The new international history of the Cold War: Three (possible) paradigms

Diplomatic History

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 551-565

  Westad, Odd Arne ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039842094     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00236     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. For more on how Cold War studies is developing as a field of inquiry see Odd Arne Westad, ed., Reviewing the Cold War Approaches, Interpretations, Theory (London, 2000).
2. Thomas J. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1996). Richard Evans, In Defense of History, rev. ed. (New York, 1999) has a useful discussion of the role of alternative paradigms in historical research.
3. Thomas J. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1996). Richard Evans, In Defense of History, rev. ed. (New York, 1999) has a useful discussion of the role of alternative paradigms in historical research.
4. For a discussion of operational definitions of ideology see Douglas J. MacDonald, "Formal Ideologies in the Cold War: Toward a Framework for Empirical Analysis," in Westad, ed., Reviewing the Cold War.
5. On personalities and issues at the Kennedy-Khrushchev summit see Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960-1963 (New York, 1991); Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, "One Hell of Gamble": Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964 (New York, 1997); Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (New York, 2000); and Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, trans. Shirley Benson (University Park, PA, 2000).
6. On personalities and issues at the Kennedy-Khrushchev summit see Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960-1963 (New York, 1991); Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, "One Hell of Gamble": Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964 (New York, 1997); Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (New York, 2000); and Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, trans. Shirley Benson (University Park, PA, 2000).
7. On personalities and issues at the Kennedy-Khrushchev summit see Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960-1963 (New York, 1991); Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, "One Hell of Gamble": Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964 (New York, 1997); Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (New York, 2000); and Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, trans. Shirley Benson (University Park, PA, 2000).
8. On personalities and issues at the Kennedy-Khrushchev summit see Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960-1963 (New York, 1991); Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, "One Hell of Gamble": Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964 (New York, 1997); Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam (New York, 2000); and Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, trans. Shirley Benson (University Park, PA, 2000).
9. For Khrushchev see Oleg Troianovskii, Cherez gody i rasstoianiia: istoriia odnoi semi [Across time and space: One family's history] (Moscow, 1997); and Oleg Grinevskii, Tysiacha i odin den Nikity Sergeevicha [Nikita Sergeevich's thousand and one days] (Moscow, 1998); for Kennedy see Thomas C. Reeves, A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (London, 1992); or Freedman, Kennedy's Wars, chaps. 1 and 2. Kennedy quote from inaugural address, 20 January 1961, at http://www.hpol.org/jfk/.
10. For Khrushchev see Oleg Troianovskii, Cherez gody i rasstoianiia: istoriia odnoi semi [Across time and space: One family's history] (Moscow, 1997); and Oleg Grinevskii, Tysiacha i odin den Nikity Sergeevicha [Nikita Sergeevich's thousand and one days] (Moscow, 1998); for Kennedy see Thomas C. Reeves, A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (London, 1992); or Freedman, Kennedy's Wars, chaps. 1 and 2. Kennedy quote from inaugural address, 20 January 1961, at http://www.hpol.org/jfk/.
11. For Khrushchev see Oleg Troianovskii, Cherez gody i rasstoianiia: istoriia odnoi semi [Across time and space: One family's history] (Moscow, 1997); and Oleg Grinevskii, Tysiacha i odin den Nikity Sergeevicha [Nikita Sergeevich's thousand and one days] (Moscow, 1998); for Kennedy see Thomas C. Reeves, A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (London, 1992); or Freedman, Kennedy's Wars, chaps. 1 and 2. Kennedy quote from inaugural address, 20 January 1961, at http://www.hpol.org/jfk/.
12. For Khrushchev see Oleg Troianovskii, Cherez gody i rasstoianiia: istoriia odnoi semi [Across time and space: One family's history] (Moscow, 1997); and Oleg Grinevskii, Tysiacha i odin den Nikity Sergeevicha [Nikita Sergeevich's thousand and one days] (Moscow, 1998); for Kennedy see Thomas C. Reeves, A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy (London, 1992); or Freedman, Kennedy's Wars, chaps. 1 and 2. Kennedy quote from inaugural address, 20 January 1961, at http://www.hpol.org/jfk/.
13. MacDonald, "Formal Ideologies." See also Westad, "Secrets of the Second World: Russian Archives and the Reinterpretation of Cold War History," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 259-72. John Lewis Gaddis summarizes the arguments for why Marxism-Leninism mattered in We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997).
