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In this paper, as in all our other papers on self-trapping of optical beams in photorefractive media, we use the term "soliton" in conjunction with nondiffracting self-trapped optical beams. That is, we use the broader definition of solitons that includes those in nonintegrable systems, as defined by V. E. Zakharov and B. A. Malomed, in Physical Encyclopedia, A. M. Prokhorov, ed. (Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1994), p. 571 , and also as discussed in detail by V. G. Makhankov in his review paper, Phys. Rep. 35, 1 (1978).
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In this paper, as in all our other papers on self-trapping of optical beams in photorefractive media, we use the term "soliton" in conjunction with nondiffracting self-trapped optical beams. That is, we use the broader definition of solitons that includes those in nonintegrable systems, as defined by V. E. Zakharov and B. A. Malomed, in Physical Encyclopedia, A. M. Prokhorov, ed. (Great Russian Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1994), p. 571 , and also as discussed in detail by V. G. Makhankov in his review paper, Phys. Rep. 35, 1 (1978).
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Steady-state self-focusing effects in biased photorefractive crystals were first observed by M. D. Iturbe-Castillo, P. A. Marquez-Aguilar, J. J. Sanchez-Mondragon, S. Stepanov, and V. Vysloukh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 408 (1994).
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18
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M. Shih, P. Leach, M. Segev, M. Garrett, G. Salamo, and G. C. Valley, Opt. Lett. 21, 324 (1996).
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20
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K. Kos, H. Ming, G. Salamo, M. Shih, M. Segev, and G. C. Valley, Rapid Comm., Phys. Rev. E 53, R4330 (1996).
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23
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M. D. Iturbe-Castillo, J. J. Sanchez-Mondragón, S. I. Stepanov, M. B. Klein, and B. A. Wechsler, Opt. Commun. 118, 515 (1995).
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M. Segev, G. C. Valley, S. R. Singh, M. I. Carvalho, and D. N. Christodoulides, Opt. Lett. 20, 1764 (1995).
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Z. Chen, M. Segev, T. Coskun, D. N. Christodoulides, Y. Kivshar, and V. V. Afanasjev, Opt. Lett. 21, 1821 (1996).
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37
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35949005183
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G. C. Valley, M. Segev, B. Crosignani, A. Yariv, M. M. Fejer, and M. Bashaw, Phys. Rev. A 50, R4457 (1994).
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38
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M. Taya, M. Bashaw, M. M. Fejer, M. Segev, and G. C. Valley, Phys. Rev. A 52, 3095 (1995).
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39
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41
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44
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0345961632
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P. Gunter and J. P. Huignard, eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, Chap. 3
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G. C. Valley and J. Lam, in Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications I, P. Gunter and J. P. Huignard, eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988), Chap. 3.
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Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications I
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Valley, G.C.1
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46
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48
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84894399498
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note
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We note that photovoltaic gray solitons, which propagate at some angle with respect to the optical axis z, are also possible. In fact, the Y-junction solitons observed in the research reported Ref. 36 can be considered a gray pair once the channels are well separated. The theory of photovoltaic gray solitons resembles that of gray screening solitons (described in Ref. 13).
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49
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84894394551
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note
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More-complicated configurations can lead to tensor effects and to vector solitons, as described in Ref. 25.
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50
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84894401595
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note
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dark is. If photovoltaic dark irradiance could exist, it would permit polar currents driven by temperature and thereby perpetual-motion machines.
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52
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84894397337
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note
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In fact, the most significant correction factor is to Eq. (8), which leads to self-bending effects. For screening solitons, self-bending was predicted in Ref. 14 and observed in the research reported Refs. 18, 24, 25, and 32).
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54
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84894398859
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note
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0 > 0.05 this effect is almost unnoticeable.
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55
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0027573588
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The idea to treat solitons as the guided modes of the waveguides that they induce was pioneered by A. W. Synder and A. P. Sheppard, Opt. Lett. 18, 482 (1993) and by Y. Silberberg, "Self-induced waveguide: spatial optical solitons," in Anisotropic and Nonlinear Optical Waveguides, G. C. Someda and G. I. Stegeman, eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992). See also the review by A. W. Synder, D. J. Mitchell, and Y. Kivshar, Mod. Phys. Lett. B 9, 1479 (1995).
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Synder, A.W.1
Sheppard, A.P.2
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56
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0343322465
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Self-induced waveguide: Spatial optical solitons
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G. C. Someda and G. I. Stegeman, eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam
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The idea to treat solitons as the guided modes of the waveguides that they induce was pioneered by A. W. Synder and A. P. Sheppard, Opt. Lett. 18, 482 (1993) and by Y. Silberberg, "Self-induced waveguide: spatial optical solitons," in Anisotropic and Nonlinear Optical Waveguides, G. C. Someda and G. I. Stegeman, eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992). See also the review by A. W. Synder, D. J. Mitchell, and Y. Kivshar, Mod. Phys. Lett. B 9, 1479 (1995).
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(1992)
Anisotropic and Nonlinear Optical Waveguides
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Silberberg, Y.1
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57
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0001159839
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The idea to treat solitons as the guided modes of the waveguides that they induce was pioneered by A. W. Synder and A. P. Sheppard, Opt. Lett. 18, 482 (1993) and by Y. Silberberg, "Self-induced waveguide: spatial optical solitons," in Anisotropic and Nonlinear Optical Waveguides, G. C. Someda and G. I. Stegeman, eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992). See also the review by A. W. Synder, D. J. Mitchell, and Y. Kivshar, Mod. Phys. Lett. B 9, 1479 (1995).
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Synder, A.W.1
Mitchell, D.J.2
Kivshar, Y.3
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58
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84894396995
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note
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max, there will be a transient effect, because the induced refractive index Δn(ξ) has to readjust to a new offset value, as shown in Fig. 8.
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59
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84894390484
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note
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Switching of solitons by use of a change in a single parameter that causes large deviations in the existence curve was used in the coupled soliton pairs experiments of Refs. 32 and 33.
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