Nonlinear optical beam propagation and solitons in photorefractive media

Rivista del Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica

Volumn 21, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 1-37

  Crosignani, B ^a,e   Di Porto, P ^a,e   Segev, M ^b   Salamo, G ^c   Yariv, A ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF L'AQUILA   (Italy)

^b Princeton University   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^d California Institute of Technology   (United States)

^e INFM   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039506159     PISSN: 0393697X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02874290     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. BLOEMBERGEN N., Nonlinear Optics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.) 1991; Encounters in Nonlinear Optics: selected Papers of Nicolaas Bloembergen, edited by N. BLOEMBERGEN (World Scientific, NJ), 1996; SHEN Y. R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York) 1984.
2. BLOEMBERGEN N., Nonlinear Optics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.) 1991; Encounters in Nonlinear Optics: selected Papers of Nicolaas Bloembergen, edited by N. BLOEMBERGEN (World Scientific, NJ), 1996; SHEN Y. R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York) 1984.
3. BLOEMBERGEN N., Nonlinear Optics (Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.) 1991; Encounters in Nonlinear Optics: selected Papers of Nicolaas Bloembergen, edited by N. BLOEMBERGEN (World Scientific, NJ), 1996; SHEN Y. R., The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York) 1984.
4. CHIAO R. Y., GARMIRE E. and TOWNES C. H., Phys. Rev. Lett., 13 (1964) 479.
5. ZAKHAROV V. E. and SHABAT A. B., Sov. Phys. JETP, 34 (1972) 62.
6. See, e.g., AGRAWAL G. P., Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Academic Press, New York) 1989.
7. See, e.g., HASEGAWA A. and KODAMA Y., Solitons in Optical Communications (Clarendon Press, Oxford) 1995.
8. See, e.g., INFELD E. and ROWLANDS G., Nonlinear Waves, Solitons and Chaos (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) 1990.
9. Temporal solitons were first demonstrated by MOLLENHAUER L. F., STOLEN R. H. and GORDON J. P., Phys. Rev. Lett., 45 (1980) 1095.
10. See., e.g., the first observation of spatial solitons in solids, AITCHISON J. S., WEINER A. M., SILBERBERG Y., OLIVER M. K., JACKEL J. L., LEAIRD D. E., VOGEL E. M. and SMITH P. W., Opt. Lett., 15 (1990) 471.
11. KELLEY P. L., Phys. Rev. Lett., 15 (1964) 1005.
12. ZAKHAROV V. E. and RUBENCHIK A. M., Sov. Phys. JETP, 38 (1974) 494.
13. We use the term "soliton" in conjunction with non-diffracting self-trapped optical beams, i.e. we use the broader definition of solitons including those in non-integrable systems, as defined by ZAKHAROV V. E. and MALOMED B. A., in Physical Encyclopedia, edited by A. M. PROKHOROV (Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow) 1994.
14. SEGEV M., CROSIGNANI B., YARIV A. and FISCHER B., Phys. Rev. Lett., 68 (1992) 923.
15. DUREE G. C., SHULTZ J. L., SALAMO G. J., SEGEV M., YARIV A., CROSIGNANI B., DI PORTO P., SHARP E. J., NEURGAONKAR R. R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 71 (1993) 533.
16. TORRUELLAS W. E., WANG Z., HAGAN D. J., VAN STRYLAND E. W., STEGEMAN G. I., TORNER L. and MENYUK C. R., Phys. Rev. Lett., 74 (1995) 5036.
17. TIKHONENKO V., CHRISTOU J. and LUTHER-DAVIES B., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 2698; one related obserevation was reported much earlier: BJORKHOLM J. E. and ASHKIN A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 32 (1974) 129.
18. TIKHONENKO V., CHRISTOU J. and LUTHER-DAVIES B., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 2698; one related obserevation was reported much earlier: BJORKHOLM J. E. and ASHKIN A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 32 (1974) 129.
19. ASHKIN A., BOYD G. D., DZIEDZIC J. M., SMITH R. G., BALLMAN A. A., LEVINSTEIN J. J. and NASSAU K., Appl. Phys. Lett., 9 (1966) 72.
20. YARIV A., Optical Electronics, 5th edition (Wiley, New York) 1995.
21. YEH P., Introduction to Photorefractive Nonlinear Optics (Wiley, New York) 1993.
22. SOLYMAR L., WEBB D. J. and GRUNNET-JEPSEN A., The Physics and Applications of Photorefractive Materials (Clarendon Press, Oxford) 1996.