14. MacDonald, "Formal Ideologies." See also Westad, "Secrets of the Second World: Russian Archives and the Reinterpretation of Cold War History," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 259-72. John Lewis Gaddis summarizes the arguments for why Marxism-Leninism mattered in We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997).
15. MacDonald, "Formal Ideologies." See also Westad, "Secrets of the Second World: Russian Archives and the Reinterpretation of Cold War History," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 259-72. John Lewis Gaddis summarizes the arguments for why Marxism-Leninism mattered in We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (New York, 1997).
16. Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and American Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). As I have pointed out earlier, the study of U.S. foreign policy ideology is in itself a useful way of transcending the orthodox definitions of historiographical "schools." See Westad, "Introduction," in Westad, ed., Reviewing the Cold War.
17. Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and American Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). As I have pointed out earlier, the study of U.S. foreign policy ideology is in itself a useful way of transcending the orthodox definitions of historiographical "schools." See Westad, "Introduction," in Westad, ed., Reviewing the Cold War.
18. Anders Stephanson, "Fourteen Notes on the Very Concept of the Cold War," http://mail.h-net.msu.edu/~diplo/stephanson.html. This is of course not denying that ideology was crucial to Soviet foreign policy - my point here is about capabilities, not intentions. For an attempt at defining the key ideological themes in U.S. foreign policy history see David Ryan, US Foreign Policy in World History (London, 2000).
19. Anders Stephanson, "Fourteen Notes on the Very Concept of the Cold War," http://mail.h-net.msu.edu/~diplo/stephanson.html. This is of course not denying that ideology was crucial to Soviet foreign policy - my point here is about capabilities, not intentions. For an attempt at defining the key ideological themes in U.S. foreign policy history see David Ryan, US Foreign Policy in World History (London, 2000).
20. For Stalin's intentions see Vojtech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York, 1996); and Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996). For U.S. perceptions see Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992).
21. For Stalin's intentions see Vojtech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York, 1996); and Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996). For U.S. perceptions see Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992).
22. For Stalin's intentions see Vojtech Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity: The Stalin Years (New York, 1996); and Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996). For U.S. perceptions see Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992).
23. Geir Lundestad, "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952," Journal of Peace Research 23, no. 3 (1986): 263-77; John L. Harper, American Visions of Europe: Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan, and Dean G. Acheson (Cambridge, England, 1994).
24. Geir Lundestad, "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952," Journal of Peace Research 23, no. 3 (1986): 263-77; John L. Harper, American Visions of Europe: Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan, and Dean G. Acheson (Cambridge, England, 1994).
25. Two excellent overviews charting these developments, in politics and economics, respectively, are John Killick, The United States and European Reconstruction, 1945-1960 (Edinburgh, 1997); and Marie-Louise Djelic, Exporting the American Model: The Postwar Transformation of European Business (Oxford, 1998). See also Margaret Blomchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1986). For Germany see Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); for France see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993).
26. Two excellent overviews charting these developments, in politics and economics, respectively, are John Killick, The United States and European Reconstruction, 1945-1960 (Edinburgh, 1997); and Marie-Louise Djelic, Exporting the American Model: The Postwar Transformation of European Business (Oxford, 1998). See also Margaret Blomchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1986). For Germany see Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); for France see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993).
27. Two excellent overviews charting these developments, in politics and economics, respectively, are John Killick, The United States and European Reconstruction, 1945-1960 (Edinburgh, 1997); and Marie-Louise Djelic, Exporting the American Model: The Postwar Transformation of European Business (Oxford, 1998). See also Margaret Blomchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1986). For Germany see Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); for France see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993).
28. Two excellent overviews charting these developments, in politics and economics, respectively, are John Killick, The United States and European Reconstruction, 1945-1960 (Edinburgh, 1997); and Marie-Louise Djelic, Exporting the American Model: The Postwar Transformation of European Business (Oxford, 1998). See also Margaret Blomchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1986). For Germany see Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); for France see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993).
