War, democracy, and internal conflict: Israel in a comparative perspective

Comparative Politics

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 317-336

  Barzilai, Gad ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0040163741     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422342     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. For example, see Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 32 (Autumn 1978), 881-911; Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Zeev Maoz and Bruce M. Russett, "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986," American Political Science Review, 87 (September 1993), 624-38; Bruce Martin Russett, Controlling the Sword (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Manus Issachar Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989); Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 653-73; Ian Lustick, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
2. For example, see Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 32 (Autumn 1978), 881-911; Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Zeev Maoz and Bruce M. Russett, "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986," American Political Science Review, 87 (September 1993), 624-38; Bruce Martin Russett, Controlling the Sword (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Manus Issachar Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989); Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 653-73; Ian Lustick, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
3. For example, see Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 32 (Autumn 1978), 881-911; Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Zeev Maoz and Bruce M. Russett, "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986," American Political Science Review, 87 (September 1993), 624-38; Bruce Martin Russett, Controlling the Sword (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Manus Issachar Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989); Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 653-73; Ian Lustick, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
4. For example, see Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 32 (Autumn 1978), 881-911; Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Zeev Maoz and Bruce M. Russett, "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986," American Political Science Review, 87 (September 1993), 624-38; Bruce Martin Russett, Controlling the Sword (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Manus Issachar Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989); Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 653-73; Ian Lustick, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
5. For example, see Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 32 (Autumn 1978), 881-911; Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Zeev Maoz and Bruce M. Russett, "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986," American Political Science Review, 87 (September 1993), 624-38; Bruce Martin Russett, Controlling the Sword (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Manus Issachar Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989); Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 653-73; Ian Lustick, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
6. For example, see Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 32 (Autumn 1978), 881-911; Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Zeev Maoz and Bruce M. Russett, "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986," American Political Science Review, 87 (September 1993), 624-38; Bruce Martin Russett, Controlling the Sword (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Manus Issachar Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989); Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 653-73; Ian Lustick, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
7. For example, see Peter Gourevitch, "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics," International Organization, 32 (Autumn 1978), 881-911; Joel S. Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Zeev Maoz and Bruce M. Russett, "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986," American Political Science Review, 87 (September 1993), 624-38; Bruce Martin Russett, Controlling the Sword (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Manus Issachar Midlarsky, ed., Handbook of War Studies (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989); Jack S. Levy, "Domestic Politics and War," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (Spring 1988), 653-73; Ian Lustick, Unsettled States, Disputed Lands (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
8. Britain and France in World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945), France in the wars of Indochina (1946-1954) and Algeria (1954-1962), Britain and France during the Suez campaign (1956), Britain during the Falklands war (1982), and the United States in World Wars I and II, the Korean war (1950-1953), and the Vietnam war (1964-1975). Of these, the only instance of immediate dissent occurred in Britain with the outbreak of the Suez campaign. Virginia White Kerkheide, Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis of 1956 (Cleveland: Case Wetern Reserve University, 1972), 188-339; John Ernest Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley, 1973), pp. 42-168; Nicholas Wahl, The Fifth Republic (New York: Random House, 1959); David Thomson, Europe since Napoleon (New York: Penguin, 1978), pp. 522-67; James Joll, Europe since 1870 (New York: Penguin, 1983), pp. 179-257.
9. Britain and France in World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945), France in the wars of Indochina (1946-1954) and Algeria (1954-1962), Britain and France during the Suez campaign (1956), Britain during the Falklands war (1982), and the United States in World Wars I and II, the Korean war (1950-1953), and the Vietnam war (1964-1975). Of these, the only instance of immediate dissent occurred in Britain with the outbreak of the Suez campaign. Virginia White Kerkheide, Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis of 1956 (Cleveland: Case Wetern Reserve University, 1972), 188-339; John Ernest Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley, 1973), pp. 42-168; Nicholas Wahl, The Fifth Republic (New York: Random House, 1959); David Thomson, Europe since Napoleon (New York: Penguin, 1978), pp. 522-67; James Joll, Europe since 1870 (New York: Penguin, 1983), pp. 179-257.
10. Britain and France in World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945), France in the wars of Indochina (1946-1954) and Algeria (1954-1962), Britain and France during the Suez campaign (1956), Britain during the Falklands war (1982), and the United States in World Wars I and II, the Korean war (1950-1953), and the Vietnam war (1964-1975). Of these, the only instance of immediate dissent occurred in Britain with the outbreak of the Suez campaign. Virginia White Kerkheide, Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis of 1956 (Cleveland: Case Wetern Reserve University, 1972), 188-339; John Ernest Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley, 1973), pp. 42-168; Nicholas Wahl, The Fifth Republic (New York: Random House, 1959); David Thomson, Europe since Napoleon (New York: Penguin, 1978), pp. 522-67; James Joll, Europe since 1870 (New York: Penguin, 1983), pp. 179-257.
