Quantum chemistry qua applied mathematics. The contributions of Charles Alfred Coulson (1910-1974)

Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 362-406

  Simoes, Ana ^a   Gavroglu, Kostas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LISBON   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040115543     PISSN: 08909997     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/27757814     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. "Making models," Open University Program, 11 (CP, Ms. Coulson 30, B.10.6, 1965-1973).
2. Ana Simões, Converging trajectories, diverging traditions: Chemical bond, valence, quantum mechanics and chemistry, 1927-1937, University Microfilms Inc., Publication # 9327498 (University of Maryland, 1993); Kostas Gavroglu and Ana Simões, "The Americans, the Germans and the beginnings of quantum chemistry: The confluence of diverging traditions," HSPS, 25:1 (1994), 47-110; Kostas Gavroglu, Fritz London - A scientific biography (Cambridge, 1995); Ana Simões and Kostas Gavroglu, "Different legacies and common aims: Robert Mulliken, Linus Pauling and the origins of quantum chemistry" in J.-L. Calais and E.S. Kryachko, eds., Conceptual perspectives in quantum chemistry (Dordrecht, 1997), 383-413; Ana Simões, "Chemical physics and quantum chemistry in the twentieth century" in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Cambridge history of science (8 vols.), Mary Jo Nye, ed., vol. 5, Modern physical and mathematical sciences (Cambridge, forthcoming).
3. Ana Simões, Converging trajectories, diverging traditions: Chemical bond, valence, quantum mechanics and chemistry, 1927-1937, University Microfilms Inc., Publication # 9327498 (University of Maryland, 1993); Kostas Gavroglu and Ana Simões, "The Americans, the Germans and the beginnings of quantum chemistry: The confluence of diverging traditions," HSPS, 25:1 (1994), 47-110; Kostas Gavroglu, Fritz London - A scientific biography (Cambridge, 1995); Ana Simões and Kostas Gavroglu, "Different legacies and common aims: Robert Mulliken, Linus Pauling and the origins of quantum chemistry" in J.-L. Calais and E.S. Kryachko, eds., Conceptual perspectives in quantum chemistry (Dordrecht, 1997), 383-413; Ana Simões, "Chemical physics and quantum chemistry in the twentieth century" in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Cambridge history of science (8 vols.), Mary Jo Nye, ed., vol. 5, Modern physical and mathematical sciences (Cambridge, forthcoming).
4. Ana Simões, Converging trajectories, diverging traditions: Chemical bond, valence, quantum mechanics and chemistry, 1927-1937, University Microfilms Inc., Publication # 9327498 (University of Maryland, 1993); Kostas Gavroglu and Ana Simões, "The Americans, the Germans and the beginnings of quantum chemistry: The confluence of diverging traditions," HSPS, 25:1 (1994), 47-110; Kostas Gavroglu, Fritz London - A scientific biography (Cambridge, 1995); Ana Simões and Kostas Gavroglu, "Different legacies and common aims: Robert Mulliken, Linus Pauling and the origins of quantum chemistry" in J.-L. Calais and E.S. Kryachko, eds., Conceptual perspectives in quantum chemistry (Dordrecht, 1997), 383-413; Ana Simões, "Chemical physics and quantum chemistry in the twentieth century" in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Cambridge history of science (8 vols.), Mary Jo Nye, ed., vol. 5, Modern physical and mathematical sciences (Cambridge, forthcoming).
5. Ana Simões, Converging trajectories, diverging traditions: Chemical bond, valence, quantum mechanics and chemistry, 1927-1937, University Microfilms Inc., Publication # 9327498 (University of Maryland, 1993); Kostas Gavroglu and Ana Simões, "The Americans, the Germans and the beginnings of quantum chemistry: The confluence of diverging traditions," HSPS, 25:1 (1994), 47-110; Kostas Gavroglu, Fritz London - A scientific biography (Cambridge, 1995); Ana Simões and Kostas Gavroglu, "Different legacies and common aims: Robert Mulliken, Linus Pauling and the origins of quantum chemistry" in J.-L. Calais and E.S. Kryachko, eds., Conceptual perspectives in quantum chemistry (Dordrecht, 1997), 383-413; Ana Simões, "Chemical physics and quantum chemistry in the twentieth century" in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Cambridge history of science (8 vols.), Mary Jo Nye, ed., vol. 5, Modern physical and mathematical sciences (Cambridge, forthcoming).
6. Ana Simões, Converging trajectories, diverging traditions: Chemical bond, valence, quantum mechanics and chemistry, 1927-1937, University Microfilms Inc., Publication # 9327498 (University of Maryland, 1993); Kostas Gavroglu and Ana Simões, "The Americans, the Germans and the beginnings of quantum chemistry: The confluence of diverging traditions," HSPS, 25:1 (1994), 47-110; Kostas Gavroglu, Fritz London - A scientific biography (Cambridge, 1995); Ana Simões and Kostas Gavroglu, "Different legacies and common aims: Robert Mulliken, Linus Pauling and the origins of quantum chemistry" in J.-L. Calais and E.S. Kryachko, eds., Conceptual perspectives in quantum chemistry (Dordrecht, 1997), 383-413; Ana Simões, "Chemical physics and quantum chemistry in the twentieth century" in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Cambridge history of science (8 vols.), Mary Jo Nye, ed., vol. 5, Modern physical and mathematical sciences (Cambridge, forthcoming).
7. D. Whyte to London, 14 Dec 1929 and Fowler to London, 14 Jan 1930 (Fritz London papers, Duke University).
8. P.A.M. Dirac, "Quantum mechanics of many electron systems," PRS, A123 (1929), 714-733, on 714.
9. R.H. Fowler, "A report on homopolar valency and its mechanical interpretation," in Chemistry at the Centennary Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (Cambridge, 1932), 226-246, on 226.
