In living memory: Abortion as cultural amnesia

Quarterly Journal of Speech

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 265-283

  Stormer, Nathan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Abortion; Gender; Memory; Performativity; Rhetorical invention

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040076109     PISSN: 00335630     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00335630209384377     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. I came across photos of these signs in Karen Newman, Fetal Positions: Individualism, Science, Visuality (Stanford: Stanford University Press), 9.
2. Adapted from Ronald Walter Greene, "The Aesthetic Turn and the Rhetorical Perspective on Argumentation," Argumentation & Advocacy 35 (1998): 19. "Stresses" and "cultural practices" are key words because I mean no mutual exclusivity between persuasion and disclosure. I contrast "persuasive" with "constitutive" solely on the distinction between intentional, goal-directed speech and the "lateral, unintended" rhetoric of everyday practices. I extend Greene's call to account for "subjects, personas, situations, and problems" as rhetorical effects by analyzing how a rhetoric constitutes its own conditions of possibility (embodied memory and its relation to invention) from practices such as medical diagnosis. I differ from Maurice Charland in "Constitutive Rhetoric: The Case of the Peuple Québecois," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 133-50, and Michael Calvin McGee in "In Search of the 'People': A Rhetorical Alternative," Quarterly Journal of Speech 66 (1975): 1-16, in that I deemphasize subjectivity to show the performative constraints of rhetoric to be constitutive effects themselves.
3. Adapted from Ronald Walter Greene, "The Aesthetic Turn and the Rhetorical Perspective on Argumentation," Argumentation & Advocacy 35 (1998): 19. "Stresses" and "cultural practices" are key words because I mean no mutual exclusivity between persuasion and disclosure. I contrast "persuasive" with "constitutive" solely on the distinction between intentional, goal-directed speech and the "lateral, unintended" rhetoric of everyday practices. I extend Greene's call to account for "subjects, personas, situations, and problems" as rhetorical effects by analyzing how a rhetoric constitutes its own conditions of possibility (embodied memory and its relation to invention) from practices such as medical diagnosis. I differ from Maurice Charland in "Constitutive Rhetoric: The Case of the Peuple Québecois," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 133-50, and Michael Calvin McGee in "In Search of the 'People': A Rhetorical Alternative," Quarterly Journal of Speech 66 (1975): 1-16, in that I deemphasize subjectivity to show the performative constraints of rhetoric to be constitutive effects themselves.
4. Adapted from Ronald Walter Greene, "The Aesthetic Turn and the Rhetorical Perspective on Argumentation," Argumentation & Advocacy 35 (1998): 19. "Stresses" and "cultural practices" are key words because I mean no mutual exclusivity between persuasion and disclosure. I contrast "persuasive" with "constitutive" solely on the distinction between intentional, goal-directed speech and the "lateral, unintended" rhetoric of everyday practices. I extend Greene's call to account for "subjects, personas, situations, and problems" as rhetorical effects by analyzing how a rhetoric constitutes its own conditions of possibility (embodied memory and its relation to invention) from practices such as medical diagnosis. I differ from Maurice Charland in "Constitutive Rhetoric: The Case of the Peuple Québecois," Quarterly Journal of Speech 73 (1987): 133-50, and Michael Calvin McGee in "In Search of the 'People': A Rhetorical Alternative," Quarterly Journal of Speech 66 (1975): 1-16, in that I deemphasize subjectivity to show the performative constraints of rhetoric to be constitutive effects themselves.
5. Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory," in Writing the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory, ed. Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, and Sarah Stanbury (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 407-408. I am informed by Butler's appropriation of Derrida's citationality in Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"(New York: Routledge, 1993), 12-15, and Michel Foucault's discussion of the material repeatability of statements in The Archaeology of Knowledge & The Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 88-117. I address the compulsion to recuperate and reformulate norms and the tension between recovering and repudiating the familiar in each new act. See Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995), 61; Ernesto Laclau, "Power and Representation," in Politics, Theory, and Contemporary Culture, ed. Mark Poster (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 295. Rather than mark how particular subjects come to recognize themselves through normative reiteration, I sketch how normative reiteration, as a mnemonic system, constrains a culture's ability to recognize itself presently and in the future. Norms incarnate themselves in practice, providing sources of citation that enable not only subjectification, but also collectivization, spatialization, embodiment of the human and non-human, and much more.
6. Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory," in Writing the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory, ed. Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, and Sarah Stanbury (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 407-408. I am informed by Butler's appropriation of Derrida's citationality in Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"(New York: Routledge, 1993), 12-15, and Michel Foucault's discussion of the material repeatability of statements in The Archaeology of Knowledge & The Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 88-117. I address the compulsion to recuperate and reformulate norms and the tension between recovering and repudiating the familiar in each new act. See Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995), 61; Ernesto Laclau, "Power and Representation," in Politics, Theory, and Contemporary Culture, ed. Mark Poster (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 295. Rather than mark how particular subjects come to recognize themselves through normative reiteration, I sketch how normative reiteration, as a mnemonic system, constrains a culture's ability to recognize itself presently and in the future. Norms incarnate themselves in practice, providing sources of citation that enable not only subjectification, but also collectivization, spatialization, embodiment of the human and non-human, and much more.
7. Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory," in Writing the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory, ed. Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, and Sarah Stanbury (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 407-408. I am informed by Butler's appropriation of Derrida's citationality in Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"(New York: Routledge, 1993), 12-15, and Michel Foucault's discussion of the material repeatability of statements in The Archaeology of Knowledge & The Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 88-117. I address the compulsion to recuperate and reformulate norms and the tension between recovering and repudiating the familiar in each new act. See Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995), 61; Ernesto Laclau, "Power and Representation," in Politics, Theory, and Contemporary Culture, ed. Mark Poster (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 295. Rather than mark how particular subjects come to recognize themselves through normative reiteration, I sketch how normative reiteration, as a mnemonic system, constrains a culture's ability to recognize itself presently and in the future. Norms incarnate themselves in practice, providing sources of citation that enable not only subjectification, but also collectivization, spatialization, embodiment of the human and non-human, and much more.
8. Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory," in Writing the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory, ed. Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, and Sarah Stanbury (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 407-408. I am informed by Butler's appropriation of Derrida's citationality in Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"(New York: Routledge, 1993), 12-15, and Michel Foucault's discussion of the material repeatability of statements in The Archaeology of Knowledge & The Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 88-117. I address the compulsion to recuperate and reformulate norms and the tension between recovering and repudiating the familiar in each new act. See Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995), 61; Ernesto Laclau, "Power and Representation," in Politics, Theory, and Contemporary Culture, ed. Mark Poster (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 295. Rather than mark how particular subjects come to recognize themselves through normative reiteration, I sketch how normative reiteration, as a mnemonic system, constrains a culture's ability to recognize itself presently and in the future. Norms incarnate themselves in practice, providing sources of citation that enable not only subjectification, but also collectivization, spatialization, embodiment of the human and non-human, and much more.
9. Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory," in Writing the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory, ed. Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, and Sarah Stanbury (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 407-408. I am informed by Butler's appropriation of Derrida's citationality in Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex"(New York: Routledge, 1993), 12-15, and Michel Foucault's discussion of the material repeatability of statements in The Archaeology of Knowledge & The Discourse on Language, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 88-117. I address the compulsion to recuperate and reformulate norms and the tension between recovering and repudiating the familiar in each new act. See Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995), 61; Ernesto Laclau, "Power and Representation," in Politics, Theory, and Contemporary Culture, ed. Mark Poster (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 295. Rather than mark how particular subjects come to recognize themselves through normative reiteration, I sketch how normative reiteration, as a mnemonic system, constrains a culture's ability to recognize itself presently and in the future. Norms incarnate themselves in practice, providing sources of citation that enable not only subjectification, but also collectivization, spatialization, embodiment of the human and non-human, and much more.
10. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Amy Allen, "Power Trouble: Performativity as Critical Theory," Constellations 5 (1998): 456-471; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990); quotation from Ronald Walter Greene, Malthusian Worlds: U.S. Leadership and the Governing of the Population Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999), 17.
11. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Amy Allen, "Power Trouble: Performativity as Critical Theory," Constellations 5 (1998): 456-471; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990); quotation from Ronald Walter Greene, Malthusian Worlds: U.S. Leadership and the Governing of the Population Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999), 17.
12. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Amy Allen, "Power Trouble: Performativity as Critical Theory," Constellations 5 (1998): 456-471; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990); quotation from Ronald Walter Greene, Malthusian Worlds: U.S. Leadership and the Governing of the Population Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999), 17.
13. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990); Amy Allen, "Power Trouble: Performativity as Critical Theory," Constellations 5 (1998): 456-471; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1, An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990); quotation from Ronald Walter Greene, Malthusian Worlds: U.S. Leadership and the Governing of the Population Crisis (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999), 17.
14. Quickening refers to the first signs of fetal movement, typically understood as the first four months in early law.
15. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). See also Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Charles R. King, "Abortion in Nineteenth Century America: A Conflict Between Women and Their Physicians," Women's Health Issues 2 (1992): 32-39; James Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Leslie Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and the Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1-18.
16. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). See also Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Charles R. King, "Abortion in Nineteenth Century America: A Conflict Between Women and Their Physicians," Women's Health Issues 2 (1992): 32-39; James Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Leslie Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and the Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1-18.
17. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). See also Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Charles R. King, "Abortion in Nineteenth Century America: A Conflict Between Women and Their Physicians," Women's Health Issues 2 (1992): 32-39; James Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Leslie Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and the Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1-18.
18. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). See also Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Charles R. King, "Abortion in Nineteenth Century America: A Conflict Between Women and Their Physicians," Women's Health Issues 2 (1992): 32-39; James Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Leslie Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and the Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1-18.
19. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). See also Janet Farrell Brodie, Contraception and Abortion in 19th-Century America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Charles R. King, "Abortion in Nineteenth Century America: A Conflict Between Women and Their Physicians," Women's Health Issues 2 (1992): 32-39; James Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); Leslie Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and the Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1-18.
20. Foucault, Sexuality, 104-5. See also Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," in Michel Foucault: Power, ed. James D. Faubion, trans. Robert Hurley and others, vol. 3, Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: New Press, 2000), 200-222; Greene, Malthusian.
21. Foucault, Sexuality, 104-5. See also Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," in Michel Foucault: Power, ed. James D. Faubion, trans. Robert Hurley and others, vol. 3, Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: New Press, 2000), 200-222; Greene, Malthusian.
22. Foucault, Sexuality, 104-5. See also Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," in Michel Foucault: Power, ed. James D. Faubion, trans. Robert Hurley and others, vol. 3, Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: New Press, 2000), 200-222; Greene, Malthusian.
23. Foucault, Sexuality, 104-5. See also Michel Foucault, "Governmentality," in Michel Foucault: Power, ed. James D. Faubion, trans. Robert Hurley and others, vol. 3, Essential Works of Michel Foucault 1954-1984, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: New Press, 2000), 200-222; Greene, Malthusian.
24. Mohr, 46. Dennis Hodgson, "The Ideological Origins of the Population Association of America," Population and Development Review 17 (1991): 3. See also Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right: Birth Control in America, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1990), 135; Joseph J. Spengler, "Notes on Abortion, Birth Control, and Medical and Sociological Interpretations of the Decline of the Birth Rate in Nineteenth Century America," Marriage Hygiene 2 (1935): 42-53, 158-169, 288-300.
25. Mohr, 46. Dennis Hodgson, "The Ideological Origins of the Population Association of America," Population and Development Review 17 (1991): 3. See also Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right: Birth Control in America, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1990), 135; Joseph J. Spengler, "Notes on Abortion, Birth Control, and Medical and Sociological Interpretations of the Decline of the Birth Rate in Nineteenth Century America," Marriage Hygiene 2 (1935): 42-53, 158-169, 288-300.
26. Mohr, 46. Dennis Hodgson, "The Ideological Origins of the Population Association of America," Population and Development Review 17 (1991): 3. See also Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right: Birth Control in America, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1990), 135; Joseph J. Spengler, "Notes on Abortion, Birth Control, and Medical and Sociological Interpretations of the Decline of the Birth Rate in Nineteenth Century America," Marriage Hygiene 2 (1935): 42-53, 158-169, 288-300.
27. Mohr, 46. Dennis Hodgson, "The Ideological Origins of the Population Association of America," Population and Development Review 17 (1991): 3. See also Linda Gordon, Woman's Body, Woman's Right: Birth Control in America, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1990), 135; Joseph J. Spengler, "Notes on Abortion, Birth Control, and Medical and Sociological Interpretations of the Decline of the Birth Rate in Nineteenth Century America," Marriage Hygiene 2 (1935): 42-53, 158-169, 288-300.
28. Horatio Robinson Storer, "Contributions to Obstetric Jurisprudence," New York Medical Journal 3 (1866): 423.
29. Clarkson Collins, "Diseases of Females," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 47 (1853): 477. See also "Criminal Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 63 (1860): 66; S. B. Hunt, "The Cranial Capacities and Powers of Human Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 51 (1854): 69-74; "Marriage in America," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 77 (1867):154-157; Andrew Nebinger, Criminal Abortion: Its Extent and Prevention (Philadelphia: Collins, 1870); E. M. Pendleton, "The Comparative Fecundity of the Black and White Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1851): 365-66; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, Its Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868); Horatio Robinson Storer et al., "Report on Criminal Abortion," Transactions of the American Medical Association 13 (1859): 75-79. For an overview of race suicide and fertility, see Gordon.
30. Clarkson Collins, "Diseases of Females," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 47 (1853): 477. See also "Criminal Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 63 (1860): 66; S. B. Hunt, "The Cranial Capacities and Powers of Human Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 51 (1854): 69-74; "Marriage in America," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 77 (1867):154-157; Andrew Nebinger, Criminal Abortion: Its Extent and Prevention (Philadelphia: Collins, 1870); E. M. Pendleton, "The Comparative Fecundity of the Black and White Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1851): 365-66; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, Its Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868); Horatio Robinson Storer et al., "Report on Criminal Abortion," Transactions of the American Medical Association 13 (1859): 75-79. For an overview of race suicide and fertility, see Gordon.
31. Clarkson Collins, "Diseases of Females," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 47 (1853): 477. See also "Criminal Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 63 (1860): 66; S. B. Hunt, "The Cranial Capacities and Powers of Human Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 51 (1854): 69-74; "Marriage in America," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 77 (1867):154-157; Andrew Nebinger, Criminal Abortion: Its Extent and Prevention (Philadelphia: Collins, 1870); E. M. Pendleton, "The Comparative Fecundity of the Black and White Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1851): 365-66; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, Its Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868); Horatio Robinson Storer et al., "Report on Criminal Abortion," Transactions of the American Medical Association 13 (1859): 75-79. For an overview of race suicide and fertility, see Gordon.