11. Britain and France in World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945), France in the wars of Indochina (1946-1954) and Algeria (1954-1962), Britain and France during the Suez campaign (1956), Britain during the Falklands war (1982), and the United States in World Wars I and II, the Korean war (1950-1953), and the Vietnam war (1964-1975). Of these, the only instance of immediate dissent occurred in Britain with the outbreak of the Suez campaign. Virginia White Kerkheide, Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis of 1956 (Cleveland: Case Wetern Reserve University, 1972), 188-339; John Ernest Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley, 1973), pp. 42-168; Nicholas Wahl, The Fifth Republic (New York: Random House, 1959); David Thomson, Europe since Napoleon (New York: Penguin, 1978), pp. 522-67; James Joll, Europe since 1870 (New York: Penguin, 1983), pp. 179-257.
12. Britain and France in World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945), France in the wars of Indochina (1946-1954) and Algeria (1954-1962), Britain and France during the Suez campaign (1956), Britain during the Falklands war (1982), and the United States in World Wars I and II, the Korean war (1950-1953), and the Vietnam war (1964-1975). Of these, the only instance of immediate dissent occurred in Britain with the outbreak of the Suez campaign. Virginia White Kerkheide, Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis of 1956 (Cleveland: Case Wetern Reserve University, 1972), 188-339; John Ernest Mueller, War, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley, 1973), pp. 42-168; Nicholas Wahl, The Fifth Republic (New York: Random House, 1959); David Thomson, Europe since Napoleon (New York: Penguin, 1978), pp. 522-67; James Joll, Europe since 1870 (New York: Penguin, 1983), pp. 179-257.
13. Kathleen Burk, ed., War and the State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1982); Steven Rosen, "War Power and the Willingness to Suffer," in Bruce M. Russett, ed., Peace, War, Power and Numbers (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972), pp. 167-83; William Norton Medlicott, Contemporary England (London: Longman, 1978), 415-68. For comparisons with Middle East politics, see Robert Owen Freedman, ed., The Middle East after the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986); Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: The Free Press, 1993); Amin Hewedy, Militarization and Security in the Middle East: Its Impact on Development and Democracy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).
14. Kathleen Burk, ed., War and the State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1982); Steven Rosen, "War Power and the Willingness to Suffer," in Bruce M. Russett, ed., Peace, War, Power and Numbers (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972), pp. 167-83; William Norton Medlicott, Contemporary England (London: Longman, 1978), 415-68. For comparisons with Middle East politics, see Robert Owen Freedman, ed., The Middle East after the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986); Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: The Free Press, 1993); Amin Hewedy, Militarization and Security in the Middle East: Its Impact on Development and Democracy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).
15. Kathleen Burk, ed., War and the State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1982); Steven Rosen, "War Power and the Willingness to Suffer," in Bruce M. Russett, ed., Peace, War, Power and Numbers (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972), pp. 167-83; William Norton Medlicott, Contemporary England (London: Longman, 1978), 415-68. For comparisons with Middle East politics, see Robert Owen Freedman, ed., The Middle East after the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986); Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: The Free Press, 1993); Amin Hewedy, Militarization and Security in the Middle East: Its Impact on Development and Democracy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).
16. Kathleen Burk, ed., War and the State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1982); Steven Rosen, "War Power and the Willingness to Suffer," in Bruce M. Russett, ed., Peace, War, Power and Numbers (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972), pp. 167-83; William Norton Medlicott, Contemporary England (London: Longman, 1978), 415-68. For comparisons with Middle East politics, see Robert Owen Freedman, ed., The Middle East after the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986); Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: The Free Press, 1993); Amin Hewedy, Militarization and Security in the Middle East: Its Impact on Development and Democracy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).
17. Kathleen Burk, ed., War and the State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1982); Steven Rosen, "War Power and the Willingness to Suffer," in Bruce M. Russett, ed., Peace, War, Power and Numbers (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972), pp. 167-83; William Norton Medlicott, Contemporary England (London: Longman, 1978), 415-68. For comparisons with Middle East politics, see Robert Owen Freedman, ed., The Middle East after the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986); Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: The Free Press, 1993); Amin Hewedy, Militarization and Security in the Middle East: Its Impact on Development and Democracy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).