10. I.E. Lennard-Jones, "The nature of cohesion," Nature, 128 (1931), 462-463, on 462.
11. Eileen Coulson, "Family background and early life of Charles Alfred Coulson" (CP, Ms. Coulson 2, Box A.2, A.2.16, Oct 1988).
12. C.A. Coulson, "On liking mathematics," Presidential address to the Mathematical Association, Cambridge, 9 Apr 1969, The mathematical gazette, 52 (1969), 227-239, on 228-229. Brodetsky, who was professor of mathematics at the University of Leeds, later became Minister of Education in the first Israeli Government.
13. Ibid., 233.
14. Ibid., 235.
15. C.A. Coulson, "What makes a beautiful proof?" (CP, B.10.2, 1952-1960), 5-6; "What makes a beautiful mathematical proof?," Bulletin of the Mathematical Association of India, 1:3 (1969), 39-44.
16. C.A. Coulson, "What makes a beautiful proof?" (CP, B.10.2, 1952-1960), 5-6; "What makes a beautiful mathematical proof?," Bulletin of the Mathematical Association of India, 1:3 (1969), 39-44.
17. Collection of lecture notes, taken 1928-1932, deposited by C.A. Coulson in Cambridge University Library, Shelfmark: Add. 7807.
18. C.A. Coulson, Science and the idea of God (Cambridge, 1958), 2.
19. C.A. Coulson, Science and Christian belief (London, 1955).
20. "Graduates engaged in post graduate work are reminded that their supervisor is a university officer and when visiting him officially in that capacity they should dress as they would in visiting any officer of the university or of their own college (e.g., a tutor). Gowns, however, need not be worn in the chemical laboratory." (CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11), Lennard-Jones to Coulson, 14 June 1933 (L-LE, G.11.3, G.11.3-J.E).
21. In the final period of Ph.D. work, Coulson applied to the Appointments Committee of the Mathematics Faculty. Lennard-Jones wrote him in a critical mood: "I would like to know what is the present position with regard to your work. I have seen so little of you lately that I feel out of touch with what you are doing. I should have preferred that you come to see me from time to time so that I could judge what progress you are making" (CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11). Lennard-Jones to Coulson, 22 Apr 1936 (L-LE, G.11.3, G.11.3-J.E).
22. C.A. Coulson, "The contributions of wave mechanics to chemistry" (The Tilden Lecture), Journal of the Chemical Society (1955), 2069-2084, on 2069.
23. C.A. Coulson, "R.S. Mulliken - His work and influence on quantum chemistry" in P-O Löwdin and B. Pullman, eds., Molecular orbitals in chemistry, physics and biology - A tribute to R.S. Mulliken (New York, 1964), 1-15, on 3.
24. Coulson to R.H. Fowler, 13 Mar 1934. "Report on work done and doing since June 1933" (CP, Ms. Coulson 48, Box B.8, B.28.3).
25. Ibid.
26. 4 and related molecules. Part I, II, III," Journal of chemical physics, 1 (1933), 177-182, 219-238, 2 (1934), 20-30; J.H. van Vleck and A. Sherman, "Quantum theory of valence," RMP, 7 (1935), 167-227.
27. 4 and related molecules. Part I, II, III," Journal of chemical physics, 1 (1933), 177-182, 219-238, 2 (1934), 20-30; J.H. van Vleck and A. Sherman, "Quantum theory of valence," RMP, 7 (1935), 167-227.
28. C.A. Coulson, "Recent developments in valence theory," in Symposium, "Fifty years of valence theory," PAC, 24 (1970), 257-287, on 258.
29. Lennard-Jones to Coulson, 4 Jan 1935 (CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11, L-LE, G.11.3, G.11.3-J.E).
30. "The electronic structure of molecules from the standpoint of the theory of molecular orbitals," 1934. The thesis was never published. Its sections were the following: Preface; I-General theory of valence; II-Comparison of the electron-pair theory and the molecular-orbital theory; III-Energy levels of homonuclear diatomic molecules; IV-Energy levels of heteronuclear diatomic molecules; V-Energy levels of equilateral triatomic molecules; VI-Energy levels of some special polyatomic molecules; VII-Energy level and structure of methane; VIII-Discussion of integrals (CP, Ms Coulson 40, Box B.20, B.20.12).
31. R.S. Mulliken, Life of a scientist - An autobiographical account of the development of molecular orbital theory with an introductory memoir by Friedrich Hund, ed. B.J. Ransil (Berlin, 1989), on 86-87.
32. C.A. Coulson, "Recent developments in valence theory," Symposium, "Fifty years of valence theory," PAC, 24 (1970), 257-287, on 258.
33. Ibid.
34. One page of topics for "programme of work on aromatic molecules," written on 1 Dec 1936 (CP, Ms Coulson 50, Box B. 30., B.30.14); "Comparison of resonance energies of molecules by the orbital and the pair-bond theories" written on 9 Dec 1936 and "Some thoughts on the aromatic molecules" written on 25 Dec 1936 (CP, Ms Coulson 51, Box B.31., B.31.6).
35. One page of topics for "programme of work on aromatic molecules," written on 1 Dec 1936 (CP, Ms Coulson 50, Box B. 30., B.30.14); "Comparison of resonance energies of molecules by the orbital and the pair-bond theories" written on 9 Dec 1936 and "Some thoughts on the aromatic molecules" written on 25 Dec 1936 (CP, Ms Coulson 51, Box B.31., B.31.6).