32. Clarkson Collins, "Diseases of Females," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 47 (1853): 477. See also "Criminal Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 63 (1860): 66; S. B. Hunt, "The Cranial Capacities and Powers of Human Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 51 (1854): 69-74; "Marriage in America," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 77 (1867):154-157; Andrew Nebinger, Criminal Abortion: Its Extent and Prevention (Philadelphia: Collins, 1870); E. M. Pendleton, "The Comparative Fecundity of the Black and White Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1851): 365-66; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, Its Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868); Horatio Robinson Storer et al., "Report on Criminal Abortion," Transactions of the American Medical Association 13 (1859): 75-79. For an overview of race suicide and fertility, see Gordon.
33. Clarkson Collins, "Diseases of Females," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 47 (1853): 477. See also "Criminal Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 63 (1860): 66; S. B. Hunt, "The Cranial Capacities and Powers of Human Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 51 (1854): 69-74; "Marriage in America," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 77 (1867):154-157; Andrew Nebinger, Criminal Abortion: Its Extent and Prevention (Philadelphia: Collins, 1870); E. M. Pendleton, "The Comparative Fecundity of the Black and White Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1851): 365-66; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, Its Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868); Horatio Robinson Storer et al., "Report on Criminal Abortion," Transactions of the American Medical Association 13 (1859): 75-79. For an overview of race suicide and fertility, see Gordon.
34. Clarkson Collins, "Diseases of Females," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 47 (1853): 477. See also "Criminal Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 63 (1860): 66; S. B. Hunt, "The Cranial Capacities and Powers of Human Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 51 (1854): 69-74; "Marriage in America," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 77 (1867):154-157; Andrew Nebinger, Criminal Abortion: Its Extent and Prevention (Philadelphia: Collins, 1870); E. M. Pendleton, "The Comparative Fecundity of the Black and White Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1851): 365-66; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, Its Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868); Horatio Robinson Storer et al., "Report on Criminal Abortion," Transactions of the American Medical Association 13 (1859): 75-79. For an overview of race suicide and fertility, see Gordon.
35. Clarkson Collins, "Diseases of Females," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 47 (1853): 477. See also "Criminal Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 63 (1860): 66; S. B. Hunt, "The Cranial Capacities and Powers of Human Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 51 (1854): 69-74; "Marriage in America," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 77 (1867):154-157; Andrew Nebinger, Criminal Abortion: Its Extent and Prevention (Philadelphia: Collins, 1870); E. M. Pendleton, "The Comparative Fecundity of the Black and White Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1851): 365-66; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, Its Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868); Horatio Robinson Storer et al., "Report on Criminal Abortion," Transactions of the American Medical Association 13 (1859): 75-79. For an overview of race suicide and fertility, see Gordon.
36. Clarkson Collins, "Diseases of Females," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 47 (1853): 477. See also "Criminal Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 63 (1860): 66; S. B. Hunt, "The Cranial Capacities and Powers of Human Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 51 (1854): 69-74; "Marriage in America," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 77 (1867):154-157; Andrew Nebinger, Criminal Abortion: Its Extent and Prevention (Philadelphia: Collins, 1870); E. M. Pendleton, "The Comparative Fecundity of the Black and White Races," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1851): 365-66; Horatio Robinson Storer, Criminal Abortion: Its Nature, Its Evidence, Its Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1868); Horatio Robinson Storer et al., "Report on Criminal Abortion," Transactions of the American Medical Association 13 (1859): 75-79. For an overview of race suicide and fertility, see Gordon.
37. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
38. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
39. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
40. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
41. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
42. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
43. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
44. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
45. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
46. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
47. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
48. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
49. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
50. th ed. (National City, San Diego Co., Calif: Longshore-Potts, 1897), 297; Mary Mitchell, "Infanticide: Its Moral and Legal Aspects," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM, 3-4; J. B. W. Nowlin, "Criminal Abortion," The Southern Practitioner 9 (1887): 179-180; Mary Parsons, "The Written Law in Reference to the Unborn Child," Washington Medical Annals 9 (1910-11): 153-60; Edmund J. A. Rogers, "The Attitude of the Profession Toward Abortion," The Colorado Medical Journal and Western Medical and Surgical Gazette 9 (1903): 149; D. H. Storer, "Two Frequent Causes of Uterine Disease," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 6 (1872): 194-203; Ely Van de Werker, "Detection of Criminal Abortion," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 5 (1871): 223.
51. David Goldberg, "The Social Formation of Racist Discourse," in Anatomy of Racism, ed. David Goldberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 295-318; Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Gloria A. Marshall, "Racial Classifications: Popular and Scientific," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 116-127; David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991); Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995).
52. David Goldberg, "The Social Formation of Racist Discourse," in Anatomy of Racism, ed. David Goldberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 295-318; Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Gloria A. Marshall, "Racial Classifications: Popular and Scientific," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 116-127; David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991); Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995).
53. David Goldberg, "The Social Formation of Racist Discourse," in Anatomy of Racism, ed. David Goldberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 295-318; Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Gloria A. Marshall, "Racial Classifications: Popular and Scientific," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 116-127; David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991); Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995).
54. David Goldberg, "The Social Formation of Racist Discourse," in Anatomy of Racism, ed. David Goldberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 295-318; Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Gloria A. Marshall, "Racial Classifications: Popular and Scientific," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 116-127; David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991); Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995).
55. David Goldberg, "The Social Formation of Racist Discourse," in Anatomy of Racism, ed. David Goldberg (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 295-318; Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Gloria A. Marshall, "Racial Classifications: Popular and Scientific," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 116-127; David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (London: Verso, 1991); Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (London: Routledge, 1995).
56. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
57. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the
58. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
59. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
60. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
61. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
62. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
63. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
64. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
65. Spengler, 299. Although the scientific debates over race that raged in the nineteenth century never fully emerged in medical antiabortion texts, the resonance of naturalized racism was powerful. For background on scientific racism, see Stephen Howard Browne, "Counter-Science: African-American Historians and the Critique of Ethnology in Nineteenth-Century America," Western Journal of Communication 64 (2000): 268-84; Joan Burbick, Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985), 76-108; Stephen Jay Gould, "American Polygeny and Craniometry Before Darwin," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 84-115; Greene, Malthusian; Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex?: Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Londa Schiebinger, Nature's Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1998); Nancy Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science: Great Britain, 1800-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1982); Nancy Stepan and Sander Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in The "Racial" Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future, ed. Sandra Harding (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1993), 170-193; Kirt Wilson, "Towards a Discursive Theory of Racial Identity: The Souls of Black Folk as a Response to Nineteenth-Century Biological Determinism," Western Journal of Communication 63 (1999): 193-215; Young.
66. Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, introduction to Woman-Nation-State, ed. Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 7. Radhika Mohanram, Black Body: Women, Colonialism, and Space (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 85. See also Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995); George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York: Howard Fertig, 1985).
67. Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, introduction to Woman-Nation-State, ed. Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 7. Radhika Mohanram, Black Body: Women, Colonialism, and Space (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 85. See also Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995); George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York: Howard Fertig, 1985).
68. Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, introduction to Woman-Nation-State, ed. Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 7. Radhika Mohanram, Black Body: Women, Colonialism, and Space (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 85. See also Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995); George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York: Howard Fertig, 1985).
69. Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias, introduction to Woman-Nation-State, ed. Nira Yuval-Davis and Floya Anthias (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), 7. Radhika Mohanram, Black Body: Women, Colonialism, and Space (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 85. See also Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (New York: Routledge, 1995); George L. Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York: Howard Fertig, 1985).
70. My use of memory as a critical concept is an analytical descriptor for the epistemological dynamics of lost and revivified knowledge. Early physicians worked with the tropes of "ignorance," "civilization in decline," and "true knowledge"; however, the dynamic of ignorance and knowledge in their rhetoric is a form of anamnesis. I use memory analytically to organize the central epistemic motif, not as a means of explaining physicians in their own terms.
71. Page duBois, Torture & Truth (New York: Routledge, 1991), 91, 90. For discussion of the "unveiling" trope, see Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine Between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). See also Alice Adams, Reproducing the Womb: Images of Childbirth in Science, Feminist Theory, and Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); Duden, Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Evelyn Fox Keller, Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language, Gender and Science (New York: Routledge, 1992); Newman; Schiebinger, Nature's.
72. Page duBois, Torture & Truth (New York: Routledge, 1991), 91, 90. For discussion of the "unveiling" trope, see Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine Between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). See also Alice Adams, Reproducing the Womb: Images of Childbirth in Science, Feminist Theory, and Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); Duden, Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Evelyn Fox Keller, Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language, Gender and Science (New York: Routledge, 1992); Newman; Schiebinger, Nature's.
73. Page duBois, Torture & Truth (New York: Routledge, 1991), 91, 90. For discussion of the "unveiling" trope, see Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine Between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). See also Alice Adams, Reproducing the Womb: Images of Childbirth in Science, Feminist Theory, and Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); Duden, Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Evelyn Fox Keller, Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language, Gender and Science (New York: Routledge, 1992); Newman; Schiebinger, Nature's.
74. Page duBois, Torture & Truth (New York: Routledge, 1991), 91, 90. For discussion of the "unveiling" trope, see Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine Between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). See also Alice Adams, Reproducing the Womb: Images of Childbirth in Science, Feminist Theory, and Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); Duden, Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Evelyn Fox Keller, Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language, Gender and Science (New York: Routledge, 1992); Newman; Schiebinger, Nature's.
75. Page duBois, Torture & Truth (New York: Routledge, 1991), 91, 90. For discussion of the "unveiling" trope, see Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine Between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). See also Alice Adams, Reproducing the Womb: Images of Childbirth in Science, Feminist Theory, and Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); Duden, Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Evelyn Fox Keller, Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language, Gender and Science (New York: Routledge, 1992); Newman; Schiebinger, Nature's.
76. Page duBois, Torture & Truth (New York: Routledge, 1991), 91, 90. For discussion of the "unveiling" trope, see Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine Between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). See also Alice Adams, Reproducing the Womb: Images of Childbirth in Science, Feminist Theory, and Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); Duden, Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Evelyn Fox Keller, Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language, Gender and Science (New York: Routledge, 1992); Newman; Schiebinger, Nature's.
77. Page duBois, Torture & Truth (New York: Routledge, 1991), 91, 90. For discussion of the "unveiling" trope, see Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine Between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). See also Alice Adams, Reproducing the Womb: Images of Childbirth in Science, Feminist Theory, and Literature (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994); Barbara Duden, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); Duden, Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993); Evelyn Fox Keller, Secrets of Life, Secrets of Death: Essays on Language, Gender and Science (New York: Routledge, 1992); Newman; Schiebinger, Nature's.
78. duBois, 122. For a provocative discussion of anamnesis and truth-seeking, see Jacques Derrida, Dissemination, trans. Barbara Johnson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
79. duBois, 122. For a provocative discussion of anamnesis and truth-seeking, see Jacques Derrida, Dissemination, trans. Barbara Johnson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
80. th ed. (New York: Brentano Bros., 1883); Lydia M. Hunt, "Thesis," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1880, SCWM; Helen M. Miller, "Foeticide," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM. Joseph Taber Johnson, "Abortion and Its Effects," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 92.
81. th ed. (New York: Brentano Bros., 1883); Lydia M. Hunt, "Thesis," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1880, SCWM; Helen M. Miller, "Foeticide," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM. Joseph Taber Johnson, "Abortion and Its Effects," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 92.
82. th ed. (New York: Brentano Bros., 1883); Lydia M. Hunt, "Thesis," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1880, SCWM; Helen M. Miller, "Foeticide," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM. Joseph Taber Johnson, "Abortion and Its Effects," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 92.
83. th ed. (New York: Brentano Bros., 1883); Lydia M. Hunt, "Thesis," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1880, SCWM; Helen M. Miller, "Foeticide," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM. Joseph Taber Johnson, "Abortion and Its Effects," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 92.
84. th ed. (New York: Brentano Bros., 1883); Lydia M. Hunt, "Thesis," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1880, SCWM; Helen M. Miller, "Foeticide," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM. Joseph Taber Johnson, "Abortion and Its Effects," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 92.
85. th ed. (New York: Brentano Bros., 1883); Lydia M. Hunt, "Thesis," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1880, SCWM; Helen M. Miller, "Foeticide," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM. Joseph Taber Johnson, "Abortion and Its Effects," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 92.
86. th ed. (New York: Brentano Bros., 1883); Lydia M. Hunt, "Thesis," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1880, SCWM; Helen M. Miller, "Foeticide," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1884, SCWM. Joseph Taber Johnson, "Abortion and Its Effects," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 92.
87. nd ed. (Chicago, 1883), 231. Quotation of "corporeal style" is from Butler, Gender, 139. For examples of medicalized objections to "new womanhood," see Hugh Hodge, "Marriage," lecture, 1857, National Library of Medicine, MS C98; idem, "On the Rights of Women," lecture, 1851, National Library of Medicine, MS C98. For examples of an implicit critique of bourgeois women's corporeal performance, see Storer, Criminal, 46; idem, Why Not? A Book for Every Woman (Boston: Lee and Shephard, 1866); Nebinger.
88. nd ed. (Chicago, 1883), 231. Quotation of "corporeal style" is from Butler, Gender, 139. For examples of medicalized objections to "new womanhood," see Hugh Hodge, "Marriage," lecture, 1857, National Library of Medicine, MS C98; idem, "On the Rights of Women," lecture, 1851, National Library of Medicine, MS C98. For examples of an implicit critique of bourgeois women's corporeal performance, see Storer, Criminal, 46; idem, Why Not? A Book for Every Woman (Boston: Lee and Shephard, 1866); Nebinger.
89. nd ed. (Chicago, 1883), 231. Quotation of "corporeal style" is from Butler, Gender, 139. For examples of medicalized objections to "new womanhood," see Hugh Hodge, "Marriage," lecture, 1857, National Library of Medicine, MS C98; idem, "On the Rights of Women," lecture, 1851, National Library of Medicine, MS C98. For examples of an implicit critique of bourgeois women's corporeal performance, see Storer, Criminal, 46; idem, Why Not? A Book for Every Woman (Boston: Lee and Shephard, 1866); Nebinger.
90. nd ed. (Chicago, 1883), 231. Quotation of "corporeal style" is from Butler, Gender, 139. For examples of medicalized objections to "new womanhood," see Hugh Hodge, "Marriage," lecture, 1857, National Library of Medicine, MS C98; idem, "On the Rights of Women," lecture, 1851, National Library of Medicine, MS C98. For examples of an implicit critique of bourgeois women's corporeal performance, see Storer, Criminal, 46; idem, Why Not? A Book for Every Woman (Boston: Lee and Shephard, 1866); Nebinger.
