From integration to segregation: The role of religion in the IDF

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 387-405

  Cohen, Stuart A ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039844898     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X9902500303     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. These have been summarized in Stuart A. Cohen, The Scroll or the Sword? Dilemmas of Religion and Military Service in Israel (London: Harwood Academic Press, 1997). Particularly relevant to the first section of the present article are pp. 37-69.
2. Moshe Lissak, "The Permeable Boundaries Between Civilians and Soldiers in Israeli Society," in The Military in the Service of Society and Democracy: The Challenge of the Dual-Role Military, ed. Daniella Ashkenazy (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994), 9-19. See, however, the qualifications in Stuart A. Cohen, "Israel's Defense Force: From a 'People's Army' to a Professional Force,'" Armed Forces & Society 21 (Winter 1995): 237-254.
3. Moshe Lissak, "The Permeable Boundaries Between Civilians and Soldiers in Israeli Society," in The Military in the Service of Society and Democracy: The Challenge of the Dual-Role Military, ed. Daniella Ashkenazy (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994), 9-19. See, however, the qualifications in Stuart A. Cohen, "Israel's Defense Force: From a 'People's Army' to a Professional Force,'" Armed Forces & Society 21 (Winter 1995): 237-254.
4. Address to new officers, 1949, reprinted in David Ben-Gurion, Uniqueness and Mission (Hebrew) (Tel-Aviv: Am-Oved, 1971), 81.
5. "I fear that the creation of religious units will result in the creation of anti-religious units." Ben-Gurion to the executive committee of the Mizrachi (religious) party, 23 September 1949, cited in Zahava Ostfeld, An Army is Born: Main Stages in the Buildup of the Army under the Leadership of David Ben-Gurion (Hebrew; 2 vols.) (Tel-Aviv, Ministry of Defence Publications, 1994), 441.
6. IDF Spokesman, Information Branch, Publication No. 22/93, "IDF Military Rabbinate" (July 1993), 1-2. The only account of the development of the IDF Rabbinate is by Benny Michaelson, "Ha-Rabbanut ha-Tzeva'it," in The IDF and its Arms, vol. 16, ed. Ilan Kfir and Ya'akov Erez (Hebrew; Tel-Aviv: Revivim, 1982), 83-132.
7. The two examples chosen are by far the simplest. For a discussion (in English) of some of the knottier problems that frequently arise see: Rav Avraham Y. Neriya, "Shabbat Suspension in Cases of Danger in the Army," Crossroads 4 (1991): 249-262.
8. The background and nuances of "traditionalism" amongst Israeli Jews are explored in Charles S. Liebman and Steven M. Cohen, Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
9. "The Military Rabbinate," 1.
10. Charles S. Liebman and Eliezer Don-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel: Traditional Religion and Political Culture in the Jewish State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 179-180.
11. Long assumed, that contention was documented with compelling force in Avraham Shapira, The Seventh Day: Soldiers Talk about the Six Days' War, trans. Henry Near (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
12. Samuel Rolbant, The Israeli Soldier: Profile of an Army (New York: Thomas Yoseloff 1970), 154.
13. See, e.g., the transcript of the memorial address delivered by Lt.-Gen. Amnon Lipkin-Shahak in Tel-Aviv on the first anniversary of the assassination of Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin, Ha-Aretz (Hebrew: Tel-Aviv daily), 31 October 1996.
14. Dan Horowitz and Moshe Lissak, Trouble in Utopia: The Overburdened Polity of Israel (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), 138-144. Recent articles on the subject are collated in: "Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel," Studies of Israeli Society, vol. 7, ed. S. Deshen, C. Liebman and M. Shaked (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1995).
15. Dan Horowitz and Moshe Lissak, Trouble in Utopia: The Overburdened Polity of Israel (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989), 138-144. Recent articles on the subject are collated in: "Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel," Studies of Israeli Society, vol. 7, ed. S. Deshen, C. Liebman and M. Shaked (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1995).
16. Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "The Use of Force: Israeli Public Opinion on Military Options," in Armed Forces & Society 23 (Fall 1996), esp. 66-67. See also, Asher Arian, Security Threatened: Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), esp. 200-208.
17. Gad Barzilai and Efraim Inbar, "The Use of Force: Israeli Public Opinion on Military Options," in Armed Forces & Society 23 (Fall 1996), esp. 66-67. See also, Asher Arian, Security Threatened: Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), esp. 200-208.
18. Shulamit Levi, Hanah Levinson, and Elihu Katz, Beliefs, the Observance of Commandments and Social Relations amongst Jews in Israel (Jerusalem: The Guttman Institute for Applied Behavioral Research, December 1993).
19. The effects are most amply documented in: World Views and Attitudes of High-School Students with Respect to Subjects Concerned with Society, Security and Peace (Hebrew: 2 vols.), ed. Ya'akov Ezrachi and Reuven Gal; Zikhron Ya'akov (The Carmel Institute for Social Studies, December 1995). This study constitutes a follow-up to Ofra Mayseless, Reuven Gal, and Effi Fishof, General Perceptions and Attitudes of High-School Students Regarding Security and National Issues, (Hebrew: 2 vols.) (The Israeli Institute for Military Studies; Zikhron Ya'akov, 1989).
20. The effects are most amply documented in: World Views and Attitudes of High-School Students with Respect to Subjects Concerned with Society, Security and Peace (Hebrew: 2 vols.), ed. Ya'akov Ezrachi and Reuven Gal; Zikhron Ya'akov (The Carmel Institute for Social Studies, December 1995). This study constitutes a follow-up to Ofra Mayseless, Reuven Gal, and Effi Fishof, General Perceptions and Attitudes of High-School Students Regarding Security and National Issues, (Hebrew: 2 vols.) (The Israeli Institute for Military Studies; Zikhron Ya'akov, 1989).
21. Efraim Yuchtman-Yaar (general editor), Personal, Social and National Attitudes of Israeli Youth in the Jubilee Year (first draft report, Hebrew; Tel-Aviv: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, June 1998), esp. 31-37.
22. Menachem Friedman, "The Ultra-Orthodox and Israeli Society," in Whither Israel? The Domestic Challenges, ed. Kieth Kyle and Jane Peters (London: Tauris, 1993), 177-201.
23. Speech delivered in 1986 by Rabbi Eliezer Menachem Shach, president of the [haredi] "Council of Torah Giants," quoted in The State of Israel and the Land of Israel, ed. Adam Doron (Hebrew: Beit Berl College, 1988), 504.
24. Menachem Friedman, "This is the history of the 'status quo.' Religion and state in Israel," in The Move from Community to State, 1947-1949, ed. Varda Pilowsky; (Hebrew), (Haifa: Haifa University Press, 1989), 47-80.
25. Reported in Ha-Aretz, 20 May 1998.
26. Statement by Col. Avi Zamir of the IDF Manpower Branch, cited in Ha-Aretz, 15 December 1997.
27. Some of the tensions generated were clearly evident in the tone of the parliamentary debates that followed an unsuccessful attempt in July 1998 by opposition parties to introduce legislation that would compel the government to draft haredim. Knesset Protocol (Hebrew), 7 and 8 July 1998. Moreover, in December 1998, Israel's Supreme Court ruled that new legislation was required in order to regulate the issue. The Court gave Parliament one calendar year in which to table the necessary bill.
28. Gideon Aran, "Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism: The Bloc of the Faithful in Israel (Gush Emunim)," in Fundamentalisms Observed, ed. M. E. Martin and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991), 265-344.
29. Aviezer Ravitzky, Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism (Hebrew), (Am Oved Publishers, Tel-Aviv, 1993), 117-8.
30. Gen. Gideon Sheffer (CO, IDF Manpower Branch), press conference, reported in Ha-Aretz, 13 November 1996. Subsequent reports suggest that the decline has been arrested.