36. One page of topics for "programme of work on aromatic molecules," written on 1 Dec 1936 (CP, Ms Coulson 50, Box B. 30., B.30.14); "Comparison of resonance energies of molecules by the orbital and the pair-bond theories" written on 9 Dec 1936 and "Some thoughts on the aromatic molecules" written on 25 Dec 1936 (CP, Ms Coulson 51, Box B.31., B.31.6).
37. +," PCPS, 31 (1935), 244-259; C.A. Coulson, "The evaluation of certain integrals occurring in studies of molecular structure," PCPS, 33 (1937), 104-110; C.A. Coulson, "A note on the criterion of maximum overlapping of wave functions," ibid., 111-114.
38. +," PCPS, 31 (1935), 244-259; C.A. Coulson, "The evaluation of certain integrals occurring in studies of molecular structure," PCPS, 33 (1937), 104-110; C.A. Coulson, "A note on the criterion of maximum overlapping of wave functions," ibid., 111-114.
39. +," PCPS, 31 (1935), 244-259; C.A. Coulson, "The evaluation of certain integrals occurring in studies of molecular structure," PCPS, 33 (1937), 104-110; C.A. Coulson, "A note on the criterion of maximum overlapping of wave functions," ibid., 111-114.
40. +," PCPS, 31 (1935), 244-259; C.A. Coulson, "The evaluation of certain integrals occurring in studies of molecular structure," PCPS, 33 (1937), 104-110; C.A. Coulson, "A note on the criterion of maximum overlapping of wave functions," ibid., 111-114.
41. C.A. Coulson, "The electronic structure of methane," TFS, 33 (1937), 388-398.
42. Ibid., 388.
43. Ibid., 389.
44. J.E. Lennard-Jones, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. I. The nature of the links by the method of molecular orbitals," PRS, A158 (1937), 280-296; J.E. Lennard-Jones and J. Turkevich, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. II. The nature of the links of some aromatic molecules," PRS, A158 (1937), 297-306; W.G. Penney, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. III. Bonds of fractional order by the pair method," PRS, A158 (1937), 306-324. C.A. Coulson, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. IV-The nature of the links of certain free radicals," PRS, A164 (1938), 383-396.
45. J.E. Lennard-Jones, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. I. The nature of the links by the method of molecular orbitals," PRS, A158 (1937), 280-296; J.E. Lennard-Jones and J. Turkevich, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. II. The nature of the links of some aromatic molecules," PRS, A158 (1937), 297-306; W.G. Penney, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. III. Bonds of fractional order by the pair method," PRS, A158 (1937), 306-324. C.A. Coulson, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. IV-The nature of the links of certain free radicals," PRS, A164 (1938), 383-396.
46. J.E. Lennard-Jones, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. I. The nature of the links by the method of molecular orbitals," PRS, A158 (1937), 280-296; J.E. Lennard-Jones and J. Turkevich, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. II. The nature of the links of some aromatic molecules," PRS, A158 (1937), 297-306; W.G. Penney, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. III. Bonds of fractional order by the pair method," PRS, A158 (1937), 306-324. C.A. Coulson, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. IV-The nature of the links of certain free radicals," PRS, A164 (1938), 383-396.
47. J.E. Lennard-Jones, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. I. The nature of the links by the method of molecular orbitals," PRS, A158 (1937), 280-296; J.E. Lennard-Jones and J. Turkevich, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. II. The nature of the links of some aromatic molecules," PRS, A158 (1937), 297-306; W.G. Penney, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. III. Bonds of fractional order by the pair method," PRS, A158 (1937), 306-324. C.A. Coulson, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. IV-The nature of the links of certain free radicals," PRS, A164 (1938), 383-396.
48. Ibid., 383.
49. C.A. Coulson, "The electronic structure of some polyenes and aromatic molecules. VII-Bonds of fractional order by the molecular orbital method," PRS, A169 (1939), 413-428.
50. L. Pauling, L.O. Brockway, J.Y. Beach, "The dependence of interatomic distance on single bond-double bond resonance," JACS, 57 (1935), 2705-2709.
51. J.H. Van Vleck, A. Sherman, "Quantum theory of valence," RMP, 7 (1935), 167-227; W.G. Penney (ref. 34).
52. C.A. Coulson, "The energy and screening constants of the hydrogen molecule," TFS, 33 (1937), 1479-1492.
53. C.A. Coulson, "Self-consistent field for molecular hydrogen," PCPS, 34 (1938), 204-212, on 204.
54. Coulson to Duncanson, Dec 1937 (CP, Ms. Coulson 52, Box B.32; B.32.4).
55. Coulson to Mulliken, 20 Feb 1942 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
56. Mulliken to Coulson, 8 Aug 1942 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
57. Coulson to Lennard-Jones, 24 Jan 1939 (CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11; L-LE, G.11.3, G.11.3-J.E).
58. Correspondence with Max Born. Letter of 3 Feb 1972. Coulson writes to a certain Peter and refers to his relationship with Born, trying to excuse Born for his tone in the Born-Einstein correspondence (CP, Ms. Coulson 64, Box C.1., C.1.11).
59. Valence Lectures, Dundee 1939-43 (CP, Ms. Coulson 23, Box B.3, B.3.11). Course of sixteen lectures (CP, Ms. Coulson 24, Box B.4), lectures delivered at Dundee University.
60. C.A. Coulson, "The lengths of the links of unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules," Journal of chemical physics, 7 (1939), 1069-1071 (CP, Ms. Coulson 33, Box B.3., B.33.3). Coulson to Urey, 12 May 1939, concerning paper "The lengths of the links of unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules."