91. nd ed. (Chicago, 1883), 231. Quotation of "corporeal style" is from Butler, Gender, 139. For examples of medicalized objections to "new womanhood," see Hugh Hodge, "Marriage," lecture, 1857, National Library of Medicine, MS C98; idem, "On the Rights of Women," lecture, 1851, National Library of Medicine, MS C98. For examples of an implicit critique of bourgeois women's corporeal performance, see Storer, Criminal, 46; idem, Why Not? A Book for Every Woman (Boston: Lee and Shephard, 1866); Nebinger.
92. nd ed. (Chicago, 1883), 231. Quotation of "corporeal style" is from Butler, Gender, 139. For examples of medicalized objections to "new womanhood," see Hugh Hodge, "Marriage," lecture, 1857, National Library of Medicine, MS C98; idem, "On the Rights of Women," lecture, 1851, National Library of Medicine, MS C98. For examples of an implicit critique of bourgeois women's corporeal performance, see Storer, Criminal, 46; idem, Why Not? A Book for Every Woman (Boston: Lee and Shephard, 1866); Nebinger.
93. nd ed. (Chicago, 1883), 231. Quotation of "corporeal style" is from Butler, Gender, 139. For examples of medicalized objections to "new womanhood," see Hugh Hodge, "Marriage," lecture, 1857, National Library of Medicine, MS C98; idem, "On the Rights of Women," lecture, 1851, National Library of Medicine, MS C98. For examples of an implicit critique of bourgeois women's corporeal performance, see Storer, Criminal, 46; idem, Why Not? A Book for Every Woman (Boston: Lee and Shephard, 1866); Nebinger.
94. G. Maxwell-Christine, "The Medical Profession vs. Criminal Abortion," in Transactions of the Twenty-Fifth Session of the Homeopathic Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Sherman Co., 1890), 73, 69. Quotations pertaining to the "yardstick" of race are from Young, 93, 98.
95. See also Smith-Rosenberg, 225-228.
96. For "civilization in decline" examples, see Andrews, 297;
97. "Criminal," Boston;
98. "Criminal," Colorado, 170-71;
99. "Editorial Notes," The Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 2 (1870): 62-64;
100. Fish; Ghent; Grant; Hale; William Asbury Hall, "Criminal Abortion and Its Treatment," Northwestern Lancet 8 (1888): 113;
101. Johnson; Kratz, 12;
102. J. P. Leonard, "Quackery and Abortion," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 43 (1851): 477-481;
103. Longshore-Potts, 297; Mitchell, 3-4; Nebinger; Nowlin, 179-180; Parsons; Rogers, 149;
104. James Foster Scott, "Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 73, 77;
105. Storer, Criminal;
106. idem, Why Not?.
107. Jacques Derrida, Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression, trans. Eric Prenowitz (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 35. Here he is distinguishing a Freudian archive from a biological one. I do not argue for a Freudian character to the memory work of early antiabortionists; instead, I note significant resonances with the patterns of memory work Derrida addresses.
108. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
109. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
110. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
111. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
112. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
113. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
114. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
115. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
116. Nebinger, 19. Jennie G. Oreman, "The Medical Woman's Temptation and How to Meet It," The Woman's Medical Journal 11(1901): 88. The number of physicians who claimed education was the only real remedy is legion. For examples, see Andrews, 290; "Discussion of Criminal Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics 33 (1896): 132; Ghent; Hale; Hodge, Criminal; Hunt, 8-9; T. W. Hurley, "The Prevention of Conception-Abortions, Justifiable and Criminal," in Transactions of the Arkansas Medical Society, Twenty-Eighth Session (Little Rock, Ark.: Thompson Litho. and Printing, 1904); Kratz; Miller; Mitchell; Nowlin, 180; Charlotte Whitehead Ross, "Abortion," M. D. thesis, Women's Medical College, Philadelphia, 1875, SCWM, 8-9; Storer et al.; Scott; Stockham.
117. Allen, 464. Burbick, 302. Mary Douglas, Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology (London: Routledge, 1996), 69. See also Amy Allen, The Power of Feminist Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2000).
118. Allen, 464. Burbick, 302. Mary Douglas, Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology (London: Routledge, 1996), 69. See also Amy Allen, The Power of Feminist Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2000).
119. Allen, 464. Burbick, 302. Mary Douglas, Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology (London: Routledge, 1996), 69. See also Amy Allen, The Power of Feminist Theory (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2000).
120. Bichat defined life in other ways that stressed the dialectic of life and death: "Life consists in the sum of the functions, by which death is resisted," in Marie-François-Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold. (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1827), 10. A Midland Surgeon, "The Genesis of Life," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 7 (1872): 389. For background on Bichat's influence, see Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1994), chapter 8. For other body-machine examples, see Collins; James E. Kelly, "The Ethics of Abortion as a Method of Treatment in Legitimate Practice," Transactions of the Gynecological Society of Boston 1 (1889): 25-45; Alfred Meadows, "Remarks on Ovarian Physiology and Pathology," American Journal of Obstetrics 6 (1873): 215-247, 371-404; "Powers of Life," College Journal of Medical Science 1 (1856): 335-37; James Y. Simpson, Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of James Y. Simpson, M. D., F. R. S. E., vol. 1, ed. W. Priestley & H. Storer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1855); Edward John Tilt, On the Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation (London: John Churchill, 1857).
121. Bichat defined life in other ways that stressed the dialectic of life and death: "Life consists in the sum of the functions, by which death is resisted," in Marie-François-Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold. (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1827), 10. A Midland Surgeon, "The Genesis of Life," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 7 (1872): 389. For background on Bichat's influence, see Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1994), chapter 8. For other body-machine examples, see Collins; James E. Kelly, "The Ethics of Abortion as a Method of Treatment in Legitimate Practice," Transactions of the Gynecological Society of Boston 1 (1889): 25-45; Alfred Meadows, "Remarks on Ovarian Physiology and Pathology," American Journal of Obstetrics 6 (1873): 215-247, 371-404; "Powers of Life," College Journal of Medical Science 1 (1856): 335-37; James Y. Simpson, Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of James Y. Simpson, M. D., F. R. S. E., vol. 1, ed. W. Priestley & H. Storer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1855); Edward John Tilt, On the Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation (London: John Churchill, 1857).
122. Bichat defined life in other ways that stressed the dialectic of life and death: "Life consists in the sum of the functions, by which death is resisted," in Marie-François-Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold. (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1827), 10. A Midland Surgeon, "The Genesis of Life," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 7 (1872): 389. For background on Bichat's influence, see Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1994), chapter 8. For other body-machine examples, see Collins; James E. Kelly, "The Ethics of Abortion as a Method of Treatment in Legitimate Practice," Transactions of the Gynecological Society of Boston 1 (1889): 25-45; Alfred Meadows, "Remarks on Ovarian Physiology and Pathology," American Journal of Obstetrics 6 (1873): 215-247, 371-404; "Powers of Life," College Journal of Medical Science 1 (1856): 335-37; James Y. Simpson, Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of James Y. Simpson, M. D., F. R. S. E., vol. 1, ed. W. Priestley & H. Storer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1855); Edward John Tilt, On the Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation (London: John Churchill, 1857).