23. VINETSKI V. L. and KUKHTAREV N. V., Sov. Phys. Solid State, 16 (1975) 2414.
24. KUKHTAREV N. V., MARKOV V. B., ODULOV S. G., SOSKIN M. S. and VINETSKI V. L., Ferroelectrics, 22 (1979) 961.
25. A) and thus would become too large for the purpose of recording optical information.
26. CROSIGNANI B., DI PORTO P., DEGASPERIS A., SEGEV M. and TRILLO S., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 14 (1997) 3078.
27. This term can be shown to be responsible for a self-bending of the self-trapped beam which does not alter its shape; see, e.g., SINGH S.R. and CHRISTODOULIDES D. N., Opt. Commun., 118 (1995) 569.
28. SEGEV M., VALLEY G., CROSIGNANI B., DI PORTO P. and YARIV A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 73 (1994) 3211.
29. SEGEV M., SHIH M. and VALLEY G., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 13 (1996) 706.
30. CHRISTODOULIDES D. N. and CARVALHO M. I., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 12 (1995) 1628.
31. SEGEV M., YARIV A., SALAMO, G., SHULTZ J., CROSIGNANI B. and DI PORTO P., Opt. Photonics News, 4(12) (1993) 8.
32. DUREE G. C., MORIN M., SALAMO G. J., SEGEV M., CROSIGNANI B., DI PORTO P., SHARP E. and YARIV A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 74 (1995) 1978.
33. SEGEV M., SALAMO G. J., DUREE G. C., MORIN M., CROSIGNANI B., DI PORTO P. and YARIV A., Opt. Photonics News, 5(12) (1994) 9.
34. DUREE G. C., SALAMO G. J., SEGEV M., YARIV A., CROSIGNANI B., DI PORTO P. and SHARP E., Opt. Lett., 16 (1994) 1195.
35. SEGEV M., CROSIGNANI B., DI PORTO P., YARIV A., DUREE G. C., SALAMO G. J. and SHARP E., Opt. Lett., 17 (1994) 1296.
36. MORIN M., DUREE G., SALAMO G. and SEGEV M., Opt. Lett., 20 (1995) 2066.
37. GÓMEZ SARABIA C. M., MÁRQUEZ AQUILAR P. A., SÁNCHEZ MONDRAGÓN J. J., STEPANOV S. and VYSLOUKH V., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 13 (1996) 2767.
38. CROSIGNANI B., SEGEV M., ENGIN D., DI PORTO P., YARIV A. and SALAMO G., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 10 (1993) 446.
39. CHRISTODOULIDES D. N. and CARVALHO M. I., Opt. Lett., 19 (1994) 1714.
40. FRESSENGEAS N., MAUFOY J. and KUGEL G., Phys.Rev. E, 54 (1996) 6866.
41. SEGEV M., CROSIGNANI B., SALAMO G., DUREE G., DI PORTO P. and YARIV A., Photorefractive spatial solitons, in Photorefractive Effects and Materials, edited by D. NOLTE (Kluwer, Boston) 1995, Chapt. 4.
42. GLASS A. M., VON DER LINDE D. and NEGRAN T. J., Appl. Phys. Lett., 25 (1974) 233.
43. STURMAN B. I. and FRIDKIN V. M., The Photovoltaic and Photorefractive Effect in Non-Centrosymmetric Materials (Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia) 1992.
44. VALLEY G. C., SEGEV M., CROSIGNANI B., YARIV A., FEJER M. M. and BASHAW M., Phys. Rev. A 50 (1994) R4457.
45. SEGEV M., VALLEY G. C., BASHAW M. C., TAYA M. and FEJER M. M., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 14 (1997) 1772.
46. TAYA M., BASHAW M. C., FEJER M. M., SEGEV M. and VALLEY G. C., Phys. Rev. A 52 (1995) 3095.
47. TAYA M., BASHAW M. C., FEJER M. M., SEGEV M. and VALLEY G. C., Opt. Lett., 21 (1996) 943.
48. CHEN Z., SEGEV M., WILSON D. W., MULLER R. E. and MAKER P. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 (1997) 2948.