61. J.E. Lennard-Jones (ref. 33); Lennard-Jones and Turkevich (ref. 33); C.A. Coulson (ref. 33).
62. C.A. Coulson (ref. 46), 1069.
63. Ibid., 1071.
64. Urey to Coulson, 29 June 1939 (CP, Ms. Coulson 33, Box B.3., B.33.3).
65. Coulson to Urey, 20 Jul 1939 (CP, Ms. Coulson 33, Box B.3., B.33.3).
66. C.A. Coulson and G.S. Rushbrooke, "Note on the method of molecular orbitals," PCPS, 36 (1940), 193-200.
67. C.A. Coulson, "On the calculation of the energy in unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules," PCPS, 36 (1940), 201-203.
68. B. Podolsky and L. Pauling, "The momentum distribution in hydrogen-like atoms," PR, 34 (1929), 109-116; B. Hicks, "The shape of the Compton line for helium and molecular hydrogen," PR, 52 (1937), 436-442.
69. B. Podolsky and L. Pauling, "The momentum distribution in hydrogen-like atoms," PR, 34 (1929), 109-116; B. Hicks, "The shape of the Compton line for helium and molecular hydrogen," PR, 52 (1937), 436-442.
70. C.A. Coulson, "Momentum distribution in molecular systems. Part I. The single bond," PCPS, 37 (1941), 55-66; C.A. Coulson and W.E. Duncanson, "Part II. Carbon and the C-H bond," ibid., 67-73; C.A. Coulson, "Part III. Bonds of higher order," ibid., 74-81. Parts V and VI were also joint papers with Duncanson.
71. C.A. Coulson, "Momentum distribution in molecular systems. Part I. The single bond," PCPS, 37 (1941), 55-66; C.A. Coulson and W.E. Duncanson, "Part II. Carbon and the C-H bond," ibid., 67-73; C.A. Coulson, "Part III. Bonds of higher order," ibid., 74-81. Parts V and VI were also joint papers with Duncanson.
72. C.A. Coulson, "Momentum distribution in molecular systems. Part I. The single bond," PCPS, 37 (1941), 55-66; C.A. Coulson and W.E. Duncanson, "Part II. Carbon and the C-H bond," ibid., 67-73; C.A. Coulson, "Part III. Bonds of higher order," ibid., 74-81. Parts V and VI were also joint papers with Duncanson.
73. C.A. Coulson, "Momentum distribution in molecular systems. Part I. The single bond," PCPS, 37 (1941), 55-66; C.A. Coulson and W.E. Duncanson, "Part II. Carbon and the C-H bond," ibid., 67-73; C.A. Coulson, "Part III. Bonds of higher order," ibid., 74-81. Parts V and VI were also joint papers with Duncanson.
74. C.A. Coulson, "Momentum distribution in molecular systems. Part I. The single bond," PCPS, 37 (1941), 55-66; C.A. Coulson and W.E. Duncanson, "Part II. Carbon and the C-H bond," ibid., 67-73; C.A. Coulson, "Part III. Bonds of higher order," ibid., 74-81. Parts V and VI were also joint papers with Duncanson.
75. C.A. Coulson, "Two communications in general discussion on bond number and peroxides," TFS, 42 (1946), 265; C.A. Coulson, "Introductory survey - the theory of free radicals. The theory of the structure of free radicals," Discussions of the Faraday Society, 2 (1947), 7-8, 9-18; C.A. Coulson, "Free valence in organic reactions," Journal of chemical physics, 45 (1949), 243-248.
76. C.A. Coulson, "Two communications in general discussion on bond number and peroxides," TFS, 42 (1946), 265; C.A. Coulson, "Introductory survey - the theory of free radicals. The theory of the structure of free radicals," Discussions of the Faraday Society, 2 (1947), 7-8, 9-18; C.A. Coulson, "Free valence in organic reactions," Journal of chemical physics, 45 (1949), 243-248.
77. C.A. Coulson, "Two communications in general discussion on bond number and peroxides," TFS, 42 (1946), 265; C.A. Coulson, "Introductory survey - the theory of free radicals. The theory of the structure of free radicals," Discussions of the Faraday Society, 2 (1947), 7-8, 9-18; C.A. Coulson, "Free valence in organic reactions," Journal of chemical physics, 45 (1949), 243-248.
78. C.A. Coulson, W.E. Moffitt, "The properties of certain strained hydrocarbons," PM, 40 (1949), 1-35.
79. C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. I. General theory," PRS, A191 (1947), 39-60; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. II. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and their hetero-derivatives," PRS, A192 (1947), 16-32; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. III. Bond orders in unsaturated molecules," PRS, A193 (1948), 447-456; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "IV. Force constants and interaction constants in unsaturated hydrocarbons," PRS, A193 (1948), 456-464; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. V. The interaction of two conjugated systems," PRS, A195 (1948), 188-197.
80. C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. I. General theory," PRS, A191 (1947), 39-60; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. II. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and their hetero-derivatives," PRS, A192 (1947), 16-32; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. III. Bond orders in unsaturated molecules," PRS, A193 (1948), 447-456; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "IV. Force constants and interaction constants in unsaturated hydrocarbons," PRS, A193 (1948), 456-464; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. V. The interaction of two conjugated systems," PRS, A195 (1948), 188-197.
81. C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. I. General theory," PRS, A191 (1947), 39-60; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. II. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and their hetero-derivatives," PRS, A192 (1947), 16-32; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. III. Bond orders in unsaturated molecules," PRS, A193 (1948), 447-456; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "IV. Force constants and interaction constants in unsaturated hydrocarbons," PRS, A193 (1948), 456-464; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. V. The interaction of two conjugated systems," PRS, A195 (1948), 188-197.
82. C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. I. General theory," PRS, A191 (1947), 39-60; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. II. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and their hetero-derivatives," PRS, A192 (1947), 16-32; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. III. Bond orders in unsaturated molecules," PRS, A193 (1948), 447-456; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "IV. Force constants and interaction constants in unsaturated hydrocarbons," PRS, A193 (1948), 456-464; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. V. The interaction of two conjugated systems," PRS, A195 (1948), 188-197.
