Indications and implications for testing of milk urea in dairy cattle: A quantitative review. Part 2. Effect of dietary protein on reproductive performance

New Zealand Veterinary Journal

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 123-130

  Westwood, C T ^a   Lean, I J ^b   Kellaway, R C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b Strategic Bovine Services   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039835208     PISSN: 00480169     EISSN: 11760710     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1998.36076     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Aalseth EP, Howard HJ, Dawson L, Adams GD, Bush LJ. Dietary protein, reproductive efficiency of cows examined. Feedstuffs 58, 12, 1986.
2. Abe N, Lean IJ, Rabiee A, Porter J, Graham C. Effects of sodium monensin on reproductive performance of dairy cattle. II. Effects on metabolites in plasma, resumption of ovarian activity and oestrus in lactating cows. Australian Veterinary Journal 71, 277-82, 1994.
3. Armstrong JD, Goodall EC, Gordan FM, Rice DC, McCaughey WJ. The effects of levels of concentrate offered and inclusion of maize gluten or fish meal in the concentrate on reproductive performance and blood parameters of dairy cows. Animal Production 50, 1-10, 1990.
4. Baker LD, Ferguson JD, Ramberg CF. Kinetic analysis of urea transport from plasma to milk in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75, Supplement 1, 181, 1992.
5. Blanchard T, Ferguson J, Love L, Takeda T, Henderson B, Hasler J, Chalupa W. Effect of dietary crude protein type on fertilisation and embryo quality in dairy cattle. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51, 905-8, 1990.
6. Blauwiekel R, Kincaid RL, Reeves JJ. Effect of high crude protein on pituitary and ovarian function in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 69, 439-46, 1986.
7. Bogin E, Avidar Y, Davidson M, Gordin S, Israeli B. Effect of nutrition on fertility and blood composition in the milk cow. Journal of Dairy Research 49, 13-23, 1982.
8. Breau WC, Boice ML, Tritschler JP, Prange RW, Duby RT. Migration ability through synthetic cervical mucus and acrosomal integrity of bull sperm after incubation with urea in vitro. Biology of Reproduction 32, Supplement 1, 219, 1985.
9. Bruckental I, Drori D, Kaim M, Lehrer H, Folman Y. Effects of source and level of protein on milk yield and reproductive performance of high-producing primiparous and multiparous dairy cows. Animal Production 48, 319-29, 1989.
10. Bruckental I, Tagari H, Amir S, Kennit H, Zamwell S. The effect on the performance of dairy cattle of plant protein concentration and of urea or urea-phosphate supplementation in the diet. Animal Production 43, 73-82, 1986.
11. Butler WR, Calaman JJ, Beam SW. Plasma and milk urea nitrogen in relation to pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science 74, 858-65, 1996.
12. Butler WR, Smith RD. Interrelationships between energy balance and post partum reproductive function in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 72, 767-83, 1989.
13. Canfield RW, Sniffen CJ, Butler WR. Effects of excess degradable protein on post partum reproduction and energy balance in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 73, 2342-9, 1990.
14. Carlsson J, Pehrson B. The relationships between seasonal variations in the concentration of urea in bulk milk and the production and fertility of dairy herds. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 40, 205-12, 1993.
15. Carlsson J, Pehrson B. The influence of the dietary balance between energy and protein on milk urea concentration. Experimental trials assessed by two different protein evaluation systems. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 35, 193-205, 1994.
16. Carroll DJ, Barton BA, Anderson GW, Smith RD. Influence of protein intake and feeding strategy on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 3470-81, 1988.
17. Carroll DJ, Hossain FR, Keller MR. Effect of supplemental fish meal on the lactation and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77, 3058-72, 1994.
18. Chandler PT, Brown CA, Johnston RP, MacLeod GK, McCarthy RD, Moss BR, Rakes AH, Satter LD. Protein and methionine hydroxy analog for lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 59, 1897-1909, 1976.
19. Dietz RW, Flipse RJ. Role of ammonia in interactions between the citric acid and urea cycles. Biology of Reproduction 1, 200-6, 1969.
20. Edwards JS, Bartley EE, Dyton AD. Effects of dietary protein concentration on lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 63, 243-8, 1980.
21. Eldon J, Olafsson T, Thorsteinsson T. The relationship between blood and fertility parameters in post partum dairy cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 29, 393-9, 1988.
22. Elrod CC. High dietary protein and high fertility: Can we have both? Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference 55, 32-9, 1992.
23. Elrod CC, Butler WR. Endometrial ion transport: Response to urea and ammonia. Journal of Animal Science 71, Supplement 1, 271, 1992.
24. Elrod CC, Butler WR. Reduction of fertility and alteration of uterine pH in heifers fed excess ruminally degradable protein. Journal of Animal Science 71, 694-701, 1993.
25. Elrod CC, van Amburgh M, Butler WR. Alterations of pH in response to increased dietary protein in cattle are unique to the uterus. Journal of Animal Science 71, 702-6, 1993.