49. BIAN S., FREJLICH J. and RINGHOFER K. H., Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 (1997) 4035.
50. ITURBE-CASTILLO M. D., MARQUEZ-AGUILAR P. A., SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J. J., STEPANOV S. and VYSLOUKH V., Appl. Phys. Lett., 64 (1994) 408.
51. SHIH M., SEGEV M., VALLEY G. C., SALAMO G., CROSIGNANI B. and DI PORTO P., Electron. Lett., 31 (1995) 826.
52. SHIH M., LEACH P., SEGEV M., GARRET M. H., SALAMO G. and VALLEY G. C., Opt. Lett., 21 (1996) 324.
53. Kos K., MENG H., SALAMO G., SHIH M., SEGEV M. and VALLEY G. C., Phys. Rev. E, 53 (1996) R4330.
54. MAMAEV A. V., SAFFMAN M., ANDERSON D. Z. and ZOZULYA A. A., Phys. Rev. A, 54 (1996) 870. In this paper, it is claimed that both bright and dark photorefractive solitons suffer from transverse instabilities and are unstable. But the experimental results presented in the same paper clearly show "self-trapped channel of light" that do not exhibit transverse instabilities (figs. 5d and 14b). Instability was observed only when further "increasing the nonlinearity" (see discussion on page 874 there). The similarity between the experimental and the numerical results showing the development of the instability in that paper is misleading: the experimental results (figs. 5 and 14) show sequences of output intensity distributions (at a fixed propagation distance) for different levels of applied voltages (i.e. different levels of nonlinearity), only one of which corresponds to that of a soliton ( that is on the existence curve), whereas the simulations (figs. 1 and 9) show the near field intensity evolution for different propagation distances for a fixed set of parameters (i.e. at a fixed voltage) that greatly differs from that of a soliton.
55. INFELD E. and LENKOWSKA-CZERWINSKA T., Phys. Rev. E, 55 (1997) 6101.
56. ZOZULYA A. A and ANDERSON D. Z., Phys. Rev. A, 51 (1995) 1520.
57. ZOZULYA A. A and ANDERSON D. Z., Opt. Lett., 20 (1995) 837.
58. BURAK D. and NASALSKI W., Appl. Opt., 33 (1994) 6393.
59. CHEN Z., MITCHELL M., SHIH M., SEGEV M., GARRET M. H. and VALLEY G. C., Opt. Lett., 21 (1996) 629.
60. SWARTZLANDER G. A., ANDERSEN D. R., REGAN J. J., YIN H. and KAPLAN A. E., Phys. Rev. Lett., 66 (1991) 1583.
61. ALLAN G. R., SKINNER S. R., ANDERSEN D. R. and SMIRL A. L., Opt. Lett., 16 (1991) 156.
62. ITURBE-CASTILLO M. D., SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J. J., STEPANOV S. I., KLEIN M. B. and WECHSLER B. A., Opt. Commun., 118 (1995) 515.
63. CHEN Z., MITCHELL M. and SEGEV M., Opt. Lett., 21 (1996) 716.
64. CHEN Z., SEGEV M., SINGH S. R., COSKUN T. and CHRISTODOULIDES D. N., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 14 (1997) 1407.
65. MAMAEV A. V., SAFFMAN M. and ZOZULYA A. A., Phys. Rev. Lett., 77 (1996) 4544.
66. CHEN Z., SHIH M., SEGEV, WILSON D. W., MULLER R. E. and MAKER P. D., Opt. Lett., 22 (1997) 1751.
67. ASKAR'YAN G. A., Sov. Phys. JETP, 15 (1962) 1088.
68. SNYDER A. W., MITCHELL D. J., POLADIAN L. and LADOUCEUR F., Opt. Lett., 16 (1991) 21.
69. SNYDER A. W., MITCHELL D. J. and KIVSHAR Y. S., Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 9 (1995) 1479.
70. MITCHELL D. J., SNYDER A. W. and POLADIAN L., Opt. Commun., 41 (1991) 59.
71. DE LA FUENTE R., BARTHELEMY A. and FROEHLY C., Opt. Lett., 16 (1991) 793.
72. LUTHER-DAVIES B. and YANG X., Opt. Lett., 17 (1992) 496; 1755.
73. BOSSHARD C., MAMYSHEV P. V. and STEGEMAN G., Opt. Lett., 19 (1994) 90.
74. SWATRZLANDER G. A. and LAW C. T., Phys. Rev. Lett., 69 (1992) 2503.
75. SHIH M., SEGEV M. and SALAMO G., Opt. Lett., 21 (1996) 931.
76. SHIH M., CHEN Z., MITCHELL M., SEGEV M., LEE H., FEIGELSON R. and WILDE J., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 14 (1997) 3091.