83. C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. I. General theory," PRS, A191 (1947), 39-60; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. II. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and their hetero-derivatives," PRS, A192 (1947), 16-32; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. III. Bond orders in unsaturated molecules," PRS, A193 (1948), 447-456; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "IV. Force constants and interaction constants in unsaturated hydrocarbons," PRS, A193 (1948), 456-464; C.A. Coulson and H.C. Longuet-Higgins, "The electronic structure of conjugated systems. V. The interaction of two conjugated systems," PRS, A195 (1948), 188-197.
84. Longuet-Higgins to Coulson, 19 Feb 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 151, G.12.6, 1946-1949).
85. Coulson to Longuet-Higgins, 9 May 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 151, G.12.6, 1946-1949).
86. Erich Hückel to Coulson, 18 Apr 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 91, Box C.28, C.28.7).
87. Coulson to Longuet-Higgins, 21 Nov 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 151, G.12.7, 1950-1968).
88. Longuet-Higgins to Coulson, 29 Nov 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 151, G.12.7, 1950-1968).
89. Coulson to Longuet-Higgins, 1 Dec 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 151, G.12.7, 1950-1968).
90. S.L. Altmann and E.J. Bowen, "Charles Alfred Coulson 1910-1974," Biographical memoirs of the fellows of the Royal Society, 20 (1974), 75-134, on 82.
91. Coulson to Heisenberg, 12 Feb 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 91, Box C.28, C.28.3).
92. Among the British students were Juliane Jacobs, M.P. Barnett, Norman March, Peter Davies, George Lester, Tim Greenwood, Alan Lidiard, Peter Higgs, Eric Pitts, and Robert Taylor. From Sweden came Inga Fischer, from Holland, Joop de Heer, John van der Waals, and A. Buseman, from the USA, Carl Moser, from Australia, Ron Brown, from France, Roland Lefebvre, and from Argentina, S.L. Altmann. The Australians, David Craig and Allan Maccoll from University College, collaborated with Coulson.
93. C.A. Coulson, "The Christian religion and contemporary science," The modern churchman, 40 (Sep 1950), 205-215.
94. Coulson to Lennard-Jones, 2 Mar 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11; L-LE, G.11.3, G.11.3-J.E). After Coulson's inaugural lecture where he had mentioned his relations and debts to Lennard-Jones, the latter confided in a letter of 26 Feb 1948: "It is very good of you to think of referring to me in your inaugural lecture. May I say in return that it was a pleasure to have you as a research student and that I found you an interesting and stimulating colleague. I am reminded now of those early days in Cambridge as I try to start up from scratch again on my return to academic work." See also letter Lennard-Jones to Coulson, 4 Mar 1948 and 11 May 1948.
95. Lennard-Jones to Coulson, 25 Mar 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11; L-LE, G.11.3, G.11.3-J.E. Lennard-Jones). Coulson to Lennard-Jones, 29 Mar 1948(CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11; L-LE, G.11.3, G.11.3-J.E. Lennard-Jones).
96. Coulson to Lennard-Jones, 10 Mar 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11; L-LE, G.11.3, G.11.3-J.E. Lennard-Jones).
97. Hinshelwood to Coulson, 6 Mar 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 91, Box C.28, C.28.5).
98. C.A. Coulson, "Recent developments in valence theory," Symposium, "Fifty years of valence theory," PAC, 24 (1970), 257-287, on 259.
99. C.A. Coulson, I. Fischer, "XXXIV. Notes on the molecular orbital treatment of the hydrogen molecule," PM, 40 (1949), 386-393. Mulliken and Coulson both agreed that configuration interaction may become very important in the more complicated molecules when one starts with molecular orbital configurations. "Of course, this is all very familiar, but I think it is interesting to see how configuration interaction becomes important in different places in the AO and the MO methods" Mulliken to Coulson, 24 Jan 1949 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5.).
100. C.A. Coulson, D.P. Craig, and Juliane Jacobs, "Electronic levels in simple conjugated systems. III. The significance of configuration interaction," PRS, A, 206 (1951), 297-308. Also C.A. Coulson, and Juliane Jacobs, "Electronic levels in simple conjugated systems. II. Butadiene," PRS, A206 (1951), 287-296.
101. C.A. Coulson, D.P. Craig, and Juliane Jacobs, "Electronic levels in simple conjugated systems. III. The significance of configuration interaction," PRS, A, 206 (1951), 297-308. Also C.A. Coulson, and Juliane Jacobs, "Electronic levels in simple conjugated systems. II. Butadiene," PRS, A206 (1951), 287-296.
102. Lennard-Jones to Coulson, 9 Oct 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 150, Box G.11, G.11.3; L-LE). Charles A. Coulson, "Significant progress and present problems," Discussions of the Faraday Society, 9 (1950), 1-4.
103. Ibid., 2.
104. Ibid.
105. Charles A. Coulson, "Critical survey of the method of ionic homopolar resonance," PRS, A207 (1951), 63-73, on 64.
106. Ibid., 67.
107. Ibid., 73.
108. Coulson to Mulliken, 12 Jan 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
109. Mulliken to Coulson, 20 Jan 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
110. Mulliken to Coulson, 6 Feb 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
111. Mulliken to Coulson, 10 Feb 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
112. Coulson to Mulliken, 13 Feb 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
113. Coulson to Mulliken, 19 Feb 1948 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
114. R.S. Mulliken, "Quelques aspects de la théorie des orbitales moléculaires," Journal de chimie physique, 46 (1949), parts I-IV, 497-542, part V, 675-713. All papers at the conference were published in the Journal de chimie physique.