29. Two excellent overviews charting these developments, in politics and economics, respectively, are John Killick, The United States and European Reconstruction, 1945-1960 (Edinburgh, 1997); and Marie-Louise Djelic, Exporting the American Model: The Postwar Transformation of European Business (Oxford, 1998). See also Margaret Blomchard, Exporting the First Amendment: The Press-Government Crusade of 1945-1952 (New York, 1986). For Germany see Ralph Willett, The Americanization of Germany, 1945-1949 (London, 1989); for France see Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993).
30. Günter Grass, Mein Jahrhundert [My century] (Göttingen, 1999). Insights on how the American alliances have influenced the four leaders are in Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biograpy of Margaret Thatcher (London, 1989); Karl Hugo Pruys, Helmut Kohl: Die Biographie [Helmut Kohl: The biography] (Berlin, 1995); Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand: une histoire de Français [Mitterrand: A history of the French] (Paris, 1998); and Yasuhiro Nakasone, The Making of the New Japan (Richmond, 1999).
31. Günter Grass, Mein Jahrhundert [My century] (Göttingen, 1999). Insights on how the American alliances have influenced the four leaders are in Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biograpy of Margaret Thatcher (London, 1989); Karl Hugo Pruys, Helmut Kohl: Die Biographie [Helmut Kohl: The biography] (Berlin, 1995); Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand: une histoire de Français [Mitterrand: A history of the French] (Paris, 1998); and Yasuhiro Nakasone, The Making of the New Japan (Richmond, 1999).
32. Günter Grass, Mein Jahrhundert [My century] (Göttingen, 1999). Insights on how the American alliances have influenced the four leaders are in Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biograpy of Margaret Thatcher (London, 1989); Karl Hugo Pruys, Helmut Kohl: Die Biographie [Helmut Kohl: The biography] (Berlin, 1995); Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand: une histoire de Français [Mitterrand: A history of the French] (Paris, 1998); and Yasuhiro Nakasone, The Making of the New Japan (Richmond, 1999).
33. Günter Grass, Mein Jahrhundert [My century] (Göttingen, 1999). Insights on how the American alliances have influenced the four leaders are in Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biograpy of Margaret Thatcher (London, 1989); Karl Hugo Pruys, Helmut Kohl: Die Biographie [Helmut Kohl: The biography] (Berlin, 1995); Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand: une histoire de Français [Mitterrand: A history of the French] (Paris, 1998); and Yasuhiro Nakasone, The Making of the New Japan (Richmond, 1999).
34. Günter Grass, Mein Jahrhundert [My century] (Göttingen, 1999). Insights on how the American alliances have influenced the four leaders are in Hugo Young, One of Us: A Biograpy of Margaret Thatcher (London, 1989); Karl Hugo Pruys, Helmut Kohl: Die Biographie [Helmut Kohl: The biography] (Berlin, 1995); Jean Lacouture, Mitterrand: une histoire de Français [Mitterrand: A history of the French] (Paris, 1998); and Yasuhiro Nakasone, The Making of the New Japan (Richmond, 1999).
35. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). For further discussion of technology as key to the modernity project see Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989); and Marshall Herman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1988). See also, of course, Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977). For overviews of the Soviet approach see Kendall Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978); and especially Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989). Stephen Kotkin has an excellent discussion of Soviet modernity and its discontents in Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1995). The classic statement of technology as power in the postwar world is Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, 1945).
36. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). For further discussion of technology as key to the modernity project see Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989); and Marshall Herman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1988). See also, of course, Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977). For overviews of the Soviet approach see Kendall Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978); and especially Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989). Stephen Kotkin has an excellent discussion of Soviet modernity and its discontents in Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1995). The classic statement of technology as power in the postwar world is Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, 1945).
37. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). For further discussion of technology as key to the modernity project see Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989); and Marshall Herman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1988). See also, of course, Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977). For overviews of the Soviet approach see Kendall Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978); and especially Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989). Stephen Kotkin has an excellent discussion of Soviet modernity and its discontents in Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1995). The classic statement of technology as power in the postwar world is Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, 1945).
38. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). For further discussion of technology as key to the modernity project see Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989); and Marshall Herman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1988). See also, of course, Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977). For overviews of the Soviet approach see Kendall Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978); and especially Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989). Stephen Kotkin has an excellent discussion of Soviet modernity and its discontents in Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1995). The classic statement of technology as power in the postwar world is Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, 1945).
39. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). For further discussion of technology as key to the modernity project see Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989); and Marshall Herman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1988). See also, of course, Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977). For overviews of the Soviet approach see Kendall Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978); and especially Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989). Stephen Kotkin has an excellent discussion of Soviet modernity and its discontents in Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1995). The classic statement of technology as power in the postwar world is Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, 1945).
40. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). For further discussion of technology as key to the modernity project see Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989); and Marshall Herman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1988). See also, of course, Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977). For overviews of the Soviet approach see Kendall Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978); and especially Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989). Stephen Kotkin has an excellent discussion of Soviet modernity and its discontents in Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1995). The classic statement of technology as power in the postwar world is Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, 1945).
41. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). For further discussion of technology as key to the modernity project see Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989); and Marshall Herman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1988). See also, of course, Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977). For overviews of the Soviet approach see Kendall Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978); and especially Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989). Stephen Kotkin has an excellent discussion of Soviet modernity and its discontents in Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1995). The classic statement of technology as power in the postwar world is Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, 1945).
42. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, 1998). For further discussion of technology as key to the modernity project see Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca, 1989); and Marshall Herman, All That is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1988). See also, of course, Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977). For overviews of the Soviet approach see Kendall Bailes, Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin (Princeton, 1978); and especially Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution (New York, 1989). Stephen Kotkin has an excellent discussion of Soviet modernity and its discontents in Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley, 1995). The classic statement of technology as power in the postwar world is Vannevar Bush, Science: The Endless Frontier (Washington, 1945).
43. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1939-56 (New Haven, 1994)
44. William O'Neill, A Better World: Stalinism and the American Intellectuals (London, 1990); Marcello Flores, L'immagine dell'URSS: l'Occidente e la Russia di Stalin (1927-1956) [The image of the USSR: The West and Stalin's Russia (1927-1956)] (Milan, 1990).
45. William O'Neill, A Better World: Stalinism and the American Intellectuals (London, 1990); Marcello Flores, L'immagine dell'URSS: l'Occidente e la Russia di Stalin (1927-1956) [The image of the USSR: The West and Stalin's Russia (1927-1956)] (Milan, 1990).
46. The following paragraphs are based on David Reynolds, One World Divisible: A Global History since 1945 (New York, 2000), 494-538; Patterson quote on 496.
47. John Barber and Mark Harrison, eds., The Soviet Defense-Industry Complex from Stalin to Khrushchev (New York, 1999); Jeffrey L. Roberg, Soviet Science under Control: The Struggle for Influence (London, 1998).
48. John Barber and Mark Harrison, eds., The Soviet Defense-Industry Complex from Stalin to Khrushchev (New York, 1999); Jeffrey L. Roberg, Soviet Science under Control: The Struggle for Influence (London, 1998).
49. Former Vice-Foreign Minister Georgi Kornienko, interview with author, 7 February 1994. On U.S. propaganda see Walter Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1045-1961 (Basingstoke, 1998); and Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London, 1999). For a very instructive overview of the purposes behind the physical presentation of the United States abroad see Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington, 1997).
50. Former Vice-Foreign Minister Georgi Kornienko, interview with author, 7 February 1994. On U.S. propaganda see Walter Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1045-1961 (Basingstoke, 1998); and Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London, 1999). For a very instructive overview of the purposes behind the physical presentation of the United States abroad see Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington, 1997).
51. Former Vice-Foreign Minister Georgi Kornienko, interview with author, 7 February 1994. On U.S. propaganda see Walter Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, 1045-1961 (Basingstoke, 1998); and Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London, 1999). For a very instructive overview of the purposes behind the physical presentation of the United States abroad see Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington, 1997).
52. Watson quoted in Reynolds, One World Divisible, 509.
53. See Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993); Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Machine (New York, 1996); for the Soviet Union see Daniel L. Burghart, Red Microchip: Technology Transfer, Export Control, and Economic Restructuring in the Soviet Union (Aldershot, 1992).
54. See Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993); Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Machine (New York, 1996); for the Soviet Union see Daniel L. Burghart, Red Microchip: Technology Transfer, Export Control, and Economic Restructuring in the Soviet Union (Aldershot, 1992).
55. See Stuart W. Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York, 1993); Martin Campbell-Kelly and William Aspray, Computer: A History of the Information Machine (New York, 1996); for the Soviet Union see Daniel L. Burghart, Red Microchip: Technology Transfer, Export Control, and Economic Restructuring in the Soviet Union (Aldershot, 1992).
