What makes successful business lobbies? Business associations and the rentier state in Jordan and Kuwait

Comparative Politics

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 127-147

  Moore, Pete W ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039768507     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422375     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. See Ben Ross Schneider, "Elusive Synergy: Business-Government Relations and Development," Comparative Politics, 31 (October 1998).
2. See, for instance, Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan," in Frederic Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987); and Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991).
3. See, for instance, Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan," in Frederic Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987); and Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991).
4. See, for instance, Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan," in Frederic Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987); and Ziya Önis, "The Logic of the Developmental State," Comparative Politics, 24 (October 1991).
5. I am indebted to Ben Ross Schneider for this observation.
6. William D. Coleman, Business and Politics: A Study of Collective Action (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996), pp. 48-52.
7. J. Roger Hollingsworth, "New Perspectives on the Spatial Dimensions of Economic Coordination: Tensions between Globalization and Social Systems of Production," Review of International Political Economy, 5 (Autumn 1998), 487.
8. Peter Evans, "State Structures, Government-Business Relations, and Economic Transformation," in Sylvia Maxfield and Ben Ross Schneider, eds., Business and the State in Developing Countries (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 67.
9. Johnson, pp. 141-43.
10. Some of the recent additions include Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Kiren Aziz Chaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Douglas A. Yates, The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependency and Neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1996); and Dirk Vandewalle, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
11. Some of the recent additions include Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Kiren Aziz Chaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Douglas A. Yates, The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependency and Neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1996); and Dirk Vandewalle, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
12. Some of the recent additions include Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Kiren Aziz Chaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Douglas A. Yates, The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependency and Neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1996); and Dirk Vandewalle, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
13. Some of the recent additions include Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Kiren Aziz Chaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Douglas A. Yates, The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependency and Neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1996); and Dirk Vandewalle, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
14. Some of the recent additions include Terry Lynn Karl, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Kiren Aziz Chaudhry, The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Douglas A. Yates, The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependency and Neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1996); and Dirk Vandewalle, Libya since Independence: Oil and State-Building (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998).
15. Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 49-51.
16. Maxfield and Schneider, eds., pp. 22-23.
17. Eric A. Nordlinger, On the Autonomy of the Democratic State (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 35.
18. "Since even narrow coalitions can act to achieve greater efficiency - productively rather than distributionally - Olson's theory must be modified." Ronald Rogowski, "Structure, Growth, and Power: Three Rationalist Accounts," in Robert Bates, ed., Toward a Political Economy of Development: A Rational Choice Perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 317.
19. Jacqueline Ismael, Kuwait: Social Change in Historical Perspective (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1982); and Abdul-Reda Assiri and Kamal Al-Monoufi, "Kuwait's Political Elite: The Cabinet," Middle East Journal, 42 (Winter 1988).
20. Jacqueline Ismael, Kuwait: Social Change in Historical Perspective (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1982); and Abdul-Reda Assiri and Kamal Al-Monoufi, "Kuwait's Political Elite: The Cabinet," Middle East Journal, 42 (Winter 1988).
21. Quote taken from the British colonial resident describing merchant emigrants to the city of al-Salt in 1867. Cited in Mustafa B. Hamarneh, "Social and Economic Transformation of TransJordan, 1921-1946" (Ph.D. diss., Georgetown University, 1985), p. 95.
22. Al-Qãnun wa al-Nizãm, Ghurfat Tijãrat wa Sanã't al-Kuwait [By-Laws and Rules of the Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry] (1993).