115. Mulliken to Coulson, 16 June 1949 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
116. Coulson to Mulliken, 2 Sep 1949 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
117. Mulliken to Coulson, 17 Jan 1950, 23 Jan 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5). Mulliken talked about Parr's paper on butadiene using Roothaan's LCAO self-consistent-field method, to which Coulson replied that he felt Parr's work on butadiene to be very similar to what his group had been doing.
118. C.A. Coulson, "Two-center integrals occurring in the theory of molecular structure," PCPS, 38 (1942), 210-223.
119. C.A. Coulson and M.P. Barnett, "The evaluation of integrals occurring in the theory of molecular structure. I and II," Royal Society of London, Philosophical transactions, A243 (1951), 221-249.
120. C.A. Coulson and M.P. Barnett, "The evaluation of unit molecular integrals;" C.A. Coulson and M.P. Barnett, "Some comments on the methods for evaluating molecular integrals;" C.A. Coulson, "Rotation around the Ph-Ph bond in diphenyl;" C.A. Coulson, "Two notes on the concept of bond order;" and Discussion of paper by G.W. Wheland and S.L. Matlow, in Conference on quantum-mechanical methods in valence theory (Shelter Island, NY, 8-10 Sep 1951) (Washington, D.C., Office of Naval Research).
121. C.A. Coulson, A. Streitwieser, M.D. Poole, and J.I. Brauman, Dictionary of π-electron calculations (San Francisco, 1965).
122. Dictionary of values of molecular constants: Calculated theoretically by wave mechanical methods (molecular orbital method), eds. C.A. Coulson and R. Daudel. Centre de Chimie Thèorique de France (Paris, 1954).
123. In fact the same year A. Streitwieser and J.I. Brauman published the Supplemental tables of molecular orbital calculations (New York, 1965) in two volumes. The second volume included the whole of the Dictionary and, thus, the whole enterprise must have had Coulson's consent. The volumes included various quantities for 460 organic compounds, the calculations done with the IBM 704 at the University of California.
124. Mulliken to Maclnnes, 18 Sep 1950 (MacP).
125. MacInnes to Mulliken, 22 Sep 1950 (MacP).
126. Mulliken to Maclnnes, 29 Sep 1950 (MacP). Mulliken to Maclnnes, 23 Oct 1950 (MacP).
127. MacInnes to Mulliken, 2 Oct 1950 (MacP).
128. Mulliken to MacInnes, 10 Nov 1950 (MacP).
129. MacInnes to Mulliken, 4 Dec 1950 (MacP).
130. Proposal for task order under contract N6ori-20 to the O.N.R. from the University of Chicago, prepared by Mulliken, 7 Dec 1950 (MacP). The title was the original one. The tentative list of whom to invite included J.E. Lennard-Jones, M. Kotani from Japan, C.A. Coulson, D.R. Hartree, P-O. Löwdin, G.E. Kimball, S. Chandrasekhar, J.C. Slater, J.H. Van Vleck, J.O. Hirschfelder, R.G. Parr, R.S. Mulliken, C.C.J. Roothaan, H. Margenau and J.E. Mayer, F. Seitz, L. Pauling and K.S. Pitzer were added later on.
131. Mulliken to Coulson, 31 Oct 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5). Coulson to Mulliken, 11 Nov 1950 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5). Mulliken to participants, 13 Jul 1951 (MacP).
132. B.L. Crawford to MacInnes, 4 Oct 1951 (MacP).
133. R.S. Mulliken (ref. 25), 136.
134. Mulliken to Coulson, 17 Oct 1951 (CP, Ms. Coulson 154, Box G.15, G.15.5).
135. R.G. Parr, B.L. Crawford, ̀National Academy of Sciences Conference on Quantum-Mechanical Methods in Valence Theory," PNAS, 38 (1952), 547-553, on 548.
136. Ibid., 549.
137. Ibid., 551.
138. Edwin Wilson to Mulliken, 28 Feb 1952 (MacP).
139. Mulliken to Parr and Crawford, 3 Mar 1952 (MacP).
140. R.G. Parr and B.L. Crawford (ref. 109), 552.
141. C.A. Coulson, Christianity in an age of science (London, 1953).
142. The paper became a book. C.A. Coulson (ref. 14).
143. In 1969 he received the Honorary D. Litt, from Sheffield and in 1973 the Honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of St. Andrews where he taught in the beginning of his academic career.
144. C.A. Coulson (ref. 116), Riddell Memorial Lecture.
145. Ibid., 17.
146. Ibid., 35.
147. Ibid., 40.
148. Ibid., 51.
149. C.A. Coulson, The spirit of applied mathematics (Oxford, 1953), 7.
150. Ibid., 11.
151. Ibid., 12.
152. Ibid., 12-13.
153. Ibid., 13.
154. Charles A. Coulson, "Mathematics and the real world," in Golden Jubilee Commemoration (Calcutta Mathematical Society, 1958-1959), part II, 261-269, on 262.
155. Ibid., 265.
156. "Making models" (ref. 1).
157. C.A. Coulson, "Wave mechanics in physics, chemistry and biology," Science progress, 36 (1948), 436-449. Before this talk he published three papers on the topic. C.A. Coulson, "Quantum theory of the chemical bond," Royal Society of Edinburgh, Proceedings, A61 (1941), 115-139; C.A. Coulson, "The meaning of resonance," Endeavour, 6 (1947), 42-47; C.A. Coulson, "Representation of simple molecules by molecular orbitals," Quarterly review of the Royal Society of London, 1 (1947), 144-178.