56. Richard O'Brien, Global financial Integration: The End of Geography (London, 1992).
57. See, for instance, Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London, 1992) or, for a more critical view, Thomas C. Patterson, Change and Development in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999), esp. 151-84.
58. See, for instance, Peter Dicken, Global Shift: The Internationalization of Economic Activity (London, 1992) or, for a more critical view, Thomas C. Patterson, Change and Development in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999), esp. 151-84.
59. For invigorating attempts at making such connections see Wolfgang Emmerich and Carl Wege, eds., Der Technikdiskurs in der Hitler-Stalin Ära [The technology discourse in the Hitler-Stalin era] (Stuttgart, 1995); and David C. Engerman, "Modernization from the Other Shore: American Observers and the Costs of Soviet Economic Development," American Historical Review 105 (April 2000): 383-416.
60. For invigorating attempts at making such connections see Wolfgang Emmerich and Carl Wege, eds., Der Technikdiskurs in der Hitler-Stalin Ära [The technology discourse in the Hitler-Stalin era] (Stuttgart, 1995); and David C. Engerman, "Modernization from the Other Shore: American Observers and the Costs of Soviet Economic Development," American Historical Review 105 (April 2000): 383-416.
61. Alfred Sauvy, "Trois mondes, une planète" [Three worlds, one planet], l'Observateur, 14 August 1952.
62. Gary E. Hansen, ed., Agricultural and Rural Development in Indonesia (Boulder, 1981); Walden F. Bello et al., A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand (Oakland, CA, 1998); Arthur Combs, "Rural Economic Development as a Nation-Building Strategy in South Vietnam, 1968-1972" (Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, 1998); Tesfaye Tafesse, The Agricultural, Environmental, and Social Impacts of the Villagization Programme in Northern Shewa, Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1994); Mark F. Chingono, The State, Violence, and Development: The Political Economy of War in Mozambique, 1975-1992 (Aldershot, 1996); Pierre Beaudet, ed., Angola: bilan d'un socialisme de guerre [Angola: Accounts of a socialism of war] (Paris, 1992).
63. Gary E. Hansen, ed., Agricultural and Rural Development in Indonesia (Boulder, 1981); Walden F. Bello et al., A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand (Oakland, CA, 1998); Arthur Combs, "Rural Economic Development as a Nation-Building Strategy in South Vietnam, 1968-1972" (Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, 1998); Tesfaye Tafesse, The Agricultural, Environmental, and Social Impacts of the Villagization Programme in Northern Shewa, Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1994); Mark F. Chingono, The State, Violence, and Development: The Political Economy of War in Mozambique, 1975-1992 (Aldershot, 1996); Pierre Beaudet, ed., Angola: bilan d'un socialisme de guerre [Angola: Accounts of a socialism of war] (Paris, 1992).
64. Gary E. Hansen, ed., Agricultural and Rural Development in Indonesia (Boulder, 1981); Walden F. Bello et al., A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand (Oakland, CA, 1998); Arthur Combs, "Rural Economic Development as a Nation-Building Strategy in South Vietnam, 1968-1972" (Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, 1998); Tesfaye Tafesse, The Agricultural, Environmental, and Social Impacts of the Villagization Programme in Northern Shewa, Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1994); Mark F. Chingono, The State, Violence, and Development: The Political Economy of War in Mozambique, 1975-1992 (Aldershot, 1996); Pierre Beaudet, ed., Angola: bilan d'un socialisme de guerre [Angola: Accounts of a socialism of war] (Paris, 1992).
65. Gary E. Hansen, ed., Agricultural and Rural Development in Indonesia (Boulder, 1981); Walden F. Bello et al., A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand (Oakland, CA, 1998); Arthur Combs, "Rural Economic Development as a Nation-Building Strategy in South Vietnam, 1968-1972" (Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, 1998); Tesfaye Tafesse, The Agricultural, Environmental, and Social Impacts of the Villagization Programme in Northern Shewa, Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1994); Mark F. Chingono, The State, Violence, and Development: The Political Economy of War in Mozambique, 1975-1992 (Aldershot, 1996); Pierre Beaudet, ed., Angola: bilan d'un socialisme de guerre [Angola: Accounts of a socialism of war] (Paris, 1992).