123. Bichat defined life in other ways that stressed the dialectic of life and death: "Life consists in the sum of the functions, by which death is resisted," in Marie-François-Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold. (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1827), 10. A Midland Surgeon, "The Genesis of Life," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 7 (1872): 389. For background on Bichat's influence, see Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1994), chapter 8. For other body-machine examples, see Collins; James E. Kelly, "The Ethics of Abortion as a Method of Treatment in Legitimate Practice," Transactions of the Gynecological Society of Boston 1 (1889): 25-45; Alfred Meadows, "Remarks on Ovarian Physiology and Pathology," American Journal of Obstetrics 6 (1873): 215-247, 371-404; "Powers of Life," College Journal of Medical Science 1 (1856): 335-37; James Y. Simpson, Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of James Y. Simpson, M. D., F. R. S. E., vol. 1, ed. W. Priestley & H. Storer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1855); Edward John Tilt, On the Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation (London: John Churchill, 1857).
124. Bichat defined life in other ways that stressed the dialectic of life and death: "Life consists in the sum of the functions, by which death is resisted," in Marie-François-Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold. (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1827), 10. A Midland Surgeon, "The Genesis of Life," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 7 (1872): 389. For background on Bichat's influence, see Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1994), chapter 8. For other body-machine examples, see Collins; James E. Kelly, "The Ethics of Abortion as a Method of Treatment in Legitimate Practice," Transactions of the Gynecological Society of Boston 1 (1889): 25-45; Alfred Meadows, "Remarks on Ovarian Physiology and Pathology," American Journal of Obstetrics 6 (1873): 215-247, 371-404; "Powers of Life," College Journal of Medical Science 1 (1856): 335-37; James Y. Simpson, Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of James Y. Simpson, M. D., F. R. S. E., vol. 1, ed. W. Priestley & H. Storer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1855); Edward John Tilt, On the Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation (London: John Churchill, 1857).
125. Bichat defined life in other ways that stressed the dialectic of life and death: "Life consists in the sum of the functions, by which death is resisted," in Marie-François-Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold. (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1827), 10. A Midland Surgeon, "The Genesis of Life," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 7 (1872): 389. For background on Bichat's influence, see Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1994), chapter 8. For other body-machine examples, see Collins; James E. Kelly, "The Ethics of Abortion as a Method of Treatment in Legitimate Practice," Transactions of the Gynecological Society of Boston 1 (1889): 25-45; Alfred Meadows, "Remarks on Ovarian Physiology and Pathology," American Journal of Obstetrics 6 (1873): 215-247, 371-404; "Powers of Life," College Journal of Medical Science 1 (1856): 335-37; James Y. Simpson, Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of James Y. Simpson, M. D., F. R. S. E., vol. 1, ed. W. Priestley & H. Storer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1855); Edward John Tilt, On the Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation (London: John Churchill, 1857).
126. Bichat defined life in other ways that stressed the dialectic of life and death: "Life consists in the sum of the functions, by which death is resisted," in Marie-François-Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold. (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1827), 10. A Midland Surgeon, "The Genesis of Life," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 7 (1872): 389. For background on Bichat's influence, see Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1994), chapter 8. For other body-machine examples, see Collins; James E. Kelly, "The Ethics of Abortion as a Method of Treatment in Legitimate Practice," Transactions of the Gynecological Society of Boston 1 (1889): 25-45; Alfred Meadows, "Remarks on Ovarian Physiology and Pathology," American Journal of Obstetrics 6 (1873): 215-247, 371-404; "Powers of Life," College Journal of Medical Science 1 (1856): 335-37; James Y. Simpson, Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of James Y. Simpson, M. D., F. R. S. E., vol. 1, ed. W. Priestley & H. Storer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1855); Edward John Tilt, On the Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation (London: John Churchill, 1857).
127. Bichat defined life in other ways that stressed the dialectic of life and death: "Life consists in the sum of the functions, by which death is resisted," in Marie-François-Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold. (Boston: Richardson and Lord, 1827), 10. A Midland Surgeon, "The Genesis of Life," Journal of the Gynœcological Society of Boston 7 (1872): 389. For background on Bichat's influence, see Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York: Vintage, 1994), chapter 8. For other body-machine examples, see Collins; James E. Kelly, "The Ethics of Abortion as a Method of Treatment in Legitimate Practice," Transactions of the Gynecological Society of Boston 1 (1889): 25-45; Alfred Meadows, "Remarks on Ovarian Physiology and Pathology," American Journal of Obstetrics 6 (1873): 215-247, 371-404; "Powers of Life," College Journal of Medical Science 1 (1856): 335-37; James Y. Simpson, Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions of James Y. Simpson, M. D., F. R. S. E., vol. 1, ed. W. Priestley & H. Storer (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1855); Edward John Tilt, On the Diseases of Menstruation and Ovarian Inflammation (London: John Churchill, 1857).
128. For example, see Blackwell; see also Burbick.
129. Charles D. Meigs, Females and Their Diseases (Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1848), 65. Quotation on archivization is from Derrida, Archive, 11.
130. Charles D. Meigs, Females and Their Diseases (Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1848), 65. Quotation on archivization is from Derrida, Archive, 11.
131. Duden, Disembodying; Anna M. Galbraith, "Are the Dangers of Menopause Natural or Acquired? A Physiological Study," in Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1899), 39-64; Jordanova; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Schiebinger, Nature's.
132. Duden, Disembodying; Anna M. Galbraith, "Are the Dangers of Menopause Natural or Acquired? A Physiological Study," in Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1899), 39-64; Jordanova; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Schiebinger, Nature's.
133. Duden, Disembodying; Anna M. Galbraith, "Are the Dangers of Menopause Natural or Acquired? A Physiological Study," in Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1899), 39-64; Jordanova; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Schiebinger, Nature's.
134. Duden, Disembodying; Anna M. Galbraith, "Are the Dangers of Menopause Natural or Acquired? A Physiological Study," in Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1899), 39-64; Jordanova; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Schiebinger, Nature's.
135. Duden, Disembodying; Anna M. Galbraith, "Are the Dangers of Menopause Natural or Acquired? A Physiological Study," in Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1899), 39-64; Jordanova; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Schiebinger, Nature's.
136. Duden, Disembodying; Anna M. Galbraith, "Are the Dangers of Menopause Natural or Acquired? A Physiological Study," in Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1899), 39-64; Jordanova; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Schiebinger, Nature's.
137. Duden, Disembodying; Anna M. Galbraith, "Are the Dangers of Menopause Natural or Acquired? A Physiological Study," in Transactions of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Alumnae Association of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1899), 39-64; Jordanova; Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990); G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore and Ideology: Studies in the Life Sciences in Ancient Greece (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Cynthia Eagle Russett, Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989); Schiebinger, Nature's.
138. James V. Ricci states: "The uterus as a central organ of the female genital system dominated the field of gynaecology for fully the first half of the nineteenth century" (emphasis in original), in One Hundred Years of Gynaecology, 1800-1900 (Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1945), 33. See also Laqueur, 175-181; Smith-Rosenberg, 184-187.
139. The anonymous doctor is quoted from "'Change of Life' in women; With remarks on the periods usually called 'critical,'" Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 50 (1854): 349, 351, 56 with ellipsis to 350. W. H. Studley, "Is Menstruation a Disease?," American Journal of Obstetrics 8 (1876): 491. Tilt, xxx. See also Meadows, 215; Laqueur, 175-213.
