favored aid to Britain and France (p. 231).
141. Frank Kofsky, Harry S. Truman and the War Scare of 1948 (New York: Saint Martin's Press, 1993).
142. John Mueller, "The Impact of Ideas on Grand Strategy," in Rosecrance and Stein, eds., pp. 52, 57.
143. Wendt, p. 389.
144. Thomas Skidmore, "The Politics of National Security Policy: Interest Groups, Coalitions, and SALT II Debate," in Skidmore and Hudson, eds., pp. 223, n9, 225.
145. Nincic, p. 39.
146. Paul Wapner, "Politics beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics," World Politics, 47 (April 1995), 314. Ellen Dorsey, "Expanding the Foreign Policy Discourse: Transnational Social Movements and the Globalization of Citizenship," in Skidmore and Hudson, eds., p. 264. These entities form because citizens hope to gain goods or redress what they can not obtain so easily or quickly in national arenas.
147. Paul Wapner, "Politics beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics," World Politics, 47 (April 1995), 314. Ellen Dorsey, "Expanding the Foreign Policy Discourse: Transnational Social Movements and the Globalization of Citizenship," in Skidmore and Hudson, eds., p. 264. These entities form because citizens hope to gain goods or redress what they can not obtain so easily or quickly in national arenas.
148. Rosenberg, p. 20.
149. Nincic, p. 107.
150. Evangelista divides domestic structure into descriptive categories: political institutions, structure of society, and nature of coalition-building processes.
151. Almond, p. 26.
152. Note the inordinate focus on interactions as a sufficient explanation in Geoffrey Garrett, "Capital Mobility, Trade and the Domestic Politics of Economic Policy," International Organization (forthcoming).
153. Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1936), pp. 18-19.
154. Gilpin and Waltz, in Keohane, ed., pp. 302-5, 316, 337.
155. Duncan Snidal and Christopher Achen, "Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case Studies," World Politics, 41 (January 1989).
156. Abrams, pp. x-xi.