66. Gary E. Hansen, ed., Agricultural and Rural Development in Indonesia (Boulder, 1981); Walden F. Bello et al., A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand (Oakland, CA, 1998); Arthur Combs, "Rural Economic Development as a Nation-Building Strategy in South Vietnam, 1968-1972" (Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, 1998); Tesfaye Tafesse, The Agricultural, Environmental, and Social Impacts of the Villagization Programme in Northern Shewa, Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1994); Mark F. Chingono, The State, Violence, and Development: The Political Economy of War in Mozambique, 1975-1992 (Aldershot, 1996); Pierre Beaudet, ed., Angola: bilan d'un socialisme de guerre [Angola: Accounts of a socialism of war] (Paris, 1992).
67. Gary E. Hansen, ed., Agricultural and Rural Development in Indonesia (Boulder, 1981); Walden F. Bello et al., A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand (Oakland, CA, 1998); Arthur Combs, "Rural Economic Development as a Nation-Building Strategy in South Vietnam, 1968-1972" (Ph.D. thesis, London School of Economics, 1998); Tesfaye Tafesse, The Agricultural, Environmental, and Social Impacts of the Villagization Programme in Northern Shewa, Ethiopia (Addis Ababa, 1994); Mark F. Chingono, The State, Violence, and Development: The Political Economy of War in Mozambique, 1975-1992 (Aldershot, 1996); Pierre Beaudet, ed., Angola: bilan d'un socialisme de guerre [Angola: Accounts of a socialism of war] (Paris, 1992).
68. Jennifer G. Schirmer, The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy (Philadelphia, 1998); Tefarra Haile-Selassie, The Ethiopian Revolution, 1974-1991 (London, 1997).
69. Jennifer G. Schirmer, The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy (Philadelphia, 1998); Tefarra Haile-Selassie, The Ethiopian Revolution, 1974-1991 (London, 1997).
70. On the curious development of concepts for viewing Third World elites see Frederick Cooper and Randall Packer, eds., International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, 1997); and Michael Edward Latham, "Modernization as Ideology: Social Science Theory, National Identity, and American Foreign Policy" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1996). The major analytical statements of modernization as an American project are Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, England, 1960); and Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968). For a historical critique see Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, England, 1983); and, for a vigorous counterattack by an anthropologist, Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making of the Third World (Princeton, 1995).
71. On the curious development of concepts for viewing Third World elites see Frederick Cooper and Randall Packer, eds., International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, 1997); and Michael Edward Latham, "Modernization as Ideology: Social Science Theory, National Identity, and American Foreign Policy" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1996). The major analytical statements of modernization as an American project are Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, England, 1960); and Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968). For a historical critique see Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, England, 1983); and, for a vigorous counterattack by an anthropologist, Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making of the Third World (Princeton, 1995).
72. On the curious development of concepts for viewing Third World elites see Frederick Cooper and Randall Packer, eds., International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, 1997); and Michael Edward Latham, "Modernization as Ideology: Social Science Theory, National Identity, and American Foreign Policy" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1996). The major analytical statements of modernization as an American project are Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, England, 1960); and Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968). For a historical critique see Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, England, 1983); and, for a vigorous counterattack by an anthropologist, Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making of the Third World (Princeton, 1995).
73. On the curious development of concepts for viewing Third World elites see Frederick Cooper and Randall Packer, eds., International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, 1997); and Michael Edward Latham, "Modernization as Ideology: Social Science Theory, National Identity, and American Foreign Policy" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1996). The major analytical statements of modernization as an American project are Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, England, 1960); and Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968). For a historical critique see Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, England, 1983); and, for a vigorous counterattack by an anthropologist, Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making of the Third World (Princeton, 1995).
74. On the curious development of concepts for viewing Third World elites see Frederick Cooper and Randall Packer, eds., International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, 1997); and Michael Edward Latham, "Modernization as Ideology: Social Science Theory, National Identity, and American Foreign Policy" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1996). The major analytical statements of modernization as an American project are Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, England, 1960); and Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968). For a historical critique see Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, England, 1983); and, for a vigorous counterattack by an anthropologist, Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making of the Third World (Princeton, 1995).