18. Kathleen Burk, ed., War and the State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1982); Steven Rosen, "War Power and the Willingness to Suffer," in Bruce M. Russett, ed., Peace, War, Power and Numbers (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972), pp. 167-83; William Norton Medlicott, Contemporary England (London: Longman, 1978), 415-68. For comparisons with Middle East politics, see Robert Owen Freedman, ed., The Middle East after the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986); Baruch Kimmerling and Joel S. Migdal, Palestinians: The Making of a People (New York: The Free Press, 1993); Amin Hewedy, Militarization and Security in the Middle East: Its Impact on Development and Democracy (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989).
19. Britain and France during World War I, France during the Indochinese and Algerian wars, and the United States during the Korean and Vietnamese wars.
20. Joll, pp. 202-29; Kerkheide, pp. 188-350; Mueller, pp. 23-175; Robert A. Diamond, ed., France under de Gaulle (New York: Facts on File, 1970), pp. 28-48; Sondage: Revue Française de l'Opinion Publique, 2 (1959), 27-38; Sondage: Revue Française de l'Opinion Publique, 3 (1960), 39-62.
21. Joll, pp. 202-29; Kerkheide, pp. 188-350; Mueller, pp. 23-175; Robert A. Diamond, ed., France under de Gaulle (New York: Facts on File, 1970), pp. 28-48; Sondage: Revue Française de l'Opinion Publique, 2 (1959), 27-38; Sondage: Revue Française de l'Opinion Publique, 3 (1960), 39-62.
22. Joll, pp. 202-29; Kerkheide, pp. 188-350; Mueller, pp. 23-175; Robert A. Diamond, ed., France under de Gaulle (New York: Facts on File, 1970), pp. 28-48; Sondage: Revue Française de l'Opinion Publique, 2 (1959), 27-38; Sondage: Revue Française de l'Opinion Publique, 3 (1960), 39-62.
23. V.O. Key, Public Opinion and American Democracy (New York: Knopf, 1967).
24. See note 5.
25. Erich Fromm, The Sane Society (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956); Lewis Alfred Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1956), p. 144; Georg Simmel, Conflict (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1955); Emile Durkheim, Suicide (New York: The Free Press, 1951). Coser, pp. 92-95, also recognized that war can sometimes cause disintegration in the social system.
26. Erich Fromm, The Sane Society (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956); Lewis Alfred Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1956), p. 144; Georg Simmel, Conflict (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1955); Emile Durkheim, Suicide (New York: The Free Press, 1951). Coser, pp. 92-95, also recognized that war can sometimes cause disintegration in the social system.
27. Erich Fromm, The Sane Society (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956); Lewis Alfred Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1956), p. 144; Georg Simmel, Conflict (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1955); Emile Durkheim, Suicide (New York: The Free Press, 1951). Coser, pp. 92-95, also recognized that war can sometimes cause disintegration in the social system.
28. Erich Fromm, The Sane Society (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956); Lewis Alfred Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1956), p. 144; Georg Simmel, Conflict (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1955); Emile Durkheim, Suicide (New York: The Free Press, 1951). Coser, pp. 92-95, also recognized that war can sometimes cause disintegration in the social system.
29. Erich Fromm, The Sane Society (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956); Lewis Alfred Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1956), p. 144; Georg Simmel, Conflict (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1955); Emile Durkheim, Suicide (New York: The Free Press, 1951). Coser, pp. 92-95, also recognized that war can sometimes cause disintegration in the social system.
30. Pitirim Alexsandrovich Sorokin, Man and Society in Calamity, 2nd ed. (Westport: 1973), pp. 88, 133-44, 274-75.
31. Michael Stohl, War and Domestic Political Violence (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976), pp. 82-95; Robin Brooks, "Domestic Violence and Wars: A Historical Interpretation," in Davis Hugh Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, eds., Violence in America (New York: Signet, 1969), pp. 503-21.
32. Michael Stohl, War and Domestic Political Violence (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976), pp. 82-95; Robin Brooks, "Domestic Violence and Wars: A Historical Interpretation," in Davis Hugh Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, eds., Violence in America (New York: Signet, 1969), pp. 503-21.
33. Harold D. Lasswell, "The Garrison State," American Journal of Sociology, 46 (1941), 455-68.
34. C. Wright Mills. The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Alex Mintz, "The Military-Industrial Complex: The American Concept and the Israeli Reality," State, Government and International Relations, 26 (Spring 1987), 15-31; Martin Shaw, War, State and Society (London: Macmillan Press, 1984); Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985).