140. The anonymous doctor is quoted from "'Change of Life' in women; With remarks on the periods usually called 'critical,'" Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 50 (1854): 349, 351, 56 with ellipsis to 350. W. H. Studley, "Is Menstruation a Disease?," American Journal of Obstetrics 8 (1876): 491. Tilt, xxx. See also Meadows, 215; Laqueur, 175-213.
141. Smith-Rosenberg, 190, 189. Gunning Bedford, "Clinical Lectures on Diseases of Women and Children," Nelson's American Lancet 7 (1853): 148, emphasis in original. See also, "Change," 55; Laqueur, 178-213.
142. Smith-Rosenberg, 190, 189. Gunning Bedford, "Clinical Lectures on Diseases of Women and Children," Nelson's American Lancet 7 (1853): 148, emphasis in original. See also, "Change," 55; Laqueur, 178-213.
143. Kelly, 30-1. A. E. Small, "Jurisprudence of Abortion," in A Systematic Treatise on Abortion and Sterility, Edwin Hale, rev. ed. (Chicago: C. S. Halsey, 1868), 313-337. See also Kathryn Pyne Addelson, "The Emergence of the Fetus," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 26-42; Barbara Duden, "The Fetus on the 'Farther Shore': Toward a History of the Unborn," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 13-25; Lynn M. Morgan, "Materializing the Fetal Body, Or, What are Those Corpses Doing in Biology's Basement?," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M . Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 43-60.
144. Kelly, 30-1. A. E. Small, "Jurisprudence of Abortion," in A Systematic Treatise on Abortion and Sterility, Edwin Hale, rev. ed. (Chicago: C. S. Halsey, 1868), 313-337. See also Kathryn Pyne Addelson, "The Emergence of the Fetus," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 26-42; Barbara Duden, "The Fetus on the 'Farther Shore': Toward a History of the Unborn," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 13-25; Lynn M. Morgan, "Materializing the Fetal Body, Or, What are Those Corpses Doing in Biology's Basement?," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M . Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 43-60.
145. Kelly, 30-1. A. E. Small, "Jurisprudence of Abortion," in A Systematic Treatise on Abortion and Sterility, Edwin Hale, rev. ed. (Chicago: C. S. Halsey, 1868), 313-337. See also Kathryn Pyne Addelson, "The Emergence of the Fetus," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 26-42; Barbara Duden, "The Fetus on the 'Farther Shore': Toward a History of the Unborn," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 13-25; Lynn M. Morgan, "Materializing the Fetal Body, Or, What are Those Corpses Doing in Biology's Basement?," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M . Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 43-60.
146. Kelly, 30-1. A. E. Small, "Jurisprudence of Abortion," in A Systematic Treatise on Abortion and Sterility, Edwin Hale, rev. ed. (Chicago: C. S. Halsey, 1868), 313-337. See also Kathryn Pyne Addelson, "The Emergence of the Fetus," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 26-42; Barbara Duden, "The Fetus on the 'Farther Shore': Toward a History of the Unborn," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 13-25; Lynn M. Morgan, "Materializing the Fetal Body, Or, What are Those Corpses Doing in Biology's Basement?," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M . Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 43-60.
147. Kelly, 30-1. A. E. Small, "Jurisprudence of Abortion," in A Systematic Treatise on Abortion and Sterility, Edwin Hale, rev. ed. (Chicago: C. S. Halsey, 1868), 313-337. See also Kathryn Pyne Addelson, "The Emergence of the Fetus," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 26-42; Barbara Duden, "The Fetus on the 'Farther Shore': Toward a History of the Unborn," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M. Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 13-25; Lynn M. Morgan, "Materializing the Fetal Body, Or, What are Those Corpses Doing in Biology's Basement?," in Fetal Subjects, Feminist Positions, ed. Lynn M . Morgan and Meredith W. Michaels (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), 43-60.
148. Henry Howard, "The Somatic Etiology of Crime," American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 2 (1883): 235. Howard was not referring to abortion specifically, but to criminal insanity; nonetheless, his position on the genealogy of order is precisely that of many physicians who argued that to be just, social law must coincide with perceived natural law.
149. Jane B. Donegan, Women & Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality, and Misogyny in Early America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); Duden, Woman; Malcolm Nicolson, "The Art of Diagnosis: Medicine and the Five Senses," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, vol. 2, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1997), 801-25; Roy Porter, "The Rise of the Physical Examination," in Medicine and the Five Senses, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 179-97; Stanley Joel Reiser, Medicine and the Reign of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); James V. Ricci, The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments (Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1949); Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America, exp. ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989).
150. Jane B. Donegan, Women & Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality, and Misogyny in Early America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); Duden, Woman; Malcolm Nicolson, "The Art of Diagnosis: Medicine and the Five Senses," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, vol. 2, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1997), 801-25; Roy Porter, "The Rise of the Physical Examination," in Medicine and the Five Senses, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 179-97; Stanley Joel Reiser, Medicine and the Reign of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); James V. Ricci, The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments (Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1949); Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America, exp. ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989).
151. Jane B. Donegan, Women & Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality, and Misogyny in Early America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); Duden, Woman; Malcolm Nicolson, "The Art of Diagnosis: Medicine and the Five Senses," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, vol. 2, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1997), 801-25; Roy Porter, "The Rise of the Physical Examination," in Medicine and the Five Senses, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 179-97; Stanley Joel Reiser, Medicine and the Reign of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); James V. Ricci, The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments (Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1949); Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America, exp. ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989).
152. Jane B. Donegan, Women & Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality, and Misogyny in Early America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); Duden, Woman; Malcolm Nicolson, "The Art of Diagnosis: Medicine and the Five Senses," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, vol. 2, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1997), 801-25; Roy Porter, "The Rise of the Physical Examination," in Medicine and the Five Senses, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 179-97; Stanley Joel Reiser, Medicine and the Reign of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); James V. Ricci, The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments (Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1949); Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America, exp. ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989).
153. Jane B. Donegan, Women & Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality, and Misogyny in Early America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); Duden, Woman; Malcolm Nicolson, "The Art of Diagnosis: Medicine and the Five Senses," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, vol. 2, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1997), 801-25; Roy Porter, "The Rise of the Physical Examination," in Medicine and the Five Senses, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 179-97; Stanley Joel Reiser, Medicine and the Reign of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); James V. Ricci, The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments (Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1949); Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America, exp. ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989).
154. Jane B. Donegan, Women & Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality, and Misogyny in Early America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); Duden, Woman; Malcolm Nicolson, "The Art of Diagnosis: Medicine and the Five Senses," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, vol. 2, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1997), 801-25; Roy Porter, "The Rise of the Physical Examination," in Medicine and the Five Senses, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 179-97; Stanley Joel Reiser, Medicine and the Reign of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); James V. Ricci, The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments (Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1949); Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America, exp. ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989).
155. Jane B. Donegan, Women & Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality, and Misogyny in Early America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978); Duden, Woman; Malcolm Nicolson, "The Art of Diagnosis: Medicine and the Five Senses," in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, vol. 2, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1997), 801-25; Roy Porter, "The Rise of the Physical Examination," in Medicine and the Five Senses, ed. W. F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 179-97; Stanley Joel Reiser, Medicine and the Reign of Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); James V. Ricci, The Development of Gynaecological Surgery and Instruments (Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1949); Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America, exp. ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1989).