77. LAN S., SHIH M. and SEGEV M., Opt. Lett., 22 (1997) 1467.
78. ZABUSKY N. J. and KRUSKAL M. D., Phys. Rev. Lett., 15 (1965) 240.
79. SNYDER A. W. and SHEPPARD A. P., Opt. Lett. 18 (1993) 482.
80. POLODIAN L., SNYDER A. W. and MITCHELL D. J., Opt. Commun., 85 (1991) 59.
81. SHIH M. and SEGEV M., Opt. Lett., 21 (1996) 1538.
82. KROLIKOWSKI W. and HOLMSTROM S. A., Opt. Lett., 22 (1997) 369.
83. SHIH M., SEGEV M. and SALAMO G., Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 (1997) 2551.
84. BARTHELEMY A, MANEUF S. and FROEHLY C., Opt. Commun., 55 (1985) 201; REYNAUD F. and BARTHELEMY A., Europhys. Lett., 12 (1990) 401.
85. BARTHELEMY A, MANEUF S. and FROEHLY C., Opt. Commun., 55 (1985) 201; REYNAUD F. and BARTHELEMY A., Europhys. Lett., 12 (1990) 401.
86. AITCHISON J. S., WEINER A. M., SILBERBERG Y., OLIVER M. K., JACKEL J. L., LEAIRD D. E., VOGEL E. M. and SMITH P. W., Opt. Lett. 15 (1990) 471; 16 (191) 15.
87. AITCHISON J. S., WEINER A. M., SILBERBERG Y., OLIVER M. K., JACKEL J. L., LEAIRD D. E., VOGEL E. M. and SMITH P. W., Opt. Lett. 15 (1990) 471; 16 (191) 15.
88. GATZ S. and HERRMANN J., IEEE J. Quant. Electron, 28 (1992) 1732.
89. SNYDER A. W. and SHEPPARD A. P., Opt. Lett., 18 (1993) 482.
90. SHIH M., CHEN Z., SEGEV M., COSKUN T. and CHRISTODOULIDES D. N., Appl. Phys. Lett., 69 (1996) 4151.
91. MENG H., SALAMO G., SHIH M. and SEGEV M., Opt. Lett., 22 (1997) 448.
92. GARCIA-QUIRINO G. S., ITURBE-CASTILLO M. D., VYSLOUKH V., SANCHEZ-MONDRAGON J. J., STEPANOV S. I., LUGO-MARTINEZ G. and TORRES-CISNEROS G. E., Opt. Lett., 22 (1997) 154.
93. TIKHONENKO V., CHRISTOU J. and LUTHER-DAVIES B., Phys. Rev. Lett., 76 (1996) 2698.
94. SHIH M., SEGEV M., SALAMO G. and KIVSHAR Y., Opt. Photonics News, 8(12) (1997) 43.
95. MITCHELL M., CHEN Z., SHIH M. and SEGEV M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 77 (1996) 490.
96. MITCHELL M. and SEGEV M., Nature, 387 (1997) 880; See also commentary on this article in the News and Views section of the same issue: BOARDMAN A., Nature, 387 (1997) 854.
97. MITCHELL M. and SEGEV M., Nature, 387 (1997) 880; See also commentary on this article in the News and Views section of the same issue: BOARDMAN A., Nature, 387 (1997) 854.
98. CHRISTODOULIDES D. N, COSKUN T. H., MITCHELL M. and SEGEV M., Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 (1997) 646.
99. MITCHELL M., SEGEV M., COSKUN T. and CHRISTODOULIDES D. N., Phys. Rev. Lett., 79 (1997) 4990.
100. CHAUVET M., HAWKINS S. A., SALAMO G. J., SEGEV M., BLISS D. F. and BRYANT G., Opt. Lett., 21 (1996) 1333.
101. CHAUVET M., HAWKINS S. A., SALAMO G. J., SEGEV M., BLISS D. F. and BRYANT G., Appl. Phys. Lett., 70 (1996) 2499.