75. On the curious development of concepts for viewing Third World elites see Frederick Cooper and Randall Packer, eds., International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley, 1997); and Michael Edward Latham, "Modernization as Ideology: Social Science Theory, National Identity, and American Foreign Policy" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1996). The major analytical statements of modernization as an American project are Walt Whitman Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, England, 1960); and Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968). For a historical critique see Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, England, 1983); and, for a vigorous counterattack by an anthropologist, Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making of the Third World (Princeton, 1995).
76. Marvin Zonis, Majestic Failure: The Fall of the Shah (Chicago, 1991); Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Indonesian Politics under Suharto, 3d ed. (London, 1999).
77. Marvin Zonis, Majestic Failure: The Fall of the Shah (Chicago, 1991); Michael R. J. Vatikiotis, Indonesian Politics under Suharto, 3d ed. (London, 1999).
78. Theda Skocpol, "Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization," World Politics 40 (January 1988): 147-68; Jeff Goodwin and Skocpol, "Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World," Politics and Society 17 (1989): 489-509; Quee-Young Kim, ed., Revolutions in the Third World (New York, 1991); and Barry M. Schutz and Robert O. Slater, Revolution and Political Change in the Third World (Boulder, 1990).
79. Theda Skocpol, "Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization," World Politics 40 (January 1988): 147-68; Jeff Goodwin and Skocpol, "Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World," Politics and Society 17 (1989): 489-509; Quee-Young Kim, ed., Revolutions in the Third World (New York, 1991); and Barry M. Schutz and Robert O. Slater, Revolution and Political Change in the Third World (Boulder, 1990).
80. Theda Skocpol, "Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization," World Politics 40 (January 1988): 147-68; Jeff Goodwin and Skocpol, "Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World," Politics and Society 17 (1989): 489-509; Quee-Young Kim, ed., Revolutions in the Third World (New York, 1991); and Barry M. Schutz and Robert O. Slater, Revolution and Political Change in the Third World (Boulder, 1990).
81. Theda Skocpol, "Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization," World Politics 40 (January 1988): 147-68; Jeff Goodwin and Skocpol, "Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World," Politics and Society 17 (1989): 489-509; Quee-Young Kim, ed., Revolutions in the Third World (New York, 1991); and Barry M. Schutz and Robert O. Slater, Revolution and Political Change in the Third World (Boulder, 1990).
82. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York, 1999), 7; for more critical views of the system that replaced the Cold War see Anthony Giddens, "The 1999 BBC Reith Lectures" at http:/www:lse.ac.uk/Giddens/; and Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford, 1999).
83. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York, 1999), 7; for more critical views of the system that replaced the Cold War see Anthony Giddens, "The 1999 BBC Reith Lectures" at http:/www:lse.ac.uk/Giddens/; and Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford, 1999).
84. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York, 1999), 7; for more critical views of the system that replaced the Cold War see Anthony Giddens, "The 1999 BBC Reith Lectures" at http:/www:lse.ac.uk/Giddens/; and Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford, 1999).
85. Robert Buzzanco, "What Happened to the New Left? Toward a Radical Reading of American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History 23 (Fall 1999): 575-607, and the debate between Buzzanco and his critics on H-DIPLO discussion logs starting in October 1999 (http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~diplo/). Interestingly, Buzzanco, in his footnotes, lists the works of only four non-American scholars - Marx, Lenin, Bukharin, and Geir Lundestad.
86. Another useful approach is the comparison with other periods and systems. See, for instance, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London, 1989); and the critique in Torbjørn Knutsen, The Rise and Fall of World Orders (Manchester, 1999). See also B. Teschke, "Geopolitical Relations in the European Middle Ages: History and Theory," International Organization 52, no. 2 (1998): 532-58.
87. Another useful approach is the comparison with other periods and systems. See, for instance, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London, 1989); and the critique in Torbjørn Knutsen, The Rise and Fall of World Orders (Manchester, 1999). See also B. Teschke, "Geopolitical Relations in the European Middle Ages: History and Theory," International Organization 52, no. 2 (1998): 532-58.
88. Another useful approach is the comparison with other periods and systems. See, for instance, Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London, 1989); and the critique in Torbjørn Knutsen, The Rise and Fall of World Orders (Manchester, 1999). See also B. Teschke, "Geopolitical Relations in the European Middle Ages: History and Theory," International Organization 52, no. 2 (1998): 532-58.