156. Simpson, 46. See also William Jones, Practical Observations on Diseases of Women (London: H. Bailliere, 1859); Ricci, One Hundred, 303; J. Marion Sims, Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery (New York: William Wood & Co., 1866).
157. Simpson, 46. See also William Jones, Practical Observations on Diseases of Women (London: H. Bailliere, 1859); Ricci, One Hundred, 303; J. Marion Sims, Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery (New York: William Wood & Co., 1866).
158. Simpson, 46. See also William Jones, Practical Observations on Diseases of Women (London: H. Bailliere, 1859); Ricci, One Hundred, 303; J. Marion Sims, Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery (New York: William Wood & Co., 1866).
159. Simpson, 46. See also William Jones, Practical Observations on Diseases of Women (London: H. Bailliere, 1859); Ricci, One Hundred, 303; J. Marion Sims, Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery (New York: William Wood & Co., 1866).
160. Barbara Maria Stafford, Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993). See also Adams; Duden, Disembodying; Newman.
161. Barbara Maria Stafford, Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993). See also Adams; Duden, Disembodying; Newman.
162. Galbraith, 41.
163. Derrida, Archive, 34 (see also 1-31).
164. Douglas, 69.
165. Foucault, Birth. See also Gilles Deleuze, Foucault, trans. Séan Hand. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). For a discussion of Plato, memory, and truth, see Derrida, Dissemination; Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff, introduction to Phaedrus, Plato, trans. Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995), ix-xlvii.
166. Foucault, Birth. See also Gilles Deleuze, Foucault, trans. Séan Hand. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). For a discussion of Plato, memory, and truth, see Derrida, Dissemination; Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff, introduction to Phaedrus, Plato, trans. Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995), ix-xlvii.
167. Foucault, Birth. See also Gilles Deleuze, Foucault, trans. Séan Hand. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). For a discussion of Plato, memory, and truth, see Derrida, Dissemination; Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff, introduction to Phaedrus, Plato, trans. Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995), ix-xlvii.
168. Foucault, Birth. See also Gilles Deleuze, Foucault, trans. Séan Hand. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). For a discussion of Plato, memory, and truth, see Derrida, Dissemination; Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff, introduction to Phaedrus, Plato, trans. Alexander Nehemas and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995), ix-xlvii.
169. Ulric Neisser, "Remembering as Doing," Brain and Behavioral Sciences 19 (1996): 204. Michel de Certeau, The Capture of Speech & Other Political Writings, trans. Tom Conley (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 129-30. Michel Foucault, "Body/Power," in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon et al. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 55-62; idem, Sexuality. See also Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed., trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 140-3, 162-6; Annette Kuhn, Family Secrets: Acts of Memory and Imagination (London: Verso, 1995), 3.
170. Ulric Neisser, "Remembering as Doing," Brain and Behavioral Sciences 19 (1996): 204. Michel de Certeau, The Capture of Speech & Other Political Writings, trans. Tom Conley (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 129-30. Michel Foucault, "Body/Power," in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon et al. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 55-62; idem, Sexuality. See also Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed., trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 140-3, 162-6; Annette Kuhn, Family Secrets: Acts of Memory and Imagination (London: Verso, 1995), 3.
171. Ulric Neisser, "Remembering as Doing," Brain and Behavioral Sciences 19 (1996): 204. Michel de Certeau, The Capture of Speech & Other Political Writings, trans. Tom Conley (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 129-30. Michel Foucault, "Body/Power," in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon et al. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 55-62; idem, Sexuality. See also Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed., trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 140-3, 162-6; Annette Kuhn, Family Secrets: Acts of Memory and Imagination (London: Verso, 1995), 3.
172. Ulric Neisser, "Remembering as Doing," Brain and Behavioral Sciences 19 (1996): 204. Michel de Certeau, The Capture of Speech & Other Political Writings, trans. Tom Conley (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 129-30. Michel Foucault, "Body/Power," in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon et al. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 55-62; idem, Sexuality. See also Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed., trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 140-3, 162-6; Annette Kuhn, Family Secrets: Acts of Memory and Imagination (London: Verso, 1995), 3.
173. Ulric Neisser, "Remembering as Doing," Brain and Behavioral Sciences 19 (1996): 204. Michel de Certeau, The Capture of Speech & Other Political Writings, trans. Tom Conley (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 129-30. Michel Foucault, "Body/Power," in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon et al. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 55-62; idem, Sexuality. See also Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed., trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 140-3, 162-6; Annette Kuhn, Family Secrets: Acts of Memory and Imagination (London: Verso, 1995), 3.
174. Ulric Neisser, "Remembering as Doing," Brain and Behavioral Sciences 19 (1996): 204. Michel de Certeau, The Capture of Speech & Other Political Writings, trans. Tom Conley (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), 129-30. Michel Foucault, "Body/Power," in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews & Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon et al. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), 55-62; idem, Sexuality. See also Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed., trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 140-3, 162-6; Annette Kuhn, Family Secrets: Acts of Memory and Imagination (London: Verso, 1995), 3.
175. Jordanova; Keller; Schiebinger, Nature's.
176. duBois, 152.
177. Halbwachs, 53, 169. Quotation on "exteriority" is from Derrida, Archive, 11.
178. Halbwachs, 53, 169. Quotation on "exteriority" is from Derrida, Archive, 11.
179. Certeau, Capture, 129. Quotations on performativity are from Butler, Bodies, 95, 96. Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 6. See also, Halbwachs, 46-53, 175-76.
180. Certeau, Capture, 129. Quotations on performativity are from Butler, Bodies, 95, 96. Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 6. See also, Halbwachs, 46-53, 175-76.
181. Certeau, Capture, 129. Quotations on performativity are from Butler, Bodies, 95, 96. Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 6. See also, Halbwachs, 46-53, 175-76.
182. George Lipsitz, Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 16. He is discussing the forms of popular culture, but I am extending his notion of form and memory to non-popular discourses and to medical practices. For more on memory embedded in the forms of practice, see Connerton.
183. See Certeau, Capture; Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Barbie Zelizer, "Reading the Past Against the Grain," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 12 (1995): 214-239; Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). Mapping the performative order of an archive is a different, although relevant, project to studying the rhetoric of this or that moment of subjectification.
184. See Certeau, Capture; Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Barbie Zelizer, "Reading the Past Against the Grain," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 12 (1995): 214-239; Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). Mapping the performative order of an archive is a different, although relevant, project to studying the rhetoric of this or that moment of subjectification.
185. See Certeau, Capture; Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Barbie Zelizer, "Reading the Past Against the Grain," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 12 (1995): 214-239; Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). Mapping the performative order of an archive is a different, although relevant, project to studying the rhetoric of this or that moment of subjectification.
186. See Certeau, Capture; Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); Barbie Zelizer, "Reading the Past Against the Grain," Critical Studies in Mass Communication 12 (1995): 214-239; Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory Through the Camera's Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). Mapping the performative order of an archive is a different, although relevant, project to studying the rhetoric of this or that moment of subjectification.
187. Certeau, Practice, 148. Connerton, 65.
188. See also, Butler, Bodies.
189. See Butler, Bodies;
190. duBois; Luce Irigaray, Speculum of the Other Woman, trans. Gillian C. Gill (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985);
191. Laqueur; Lloyd. For a discussion of the play of remembrance and forgetfulness, see Derrida, Archive, 10-12.