23. Al-Qãnun wa al-Nizãm, Ghurfat Tijãrat Amman [By-Laws and Rules of the Amman Chamber of Commerce] (1995).
24. Abla Amawi, "The Consolidation of the Merchant Class in TransJordan during the Second World War," in Eugene Rogan and Tariq Tell, eds., Village, Steppe, and State: The Social Origins of Modern Jordan (New York: British Academic Press, 1996).
25. Arab Gulf states gathered in Khartoum for an Arab League meeting pledged annual financial support to Jordan for its stance against Israel. The 1978 Baghdad summit reaffirmed these pledges.
26. Though not normally included in rent calculations, foreign loans and earnings from government-owned potash and phosphate mining would push the revenue percentage well above 50 percent.
27. See Crystal.
28. Gwenn Okruhlik, "Rentier Wealth, Unruly Law, and the Rise of Opposition: The Political Economy of Oil States," Comparative Politics, 31 (April 1999).
29. Interviews with Tayseer Abdel Jabber, Director, Arab Consulting Center, June 27, 1995, and Mamduh Abu Hassan, former Board Member, ACC, November 5, 1996; The Middle East (February 1979).
30. Interview with Isa Majeed al-Shaheen, Spokesman for the Islamic Constitutional Movement, Kuwait, March 3, 1996.
31. Diego Gambetta, Were They Pushed or Did They Jump? Individual Decision Mechanisms in Education (Oslo: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
32. Official Gazette, Law No. 21, 1961; interview with Said O. Matook, former Board Member, ACC, Amman, November 13, 1996.
33. Interviews with Mohammed Tijani and Said Matook, who served as officials of the chamber in this period, confirmed the intent of the by-law change.
34. Interviews with Muhammed Asfour, former President, ACC, May 24, 1995, and Hamdi Tabba, former president, ACC, Amman June 27, 1995.
35. Philippe Schmitter and Wolfgang Streeck, "Community, Market, State - and Associations?," in Philippe Schmitter and Wolfgang Streeck, eds., Private Interest Governance (London: Sage, 1985).
36. Interview with Odeh Sweiss, former Director of Research, ACC, Amman, October 30, 1996.
37. Fida Darwiche, The Gulf Stock Exchange Crash: The Rise and Fall of the Souq Al-Manakh (London: Croom Held, 1986), p. 50.
38. Mahmoud A. Kaboudan, "Oil Revenue and Kuwait's Economy: An Econometric Approach," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 20 (1988), 46.
39. Statistical Abstract in 25 Years (1990), Ministry of Planning, Kuwait.
40. Middle East Contemporary Survey, 17 (1993), 496.
41. Interview with Walid Khadurri, Executive Editor, Middle East Economic Survey, Nicosia, Cyprus, July 10, 1995.
42. Economist Intelligence Unit (Kuwait), 1 (1986), 7.
43. Middle East Economic Digest, Apr. 26, 1985; Economist Intelligence Unit, 2 (1994).
44. Middle East Economic Digest, Apr. 26, 1985; Economist Intelligence Unit, 2 (1994).
45. Al-Qabas (daily newspaper), Dec. 15, 16, 1982.
46. Interview with Majeed Jamal Adin, Advisor, KCCI, Kuwait, December 6, 1995; Middle East Economic Survey, Dec. 6, 1982, p. B1.
47. Darwiche, The Gulf Stock Exchange, p. 120; Al-Qabas, June 21, 27, 1983.
48. Darwiche, The Gulf Stock Exchange, p. 120; Al-Qabas, June 21, 27, 1983.
49. Middle East Economic Survey, Nov. 5, 1984.
50. Interview with Abdul Aziz Sultan, Kuwait, March 5, 1996.
51. Amendments to the Law Collecting Difficult Debts: Why and in Which Direction?, Notes Submitted to the Finance Committee by the KCCI, April 24, 1995.
52. International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1996, IMF.
53. Financial Times, Aug. 27, 1987.
54. World Tables 1995, World Bank. Given the difficulty of tracking real amounts of remittances, the loss was probably greater.
55. For the method of calculation, see Thomas Stauffer, "The Dynamics of Petroleum Dependency: Growth in an Oil Rentier State," Finance and Industry, 2 (1981).
56. Interviews with Asfour and Anis Muashir, General-Secretary, Al-Wahd Party, Amman, December 3, 1996.
57. Hawal Mushruwa Qanun al-Dariba al-Amma ala al-Mabiat (1994) [About the draft sales tax law], Article 4, Item B, Finance Committee, Parliament.
58. Interview with Muhammed Muhtasib, Board Member, ACC, Amman, December 6, 1996.
59. Interview with Sami Ghammo, former Minister of Finance, Amman, July 3, 1995.
60. Interview with Muhtasib.
61. Al-Aswaq, Feb. 16, 1994.
62. Qanun al-Dariba al-Amma ala al-Mabiat [The Sales Tax Law], The Official Gazette (Amman), 6 (1994); and Middle East Economic Digest, Sept. 30, 1994.
63. Qanun al-Dariba al-Amma ala al-Mabiat [The Sales Tax Law], The Official Gazette (Amman), 6 (1994); and Middle East Economic Digest, Sept. 30, 1994.
64. Jordan: Private Sector Assessment, Private Sector Development and Infrastructure Division, Middle East Department, World Bank, August 25, 1995, p. X.
65. Interviews with Muhtasib and Ghammo.
66. Interview with Daniel Joly, First Secretary, Embassy of Canada, Amman, June 1, 1995.
67. List of attendees provided by the Canadian Embassy, Amman.
68. Interview with P. V. Vivekanand, Editor, Jordan Times, November 7, 1996.
69. Moin A. Siddiqi, "Kuwait: Financial Report," The Middle East (February 1999), 29.
70. William D. Coleman, "Associational Governance in a Globalizing Era: Weathering the Storm," in J. Rogers Hollingsworth and Robert Boyer, eds., Contemporary Capitalism: The Embeddedness of Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 129-30.
71. Stanley A. Kochanek, "The Transformation of Interest Politics in India," Pacific Affairs (Winter 1995-96).