Scheduling practices based on audience flow: What are the effects on new program success?

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 74, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 839-858

  Adams, William J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039471539     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909707400412     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Les Brown, Television: The Business Behind the Box (New York, NY:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 98-123; A. Frank Reel, The Networks: How They Stole The Show (New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979), 31-66; "Season to Date: HUT's Down Again," Broadcasting, 3 December 1984, 39-40.
2. Les Brown, Television: The Business Behind the Box (New York, NY:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 98-123; A. Frank Reel, The Networks: How They Stole The Show (New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979), 31-66; "Season to Date: HUT's Down Again," Broadcasting, 3 December 1984, 39-40.
3. Les Brown, Television: The Business Behind the Box (New York, NY:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971), 98-123; A. Frank Reel, The Networks: How They Stole The Show (New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979), 31-66; "Season to Date: HUT's Down Again," Broadcasting, 3 December 1984, 39-40.
4. Bruce M. Owen and Steven S. Wildman, Video Economics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1992), 10-11.
5. Les Brown, "The Secrets of Successful Programming," Television Business International, October 1989, 99-116.
6. G.J. Goodhardt, A.S.C. Ehrenberg, and M.A. Collins, The Television Audience: Patterns of Viewing (Westmead, England: Saxon House, 1979).
7. James G. Webster, "Program Audience Duplication: A Study of Television Inheritance Effects," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 29 (spring 1985): 121-33.
8. Paul Klein, "Why You Watch What You Watch When You Watch," TV Guide, 24 July 1971,6-9; Paul Klein, "The Men Who Run TV Aren't Stupid ⋯ They Know Us Better Than You Think," New Yorker, 25 January 1971,20-29; Paul Klein, "Programming," in Inside the TV Business, ed. Steve Morgenstern (New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., 1979), 11-36; Sydney W. Head and Christopher H. Sterling, Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media, 5th ed. (Boston, MS: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 393.
9. Paul Klein, "Why You Watch What You Watch When You Watch," TV Guide, 24 July 1971,6-9; Paul Klein, "The Men Who Run TV Aren't Stupid ⋯ They Know Us Better Than You Think," New Yorker, 25 January 1971,20-29; Paul Klein, "Programming," in Inside the TV Business, ed. Steve Morgenstern (New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., 1979), 11-36; Sydney W. Head and Christopher H. Sterling, Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media, 5th ed. (Boston, MS: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 393.
10. Paul Klein, "Why You Watch What You Watch When You Watch," TV Guide, 24 July 1971,6-9; Paul Klein, "The Men Who Run TV Aren't Stupid ⋯ They Know Us Better Than You Think," New Yorker, 25 January 1971,20-29; Paul Klein, "Programming," in Inside the TV Business, ed. Steve Morgenstern (New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., 1979), 11-36; Sydney W. Head and Christopher H. Sterling, Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media, 5th ed. (Boston, MS: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 393.
11. Paul Klein, "Why You Watch What You Watch When You Watch," TV Guide, 24 July 1971,6-9; Paul Klein, "The Men Who Run TV Aren't Stupid ⋯ They Know Us Better Than You Think," New Yorker, 25 January 1971,20-29; Paul Klein, "Programming," in Inside the TV Business, ed. Steve Morgenstern (New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Co. Inc., 1979), 11-36; Sydney W. Head and Christopher H. Sterling, Broadcasting in America: A Survey of Electronic Media, 5th ed. (Boston, MS: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 393.
12. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 37-41 and 152-54; Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Susan Tyler Eastman, Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies & Practices (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1993), 99-139; "Networks Unfurl Development Banners," Broad-casting, 25 March 1991, 63-66; "Prime Time Network Schedulers: The Fall Guys," Broadcasting, 1 April 1991, 35-37; James G. Webster and Ting-Yu Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television: The Case of Repeat Viewing," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 36 (spring 1992): 125-36; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988); A.S.C. Ehrenberg and G.J. Goodhardt, "Atti-tudes to Episodes and Programme," Journal of the Market Research Society 23 (fall 1981): 189-208.
13. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 37-41 and 152-54; Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Susan Tyler Eastman, Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies & Practices (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1993), 99-139; "Networks Unfurl Development Banners," Broad-casting, 25 March 1991, 63-66; "Prime Time Network Schedulers: The Fall Guys," Broadcasting, 1 April 1991, 35-37; James G. Webster and Ting-Yu Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television: The Case of Repeat Viewing," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 36 (spring 1992): 125-36; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988); A.S.C. Ehrenberg and G.J. Goodhardt, "Atti-tudes to Episodes and Programme," Journal of the Market Research Society 23 (fall 1981): 189-208.
14. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 37-41 and 152-54; Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Susan Tyler Eastman, Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies & Practices (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1993), 99-139; "Networks Unfurl Development Banners," Broad-casting, 25 March 1991, 63-66; "Prime Time Network Schedulers: The Fall Guys," Broadcasting, 1 April 1991, 35-37; James G. Webster and Ting-Yu Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television: The Case of Repeat Viewing," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 36 (spring 1992): 125-36; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988); A.S.C. Ehrenberg and G.J. Goodhardt, "Atti-tudes to Episodes and Programme," Journal of the Market Research Society 23 (fall 1981): 189-208.
15. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 37-41 and 152-54; Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Susan Tyler Eastman, Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies & Practices (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1993), 99-139; "Networks Unfurl Development Banners," Broad-casting, 25 March 1991, 63-66; "Prime Time Network Schedulers: The Fall Guys," Broadcasting, 1 April 1991, 35-37; James G. Webster and Ting-Yu Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television: The Case of Repeat Viewing," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 36 (spring 1992): 125-36; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988); A.S.C. Ehrenberg and G.J. Goodhardt, "Atti-tudes to Episodes and Programme," Journal of the Market Research Society 23 (fall 1981): 189-208.
16. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 37-41 and 152-54; Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Susan Tyler Eastman, Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies & Practices (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1993), 99-139; "Networks Unfurl Development Banners," Broad-casting, 25 March 1991, 63-66; "Prime Time Network Schedulers: The Fall Guys," Broadcasting, 1 April 1991, 35-37; James G. Webster and Ting-Yu Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television: The Case of Repeat Viewing," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 36 (spring 1992): 125-36; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988); A.S.C. Ehrenberg and G.J. Goodhardt, "Atti-tudes to Episodes and Programme," Journal of the Market Research Society 23 (fall 1981): 189-208.
17. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 37-41 and 152-54; Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Susan Tyler Eastman, Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies & Practices (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1993), 99-139; "Networks Unfurl Development Banners," Broad-casting, 25 March 1991, 63-66; "Prime Time Network Schedulers: The Fall Guys," Broadcasting, 1 April 1991, 35-37; James G. Webster and Ting-Yu Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television: The Case of Repeat Viewing," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 36 (spring 1992): 125-36; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988); A.S.C. Ehrenberg and G.J. Goodhardt, "Atti-tudes to Episodes and Programme," Journal of the Market Research Society 23 (fall 1981): 189-208.
18. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 37-41 and 152-54; Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Susan Tyler Eastman, Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies & Practices (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1993), 99-139; "Networks Unfurl Development Banners," Broad-casting, 25 March 1991, 63-66; "Prime Time Network Schedulers: The Fall Guys," Broadcasting, 1 April 1991, 35-37; James G. Webster and Ting-Yu Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television: The Case of Repeat Viewing," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 36 (spring 1992): 125-36; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988); A.S.C. Ehrenberg and G.J. Goodhardt, "Atti-tudes to Episodes and Programme," Journal of the Market Research Society 23 (fall 1981): 189-208.
19. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 37-41 and 152-54; Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Susan Tyler Eastman, Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies & Practices (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1993), 99-139; "Networks Unfurl Development Banners," Broad-casting, 25 March 1991, 63-66; "Prime Time Network Schedulers: The Fall Guys," Broadcasting, 1 April 1991, 35-37; James G. Webster and Ting-Yu Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television: The Case of Repeat Viewing," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 36 (spring 1992): 125-36; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988); A.S.C. Ehrenberg and G.J. Goodhardt, "Atti-tudes to Episodes and Programme," Journal of the Market Research Society 23 (fall 1981): 189-208.
20. Dolf Zillmann and Jennings Bryant, Selective Exposure To Communications (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1985).
21. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis: Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1991); Webster and Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television,"; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988).
22. James G. Webster and Lawrence W. Lichty, Rating Analysis: Theory and Practice (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1991); Webster and Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television,"; T.P. Barwise and A.S.C. Ehrenberg, Television and Its Audience (London, England: Sage 1988).
23. Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Webster and Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice; Webster and Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television."
24. Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Webster and Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice; Webster and Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television."
25. Owen and Wildman, Video Economics; Webster and Lichty, Rating Analysis:Theory and Practice; Webster and Wang, "Structural Determinants of Exposure to Television."
26. Mallory Wober, "The UK: The Constancy of Audience Behavior," in Audience Responses to Media Diversification, ed. Lee B. Becker and Klaus Schoenbach (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1989), 91-108.
27. Hans-Bernd Brosius, Mallory Wober, and Gabriel Weismann, "The Loyalty of Television Viewing: How Consistent is TV Viewing Behavior?" Journal of Broadcasting &Electronic Media 36 (summer 1992): 321-35; Wober, "The UK: The Constancy of Audience Behavior."