158. C.A. Coulson, "Wave mechanics in physics, chemistry and biology," Science progress, 36 (1948), 436-449. Before this talk he published three papers on the topic. C.A. Coulson, "Quantum theory of the chemical bond," Royal Society of Edinburgh, Proceedings, A61 (1941), 115-139; C.A. Coulson, "The meaning of resonance," Endeavour, 6 (1947), 42-47; C.A. Coulson, "Representation of simple molecules by molecular orbitals," Quarterly review of the Royal Society of London, 1 (1947), 144-178.
159. C.A. Coulson, "Wave mechanics in physics, chemistry and biology," Science progress, 36 (1948), 436-449. Before this talk he published three papers on the topic. C.A. Coulson, "Quantum theory of the chemical bond," Royal Society of Edinburgh, Proceedings, A61 (1941), 115-139; C.A. Coulson, "The meaning of resonance," Endeavour, 6 (1947), 42-47; C.A. Coulson, "Representation of simple molecules by molecular orbitals," Quarterly review of the Royal Society of London, 1 (1947), 144-178.
160. C.A. Coulson, "Wave mechanics in physics, chemistry and biology," Science progress, 36 (1948), 436-449. Before this talk he published three papers on the topic. C.A. Coulson, "Quantum theory of the chemical bond," Royal Society of Edinburgh, Proceedings, A61 (1941), 115-139; C.A. Coulson, "The meaning of resonance," Endeavour, 6 (1947), 42-47; C.A. Coulson, "Representation of simple molecules by molecular orbitals," Quarterly review of the Royal Society of London, 1 (1947), 144-178.
161. Cf. P.A.M. Dirac (ref. 4). C.A. Coulson (ref. 17), 2069.
162. Ibid., 2069-2070 and 2084.
163. C.A. Coulson, Valence (Oxford, 1952), on v. The second edition appeared in 1961, and the third edition in 1979 as Coulson's Valence, ed. Roy McWeeny. We shall refer to the first edition except when we state otherwise.
164. C.A. Coulson, Valence (Oxford, 1952), on v. The second edition appeared in 1961, and the third edition in 1979 as Coulson's Valence, ed. Roy McWeeny. We shall refer to the first edition except when we state otherwise.
165. Ibid., 108-109.
166. Ibid., 68.
167. Ibid., preface, on vi.
168. Coulson to Pauling, 1 Aug 1951 (CP, Ms Coulson 155, G. 16.3). Nevertheless, on 12 May 1952 Pauling wrote to Coulson that he was still eagerly waiting to receive a copy of the book.
169. Linus Pauling, Nature, 170 (1952), 384-385.
170. Linus Pauling and E. Bright Wilson, Introduction to quantum mechanics with applications to chemistry (New York, 1935).
171. G.W. Wheland, JACS, 74 (1952), 5810. The book was also reviewed by J.D. Roberts in Chemical and engineering news, 30 (1952), 5189.
172. G.W. Wheland, JACS, 74 (1952), 5810. The book was also reviewed by J.D. Roberts in Chemical and engineering news, 30 (1952), 5189.
173. See Wheland-Pauling correspondence in Pauling's archives (ref. 2). In Pauling's third edition of The nature of the chemical bond (New York, 1967) he explicitly explained his position on the matter.
174. Coulson to Pauling, 8 Sep 1952 (CP, Ms Coulson 155, G.16.3).
175. Pauling to Coulson, 25 Sep 1952 (CP, Ms Coulson 155, G.16.3).
176. Linus Pauling, "The shared-electron chemical bond," PNAS, 14 (1928), 359-362.
177. Linus Pauling, "The nature of the chemical bond. Application of results obtained from the quantum mechanics and from a theory of paramagnetic susceptibility to the structure of molecules," JACS, 53 (1931), 1367-1400. Buhm Soon Park, "Chemical translators: Pauling, Wheland and their strategies for teaching the theory of resonance," British journal for the history of science, 32 (1999), 21-46. Pauling to Coulson, 25 Sep 1952 (CP, Ms Coulson 155, G.16.3).
178. Linus Pauling, "The nature of the chemical bond. Application of results obtained from the quantum mechanics and from a theory of paramagnetic susceptibility to the structure of molecules," JACS, 53 (1931), 1367-1400. Buhm Soon Park, "Chemical translators: Pauling, Wheland and their strategies for teaching the theory of resonance," British journal for the history of science, 32 (1999), 21-46. Pauling to Coulson, 25 Sep 1952 (CP, Ms Coulson 155, G.16.3).
179. Pauling to Coulson, 4 Nov 1952 (CP, Ms Coulson 155, G.16.3).
180. Coulson to Pauling, 14 Jul 1953 (CP, Ms Coulson 155, G.16.3).
181. Pauling to Coulson, 12 Sep 1953 (CP, Ms Coulson 155, G.16.3).
182. D.N. Kursanov, M.G. Gonikberg, B. Dubinin, M.I. Kabachnik, E.D. Kaveraneva, E.N. Prilezhaeva, N.D. Sokolov and R.Kh. Freidlina, "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education, 29 (Jan 1952), 2-13. See also V.M. Tatevskii and M.I. Shakhparanov, "About a Machistic theory in chemistry and its propagantists." Trans. I.S. Bengelsdorf in ibid., 13-14. It was not, of course, the case that such sentiments were shared by all the chemists of the community. Characteristic of the differences is the editorial note to the first article where it is stressed that any particular way of dealing with chemical phenomena should not be excluded on a priori grounds, but should be first closely studied. In the same article Ya. Syrkin and M. Dyatkina were also attacked. They were the authors of the excellent book The chemical bond and the structure of molecules and had translated Pauling's book into Russian. See also I. Moyer Hunsberger, "Theoretical chemistry in Russia," Journal of chemical education, 31 (Oct 1954), 504-514. D.N. Kursanov et al., "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education , 29 (Jan 1952) 2-13, on 5.