26. Erb RE, Brown CM, Callahan CJ, Moeller NJ, Hill DL, Cunningham MD. Dietary urea for dairy cattle. II. Effect on functional traits. Journal of Dairy Science 59, 656-67, 1976.
27. Fenderson CL, Bergen WG. Effects of excess dietary protein on feed intake and nitrogen metabolism in steers. Journal of Animal Science 42, 1323-30, 1976.
28. Ferguson JD. Nutrition and reproduction in dairy cows. In: Proceedings of the South Western Nutritional Management Conference. Pp 70-86. University of Arizona, 1990.
29. Ferguson JD, Blanchard T, Galligan DT, Hoshall DC, Chalupa W. Infertility in dairy cattle fed a high percentage of protein degradable in the rumen. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 192, 659-62, 1988.
30. Ferguson JD, Chalupa W. Impact of protein nutrition on reproduction in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 72, 746-66, 1989.
31. Femandez-Baca EC. The Influence of Pasture Crude Protein Intake on Dairy Cattle Conception Efficiency. Unpublished Master of Philosophy Thesis. Massey University, Palmerston North, 1992.
32. Folman Y, Neumark H, Kaim M, Kaufmann W. Performance, rumen and blood metabolites in high yielding cows fed varying protein percents and protected soybean. Journal of Dairy Science 64, 759-68, 1981.
33. Folman Y, Rosenberg M, Herz Z, Davidson M. The relationship between plasma progesterone concentration and conception in post partum dairy cows maintained on two levels of nutrition. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 34, 267-78, 1973.
34. Garcia-Bojalil CM, Staples CR, Thatcher WW, Drost M. Protein intake and development of ovarian follicles and embryos of super ovulated non lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 77,2537-48, 1994.
35. Garverick HA, Erb RE, Randel RD, Cunningham MD. Dietary urea for dairy cattle. I. Relationship to luteal function. Journal Of Dairy Science 54, 1669-74, 1972.
36. Gordan FJ, McMurray CH. The optimum level of protein in the supplement for dairy cows with access to grass silage. Animal Production 29, 283-91, 1979.
37. Gustafsson AH, Carlsson J. Effects of silage quality, protein evaluation systems and milk urea content on milk yield and reproduction in dairy cows. Livestock Production Science 37, 91-105, 1993.
38. Hewett C. On the causes and effects of variations in the blood profile of Swedish dairy cattle. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Supplement 50, 1-152, 1974.
39. Hossain KM. A Study of Infertility in Dairy Cattle with Emphasis on Nutritional Involvement. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Queensland, Brisbane, 1993.
40. Howard HJ, Aalspeth EP, Adams GD, Bush LJ. Influence of dietary protein on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 70, 1563-71, 1987.
41. Huntington GB, Reynolds CK. Oxygen consumption and metabolic flux of bovine portal drained viscera and liver. Journal of Nutrition 117, 1167-73, 1987.
42. Jordan ER, Chapman TE, Holtan DW, Swanson LV. Relationship of dietary crude protein to composition of uterine secretions and blood in high producing dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 66, 1854-62, 1983.
43. Jordan ER, Swanson LV. Effect of crude protein on reproductive efficiency, serum total protein and albumin in the high-producing dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science 62, 58-63, 1979a.
44. Jordan ER, Swanson LV. Serum progesterone and luteinising hormone in dairy cattle fed varying levels of crude protein. Journal of Animal Science 48, 1154-8, 1979b.
45. Kaim M, Folman Y, Neumark H, Kaufmann W. The effect of protein intake and lactation number on postpartum body weight loss and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Animal Production 37, 229-35, 1983.
46. Kirchgessner M, Paulicks BR, Schwarz FJ. Changes in urea contents of milk of cows on diets low or excessive in protein. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Physiology 59, 79-84, 1988.
47. Lean IJ, Farver TB, Troutt HF, Brass ML, Galland JC, Baldwin RL, Holmberg CA, Weaver LD. Time series cross correlation analysis of postparturient relationships among serum metabolites and yield variables in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75, 1891-1900, 1992.
48. McDougall S. Postpartum Anoestrum in the Pasture Grazed New Zealand Dairy Cow. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Massey University, Palmerston North, 1994.
49. Mackle TR, Parr CR, Bryant AM. Nitrogen fertiliser effects on milk yield and composition, pasture intake, nitrogen and energy pardoning, and rumen fermentation parameters of dairy cows in early lactation. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 341-56, 1996.
50. MacMillan KL, Lean IJ, Westwood CT. The effects of lactation on the fertility of dairy cows. Australian Veterinary Journal 73,141-7,1996.
51. Miettinen, PVA. Correlation between energy balance and fertility in Finnish dairy cows. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 32,189-96,1991.
52. Moller S, Matthew C, Wilson GF. Pasture protein and soluble carbohydrate levels in spring dairy pasture and associations with cow performance. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 53, 83-86, 1993.
53. Moss RJ. Protein supplementation — Milk production, rumen ammonia and plasma urea. In: Proceedings of a Seminar on Milk and Blood Components as Indicators of Productive and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle. Pp 11-29. Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, N.S.W. Department of Agriculture, 1995.
54. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Sixth Revised Edition. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 1988.
55. Norton JH, Tranter WP, Campbell RSF, Ivers N, Martins P. A farming systems study of abortion in dairy cattle on the Atherton tablelands. 4. Pasture composition and plasma progesterone concentrations of pregnant cows in affected herds. Australian Veterinary Journal 66, 170-4, 1989.
56. Oldham JD. Protein-energy relationships in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 67, 1090-1114, 1984.
57. Oldham JD, Napper DJ, Smith T, Fulford RJ. Performance of dairy cows offered isonitrogenous diets containing urea or fish meal in early and in mid-lactation. British Journal of Nutrition 53, 33745, 1985.
58. Orskov ER, Reid GW, Tait CAG. Effect of fish meal on the mobilisation of body energy in dairy cows. Animal Production 45, 345-8, 1987.
59. Parr RA, Davis IF, Fairclough RJ, Miles MA. Overfeeding during early pregnancy reduces peripheral progesterone concentration and pregnancy rate in sheep. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 80, 317-20, 1987.
60. Parr RA, Davis IF, Miles MA, Squires TJ. Liver blood flow and metabolic clearance rate of progesterone in sheep. Research in Veterinary Science 55, 311-25, 1993.
61. Payne E, Morris JG. The effect of protein content of the diet on the rate of urea formation in sheep liver. Biochemistry Journal 113, 659-62, 1969.
62. Pehrson B, Forshell KP, Carlsson J.The effect of additional feeding on fertility of high yielding dairy cows. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 39, 187-92, 1992.
63. Peng Y, Harper AE. Amino acid balance and food intake: Effect of different dietary amino acid patterns on the plasma amino acid pattern of rats. Journal of Nutrition 100, 429-37, 1970.
64. Petitti DB. Meta-analysis, Decision Analysis and Cost Effectiveness Analysis. Methods for Quantitative Synthesis in Medicine. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, 1994.
65. Rabiee AR. Transovarian Uptake of Metabolites in Sheep and Cattle. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Sydney, Sydney, 1995.
66. Refsdal AO, Baevre L, Bruflot R. Urea as an indicator of the protein supply at the herd level. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 26, 153-63, 1985.
67. Ropstad E, Refsdal AO. Herd reproductive performance related to urea concentration in bulk milk. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 28, 55-63, 1987.
68. Rowlands GJ, Little W, Kitchenham BA. Relationships between blood composition and fertility in dairy cows. A field study. Journal of Dairy Research 44, 1-7, 1977.
69. Ruegg PL, Goodger WJ, Holmberg CA, Weaver LD, Huffman EM. Relation among body condition score, serum urea nitrogen, and cholesterol concentrations, and reproductive performance in high producing Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. American Journal ofVeterinary Research 53, 10-14, 1992.
70. Schillo KK. Effects of dietary energy on control of luteinizing hormone secretion in cattle and sheep. Journal of Animal Science 70, 1271-82, 1992.
71. Sonderegger H, Schurch A. A study of the influence of the energy and protein supply on the fertility of dairy cows. Livestock Production Science 4, 327-33, 1977.
72. Sonderman JP, Weaver GE, Larson LL. Effect of dietary protein level and exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone on circulating progesterone concentrations in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 70, Supplement 1, 183-4, 1987.
73. Stalheim OHV, Gallagher JE. Ureaplasmal epithelial lesions related to ammonia. Infection and Immunology 15, 995-6, 1977.
74. Treacher RJ, Collis KA. The effect of protein intake on the activities of liver specific enzymes in the plasma of dairy cows. Research in Veterinary Science 22, 101-4, 1977.
75. Treacher RJ, Stark AJ, Collis KA. The health and performance of cows fed large amounts of urea. Journal of Dairy Research 46, 1-14,1979.
76. Trevaskis L. Effects of various factors on milk urea concentration in pasture-grazing dairy cows. In: Proceedings of a Seminar on Milk and Blood Components as Indicators of Productive and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle. Pp 47-52.
77. Wollongbar Agricultural Institute, N.S.W. Department of Agriculture, 1995.
78. Turner TT, Howards SS. Factors involved in the initiation of sperm motility. Biology of Reproduction 18, 571-8, 1978.
79. Virtanen AI. Milk production of cows on protein free feed. Science 153, 1603-14, 1966.
80. Westwood CT, Lean IJ, Kellaway RC. Indications and implications for testing of milk urea in dairy cattle: A quantitative review. Part1. Dietary protein sources and metabolism. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 46, 87-96, 1998.
81. Williamson, NB, Femandez-Baca E. The role of dietary protein and energy in dairy herd fertility. In: Proceedings of the 9th Seminar for the Society of Dairy Cattle Veterinarians of the New Zealand Veterinary Association, 39-48, 1992.
82. Zurek E, Foxcroft GR, Kennelly JJ. Metabolic status and interval to first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 78, 1909-20, 1995.