28. Hans-Bernd Brosius, Mallory Wober, and Gabriel Weismann, "The Loyalty of Television Viewing: How Consistent is TV Viewing Behavior?" Journal of Broadcasting &Electronic Media 36 (summer 1992): 321-35; Wober, "The UK: The Constancy of Audience Behavior."
29. Roland T. Rust, Wagner A. Kamakura, and Mark I. Alpert, "Viewer Preference Segmentation and Viewing Choice Models for Network Television," Journal of Advertising 21 (March 1992): 1-18.
30. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
31. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
32. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
33. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
34. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
35. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
36. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
37. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
38. Sonia M. Livingstone, "The Rise and Fall of Audience Research: An Old Story With a New Ending," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 5-12; David Morley, "Active Audience Theory: Pendulums and Pitfalls," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 13-19; Robert T. Craig, "Why Are There So Many Communications Theories?," Journal of Communication 43 (autumn 1993): 26-33; Frederick William, Amy F. Phillips, and Patricia Lum, "Gratification Associated With New Communication Technologies," in Media Gratifications Research: Current Perspectives, ed. Karl E. Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 1985): 241-52; Jeremy Schlosberg, "Kids Off TV: What's Taking Them Away From the Tube? Parenting Style Changes are Suggested," Mediaweek, 8 February 1993, 23-32; Max Alexander, "New Study Measures VCR Invasion of Primetime," Variety, 15 October 1990, 38-39; Douglas A. Ferguson and Elizabeth M. Perse, "Media and Audience Influences on Channel Repertoire," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (winter 1993): 31-47; Douglas A. Ferguson, "Predicting Inheritance Effects From VCR and Cable Penetration," Dowden Center Journal 1 (winter 1992): 28-40; Zillmann and Bryant, Selective Exposure to Communications.
39. Susan Tyler Eastman, "Programming Theory Under Stress: The Active Industry Versus the Active Audience," Communication Yearbook (March 1996): 1-69.
40. Head and Sterling, Broadcasting in America; Carrie Heeter, "Program Selection With Abundance of Choice," Human Communication Research 12 (spring 1985): 126-52; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, "Profiling the Zappers," Journal of Advertising Research 25 (summer 1985): 15-19; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, Cable Viewing (Norwood, NJ:Ablex 1988), 11-32; Peter Ainslie, "Confronting a Nation of Grazers," Channels: The Business of Communications, September 1988, 54-62.
41. Head and Sterling, Broadcasting in America; Carrie Heeter, "Program Selection With Abundance of Choice," Human Communication Research 12 (spring 1985): 126-52; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, "Profiling the Zappers," Journal of Advertising Research 25 (summer 1985): 15-19; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, Cable Viewing (Norwood, NJ:Ablex 1988), 11-32; Peter Ainslie, "Confronting a Nation of Grazers," Channels: The Business of Communications, September 1988, 54-62.
42. Head and Sterling, Broadcasting in America; Carrie Heeter, "Program Selection With Abundance of Choice," Human Communication Research 12 (spring 1985): 126-52; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, "Profiling the Zappers," Journal of Advertising Research 25 (summer 1985): 15-19; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, Cable Viewing (Norwood, NJ:Ablex 1988), 11-32; Peter Ainslie, "Confronting a Nation of Grazers," Channels: The Business of Communications, September 1988, 54-62.
43. Head and Sterling, Broadcasting in America; Carrie Heeter, "Program Selection With Abundance of Choice," Human Communication Research 12 (spring 1985): 126-52; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, "Profiling the Zappers," Journal of Advertising Research 25 (summer 1985): 15-19; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, Cable Viewing (Norwood, NJ:Ablex 1988), 11-32; Peter Ainslie, "Confronting a Nation of Grazers," Channels: The Business of Communications, September 1988, 54-62.
44. Head and Sterling, Broadcasting in America; Carrie Heeter, "Program Selection With Abundance of Choice," Human Communication Research 12 (spring 1985): 126-52; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, "Profiling the Zappers," Journal of Advertising Research 25 (summer 1985): 15-19; Carrie Heeter and Bradley S. Greenberg, Cable Viewing (Norwood, NJ:Ablex 1988), 11-32; Peter Ainslie, "Confronting a Nation of Grazers," Channels: The Business of Communications, September 1988, 54-62.
45. Barbara K. Kaye and Barry S. Sapolsky, "Electronic Monitoring of In-Home Television RCD Usage,Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 41 (spring 1997): 214-28. This applied study of actual viewing behavior documented massive levels of channel changing using the remote. It also documented significantly greater channel changing than was reported when the same people were questioned. However, that may be the result of a miscommunication rather than an actual finding. For example, a person changing from channel 6 to channel 18 might report that as one channel change. However, the method used in this study would count it as twelve channel changes. This is the result of using the up and down arrows on the remote rather than entering specific numbers. The usual length of time on any one channel turned out to be only a couple of seconds. The practice has been called "Arrowing," but should not be considered sampling of all the channels in between. Susan Tyler Eastman and Gregory D. Newton, "Delineating Grazing: Observations of Remote Control Use," Journal of Communication 45 (winter 1995): 77-95.