35. C. Wright Mills. The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Alex Mintz, "The Military-Industrial Complex: The American Concept and the Israeli Reality," State, Government and International Relations, 26 (Spring 1987), 15-31; Martin Shaw, War, State and Society (London: Macmillan Press, 1984); Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985).
36. C. Wright Mills. The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Alex Mintz, "The Military-Industrial Complex: The American Concept and the Israeli Reality," State, Government and International Relations, 26 (Spring 1987), 15-31; Martin Shaw, War, State and Society (London: Macmillan Press, 1984); Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985).
37. C. Wright Mills. The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Alex Mintz, "The Military-Industrial Complex: The American Concept and the Israeli Reality," State, Government and International Relations, 26 (Spring 1987), 15-31; Martin Shaw, War, State and Society (London: Macmillan Press, 1984); Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1985).
38. Ralph Miliband, Class Power and State Power (London: Verso, 1983), 259-78.
39. Levy, pp. 653-73; Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Michael N. Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics," World Politics, 42 (July 1990), 529-62; Michael N. Barnett, Confronting the Costs of War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
40. Levy, pp. 653-73; Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Michael N. Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics," World Politics, 42 (July 1990), 529-62; Michael N. Barnett, Confronting the Costs of War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
41. Levy, pp. 653-73; Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Michael N. Barnett, "High Politics Is Low Politics," World Politics, 42 (July 1990), 529-62; Michael N. Barnett, Confronting the Costs of War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
42. For example, Robert Edwards Lane, Political Man (New York: The Free Press, 1972).
43. Ibid.
44. Sidney Verba, "Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam," American Political Science Review, 56 (1967), 317-33;
45. Amitai Etzioni, Demonstration Democracy (New York: Gordon and Brench, 1970);
46. Daniel Yankelovich, The Changing Values on Campus (New York: Washington Square Press, 1972);
47. Daniel Yankelovich, The New Morality (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974).
48. Samuel Henry Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979), pp. 160-63, 188, 444, 487; Edward N. Muller, Aggressive Political Participation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); April Carter, Direct Action and Liberal Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); Jerom Herbert Skolnick, The Politics of Protest (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969).
49. Samuel Henry Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979), pp. 160-63, 188, 444, 487; Edward N. Muller, Aggressive Political Participation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); April Carter, Direct Action and Liberal Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); Jerom Herbert Skolnick, The Politics of Protest (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969).
50. Samuel Henry Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979), pp. 160-63, 188, 444, 487; Edward N. Muller, Aggressive Political Participation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); April Carter, Direct Action and Liberal Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); Jerom Herbert Skolnick, The Politics of Protest (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969).
51. Samuel Henry Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979), pp. 160-63, 188, 444, 487; Edward N. Muller, Aggressive Political Participation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); April Carter, Direct Action and Liberal Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); Jerom Herbert Skolnick, The Politics of Protest (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969).
52. Samuel Henry Barnes and Max Kaase, eds., Political Action (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979), pp. 160-63, 188, 444, 487; Edward N. Muller, Aggressive Political Participation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979); April Carter, Direct Action and Liberal Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970); Jerom Herbert Skolnick, The Politics of Protest (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969).
53. Louis Kriesberg, Social Conflicts (Englewood: Prentice Hall, 1982); Arthur A. Stein, "Conflict and Cohesion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, 20 (1976), 143-66.
54. Louis Kriesberg, Social Conflicts (Englewood: Prentice Hall, 1982); Arthur A. Stein, "Conflict and Cohesion," Journal of Conflict Resolution, 20 (1976), 143-66.
55. Ibid.
56. Levy, pp. 259-88; Migdal, p. 274.
57. Mapam, a socialist political party founded in 1948, condemned military force based on Marxist and socialist interpretations. Meretz, founded in 1992, included two dovish groups, Ratz and Shinui, and Mapam. It condemned military force based on moralistic arguments.
58. The Labor Party was established in 1968 and was the largest Israeli party until 1977. Its major component was the social democratic party Mapai, the dominant party since the 1930s. The Liberal party was founded in 1961 and divided into two factions in 1965. The Liberals joined Gahal in 1965 and Likud in 1973, and the Independent Liberals joined Labor in 1984. These parties established their positions from pragmatic considerations about the limited value of military force.
59. Likud was founded in 1973 as the major right-wing party in Israel. It is the successor of Herut (1948) and Gahal (1965). It based its military activist approach on ideological attachment to Greater Yisrael and security considerations. Mafdal was established in 1956 as the major Israeli religious Zionist party. After the 1967 war it based its activist approach on primarily religious messianic considerations regarding the need to settle the Holy Land, mainly the West Bank.