31. Avichai Beker, "The March of the Skullcap," Ma'ariv (Tel-Aviv: Hebrew daily), 8 March 1996; see also interview with Brig.-Gen. Yair Naveh (Chief IDF Infantry and Parachute Officer), Ha-Tzofeh (Tel-Aviv, Hebrew daily), 13 September 1996.
32. Avichai Beker, "The March of the Skullcap," Ma'ariv (Tel-Aviv: Hebrew daily), 8 March 1996; see also interview with Brig.-Gen. Yair Naveh (Chief IDF Infantry and Parachute Officer), Ha-Tzofeh (Tel-Aviv, Hebrew daily), 13 September 1996.
33. By contrast, the proportion of secular kibbutz members dropped from 19 to 11 percent); Compare Bita'on Hail Ha-Avir (Hebrew; Israel Air Force journal), No. 103, June 1995, 8, No. 109, June 1996, 12 and Ha-Aretz, 3 July 1997.
34. By contrast, the proportion of secular kibbutz members dropped from 19 to 11 percent); Compare Bita'on Hail Ha-Avir (Hebrew; Israel Air Force journal), No. 103, June 1995, 8, No. 109, June 1996, 12 and Ha-Aretz, 3 July 1997.
35. By contrast, the proportion of secular kibbutz members dropped from 19 to 11 percent); Compare Bita'on Hail Ha-Avir (Hebrew; Israel Air Force journal), No. 103, June 1995, 8, No. 109, June 1996, 12 and Ha-Aretz, 3 July 1997.
36. E.g., Laws Concerning Army and War: A Guide to Students on the Eve of Conscription (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Haskel, 1971).
37. Still more popular is Zechariah Ben-Mosheh, Laws Concerning the Army (Hebrew: 2nd. ed., Sha'alvim, 1988), which has been reprinted in a pocket-sized paperback edition several times.
38. On these frameworks see Stuart A. Cohen, "The Hesder Yeshivot in Israel: A Church-State Military Arrangement," Journal of Church and State 35 (1993), 113-130.
39. For reports of Orr's suggestion see: Ha-Aretz, 5 July 1995 and 11 December 1995. For press approval: Dan Kislev, "To Disband this Palmach," ibid., 11 July 1995 and Ze'ev Schiff, "A Dangerous Arrangement," ibid, 11 December 1995.
40. For reports of Orr's suggestion see: Ha-Aretz, 5 July 1995 and 11 December 1995. For press approval: Dan Kislev, "To Disband this Palmach," ibid., 11 July 1995 and Ze'ev Schiff, "A Dangerous Arrangement," ibid, 11 December 1995.
41. For reports of Orr's suggestion see: Ha-Aretz, 5 July 1995 and 11 December 1995. For press approval: Dan Kislev, "To Disband this Palmach," ibid., 11 July 1995 and Ze'ev Schiff, "A Dangerous Arrangement," ibid, 11 December 1995.
42. Ruth Linn, Conscience at War: The Israeli Soldier as Moral Critic (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996).
43. Aryeh Naor, "The National-Religious ('Credo') Argument against the Israel-PLO Accord: A Worldview Tested by Reality" (Hebrew). State and Religion Yearbook 1993, 54-88.
44. For an analysis see: Erik Cohen, "The Removal of the Israeli Settlements in Sinai: An Ambiguous Resolution to an Existential Conflict," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 23 (1987): 140-141.
45. Rabbi Shlomo Goren, "Disobedience to an Order" (Hebrew) Bulletin of the Council of Rabbis of Judea and Samaria, 14 December 1993, 1.
46. Ha-Tzofeh, 30 March 1994.
47. Reprinted in Ha-Tzofeh, 13 July 1995.
48. Tel-Aviv (Hebrew weekly), 31 December 1993.
49. See the discussion in: Eliezer Don-Yehiya, "The Nationalist Yeshivot and Political Radicalism in Israel," in: Accounting for Fundamentalisms, 264-302.