183. D.N. Kursanov, M.G. Gonikberg, B. Dubinin, M.I. Kabachnik, E.D. Kaveraneva, E.N. Prilezhaeva, N.D. Sokolov and R.Kh. Freidlina, "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education, 29 (Jan 1952), 2-13. See also V.M. Tatevskii and M.I. Shakhparanov, "About a Machistic theory in chemistry and its propagantists." Trans. I.S. Bengelsdorf in ibid., 13-14. It was not, of course, the case that such sentiments were shared by all the chemists of the community. Characteristic of the differences is the editorial note to the first article where it is stressed that any particular way of dealing with chemical phenomena should not be excluded on a priori grounds, but should be first closely studied. In the same article Ya. Syrkin and M. Dyatkina were also attacked. They were the authors of the excellent book The chemical bond and the structure of molecules and had translated Pauling's book into Russian. See also I. Moyer Hunsberger, "Theoretical chemistry in Russia," Journal of chemical education, 31 (Oct 1954), 504-514. D.N. Kursanov et al., "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education , 29 (Jan 1952) 2-13, on 5.
184. D.N. Kursanov, M.G. Gonikberg, B. Dubinin, M.I. Kabachnik, E.D. Kaveraneva, E.N. Prilezhaeva, N.D. Sokolov and R.Kh. Freidlina, "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education, 29 (Jan 1952), 2-13. See also V.M. Tatevskii and M.I. Shakhparanov, "About a Machistic theory in chemistry and its propagantists." Trans. I.S. Bengelsdorf in ibid., 13-14. It was not, of course, the case that such sentiments were shared by all the chemists of the community. Characteristic of the differences is the editorial note to the first article where it is stressed that any particular way of dealing with chemical phenomena should not be excluded on a priori grounds, but should be first closely studied. In the same article Ya. Syrkin and M. Dyatkina were also attacked. They were the authors of the excellent book The chemical bond and the structure of molecules and had translated Pauling's book into Russian. See also I. Moyer Hunsberger, "Theoretical chemistry in Russia," Journal of chemical education, 31 (Oct 1954), 504-514. D.N. Kursanov et al., "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education , 29 (Jan 1952) 2-13, on 5.
185. D.N. Kursanov, M.G. Gonikberg, B. Dubinin, M.I. Kabachnik, E.D. Kaveraneva, E.N. Prilezhaeva, N.D. Sokolov and R.Kh. Freidlina, "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education, 29 (Jan 1952), 2-13. See also V.M. Tatevskii and M.I. Shakhparanov, "About a Machistic theory in chemistry and its propagantists." Trans. I.S. Bengelsdorf in ibid., 13-14. It was not, of course, the case that such sentiments were shared by all the chemists of the community. Characteristic of the differences is the editorial note to the first article where it is stressed that any particular way of dealing with chemical phenomena should not be excluded on a priori grounds, but should be first closely studied. In the same article Ya. Syrkin and M. Dyatkina were also attacked. They were the authors of the excellent book The chemical bond and the structure of molecules and had translated Pauling's book into Russian. See also I. Moyer Hunsberger, "Theoretical chemistry in Russia," Journal of chemical education, 31 (Oct 1954), 504-514. D.N. Kursanov et al., "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education , 29 (Jan 1952) 2-13, on 5.
186. D.N. Kursanov, M.G. Gonikberg, B. Dubinin, M.I. Kabachnik, E.D. Kaveraneva, E.N. Prilezhaeva, N.D. Sokolov and R.Kh. Freidlina, "The present state of the chemical structural theory." Trans. in English by I.S. Bengelsdorf in Journal of chemical education, 29 (Jan 1952), 2-13. See also V.M.
187. M.V. King to Pauling, 23 Jan 1953 (PP, Box 261); Coulson to Pauling, 7 Oct 1953; Coulson to King, 18 Jan 1954; King to Pauling, 9 Feb 1954.
188. C.A. Coulson, "Present state of molecular structure calculations," Conference on Molecular Quantum Mechanics, University of Colorado at Boulder, 21-27 June 1960, RMP, 32 (1960), 170-177.
189. Ibid., 172.
190. Ibid.
191. Ibid.
192. Ibid., 173.
193. Ibid., 174.
194. Coulson to Mulliken, 3 Sep 1968 (MP, Box 17, Folder 10). Coulson to Mulliken, 13 Sep 1968 (MP, Box 17, Folder 10).
195. Coulson to Mulliken, 11 June 1969 (MP, Box 17, Folder 10).
196. C.A. Coulson, "What is a chemical bond?" Scientific journal Royal College of Colloidal science, 21 (1952), 11-29, 12.
197. C.A. Coulson, "Recent developments in valence theory," Symposium, "Fifty years of valence theory," PAC, 24 (1970), 257-287, on 287.
198. C.A. Coulson, Theoretical chemistry past and future, ed. S.L. Altmann (Oxford, 1974), 6; CP, Ms. Coulson 36, B.16.4, p. 2.
199. "A historian of science could even write," Coulson says in a critical mood: "the truth is that Chemistry has no place in the strict scientific scheme...the ultimate generalizations of chemistry are all derivable, and indeed must inevitably have been reached sooner or later from the development of physics itself...the part played by chemistry in the growth of science has been a pragmatic, a heuristic one...chemistry rightly figures prominently in the history of science: in the philosophy of science it should figure not at all." Ibid., 8; CP, Ms. Coulson 36, B.16.4, p. 3.
200. Ibid., 20; CP, Ms. Coulson 36, B.16.4, p. 9.
201. Ibid., 25; CP, Ms. Coulson 36, B.16.4, p. 11.