60. Gad Barzilai, Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East (New York: SUNY Press, 1996), pp. 40-49.
61. Ibid., pp. 83-101.
62. Ibid., pp. 102-22.
63. Ibid., pp. 123-55; Aharon Yariv, ed., War of Alternative (Tel Aviv: Jaffa Center for Strategic Studies, 1985).
64. Ibid., pp. 123-55; Aharon Yariv, ed., War of Alternative (Tel Aviv: Jaffa Center for Strategic Studies, 1985).
65. Asher Arian, Michal Shamir, and Raphael Ventura, "Public Opinion and Political Change: Israel and the Intifada," Comparative Politics, 24 (1992), 317-34; Asher Arian, Security Threatened: Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
66. Asher Arian, Michal Shamir, and Raphael Ventura, "Public Opinion and Political Change: Israel and the Intifada," Comparative Politics, 24 (1992), 317-34; Asher Arian, Security Threatened: Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
67. Gad Barzilai, "Society and Politics in War: The Israeli Case," in Gad Barzilai, Aharon Klieman, and Gil Shidlo, eds., The Gulf Crisis and Its Global Aftermath (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 129-45.
68. J. Turner, "Cabinet, Committees and Secretariats: The Higher Direction of War," in Burk, ed., pp. 57-83; Medlicott, pp. 427-38.
69. J. Turner, "Cabinet, Committees and Secretariats: The Higher Direction of War," in Burk, ed., pp. 57-83; Medlicott, pp. 427-38.
70. Diamond, pp. 15, 28, 32, 34, 36, 39, 42-48.
71. Dina Goren, Communication and Reality (Jerusalem: Keter, 1986), pp. 196-97; Mueller, pp. 49, 162.
72. Dina Goren, Communication and Reality (Jerusalem: Keter, 1986), pp. 196-97; Mueller, pp. 49, 162.
73. Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1973); Neil Sheehan, The Pentagon Papers (New York: Finer, 1971), pp. 145-54; Howard John Dooley, "The Suez Crisis, 1956: A Case Study in Contemporary History" (Ph.d. diss., University of Notre Dame, 1976), pp. 545-614.
74. Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1973); Neil Sheehan, The Pentagon Papers (New York: Finer, 1971), pp. 145-54; Howard John Dooley, "The Suez Crisis, 1956: A Case Study in Contemporary History" (Ph.d. diss., University of Notre Dame, 1976), pp. 545-614.
75. Bernard Brodie, War and Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1973); Neil Sheehan, The Pentagon Papers (New York: Finer, 1971), pp. 145-54; Howard John Dooley, "The Suez Crisis, 1956: A Case Study in Contemporary History" (Ph.d. diss., University of Notre Dame, 1976), pp. 545-614.
76. See Richard R. Titmuss, History of the Second World War: Problems of Social Policy (London: Longmans, Green, 1950), pp. 322-51.
77. Robert Warren Tucker, Nation or Empire (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968).
78. Sorokin, pp. 11-26; B. Bahnson, "Emotional Reactions to Internally and Externally Derived Threat of Annihilation," in George Herbert Grosser, ed., The Threat of Impending Disaster (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1964), pp. 251-80.
79. Baruch Kimmerling, The Interrupted System (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1985), pp. 45-81.
80. For detailed surveys, see Gad Barzilai, "Democracy in War" (Ph.d. diss., The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1987).
81. Kimmerling, pp. 45-81.
82. Yehoshefat Harkabi, "Three Israeli Approaches," in Benjamin Neuberger, ed., Diplomacy in the Shadow of Confrontation (Tel Aviv: Open University, 1984), pp. 207-11.
83. Gad Barzilai and Ilan Peleg, "Israel and Future Borders: Assessment of a Dynamic Process," Journal of Peace Research, 31 (1994), 59-73.
84. David Ernest Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), pp. 1-80, 422-63.
85. Arian, Shamir and Ventura, pp. 317-34; Arian, Security Threatened; Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "The Use of Force: Israeli Opinion on Military Options," Armed Forces and Society, 23 (December 1996), 49-80.
86. Arian, Shamir and Ventura, pp. 317-34; Arian, Security Threatened; Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "The Use of Force: Israeli Opinion on Military Options," Armed Forces and Society, 23 (December 1996), 49-80.
87. See Gad Barzilai, Ephraim Yuchtman-Yaar, and Zeev Segal, The Israeli Supreme Court and the Israeli Public (Tel Aviv: Papirus, 1994).
88. Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Emergence of Israeli Militarism 1936-1956 (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1995).