46. Barbara K. Kaye and Barry S. Sapolsky, "Electronic Monitoring of In-Home Television RCD Usage,Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 41 (spring 1997): 214-28. This applied study of actual viewing behavior documented massive levels of channel changing using the remote. It also documented significantly greater channel changing than was reported when the same people were questioned. However, that may be the result of a miscommunication rather than an actual finding. For example, a person changing from channel 6 to channel 18 might report that as one channel change. However, the method used in this study would count it as twelve channel changes. This is the result of using the up and down arrows on the remote rather than entering specific numbers. The usual length of time on any one channel turned out to be only a couple of seconds. The practice has been called "Arrowing," but should not be considered sampling of all the channels in between. Susan Tyler Eastman and Gregory D. Newton, "Delineating Grazing: Observations of Remote Control Use," Journal of Communication 45 (winter 1995): 77-95.
47. Mark R. Levy and S. Windahl, "The Concept of Audience Activity," in Media Gratifications Research, ed. Karl Erik Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985): 109-122; Elizabeth M. Perse, "Audience Selectivity and Involvement in the Newer Media Environment," Communication Research 17 (May 1990): 675-93; Elizabeth M. Perse and Douglas A. Ferguson, "Gender Differences in Remote Control Use," in The Remote Control in the New Age of Television, ed. James R. Walker and Robert V. Bellamy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993): 169-86.
48. Mark R. Levy and S. Windahl, "The Concept of Audience Activity," in Media Gratifications Research, ed. Karl Erik Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985): 109-122; Elizabeth M. Perse, "Audience Selectivity and Involvement in the Newer Media Environment," Communication Research 17 (May 1990): 675-93; Elizabeth M. Perse and Douglas A. Ferguson, "Gender Differences in Remote Control Use," in The Remote Control in the New Age of Television, ed. James R. Walker and Robert V. Bellamy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993): 169-86.
49. Mark R. Levy and S. Windahl, "The Concept of Audience Activity," in Media Gratifications Research, ed. Karl Erik Rosengren, Lawrence A. Wenner, and Philip Palmgreen (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985): 109-122; Elizabeth M. Perse, "Audience Selectivity and Involvement in the Newer Media Environment," Communication Research 17 (May 1990): 675-93; Elizabeth M. Perse and Douglas A. Ferguson, "Gender Differences in Remote Control Use," in The Remote Control in the New Age of Television, ed. James R. Walker and Robert V. Bellamy (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993): 169-86.
50. Jacob Wakshlag and Bradley S. Greenberg, "Programming Strategies and the Popularity of Television Programs for Children," Human Communication Research 6 (July 1979): 58-68.
51. Michael D. Henry and Heikki J. Rinne, "Predicting Program Shares in New Time Slots," Journal of Advertising Research 24 (April/May 1984): 9-17.
52. James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "The 'Lead-in' Strategy for Prime-Time TV: Does It Increase the Audience?" Journal of Communications 36 (summer 1986): 51-63; James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "Counterprogramming Primetimc Network Television," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 31 (winter 1987): 41-55; James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "The Sandwich Programming Strategies: A Case of Audience Flow," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 376-83.
53. James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "The 'Lead-in' Strategy for Prime-Time TV: Does It Increase the Audience?" Journal of Communications 36 (summer 1986): 51-63; James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "Counterprogramming Primetimc Network Television," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 31 (winter 1987): 41-55; James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "The Sandwich Programming Strategies: A Case of Audience Flow," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 376-83.
54. James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "The 'Lead-in' Strategy for Prime-Time TV: Does It Increase the Audience?" Journal of Communications 36 (summer 1986): 51-63; James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "Counterprogramming Primetimc Network Television," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 31 (winter 1987): 41-55; James Tiedge and Kenneth H. Ksobiech, "The Sandwich Programming Strategies: A Case of Audience Flow," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 376-83.
55. Ferguson and Perse, "Media and Audience Influences."
56. Susan Tyler Eastman, Jeffrey Neal-Lunsford, and Karen E. Riggs, "Coping With Grazing: Prime-Time Strategies for Accelerated Program Transitions," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 39 (winter 1995): 92-108.
57. Carolyn A. Lin, "Network Prime-Time Programming Strategies in the 1980s," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 39 (fall 1995): 482-95.
58. Dennis Gensch and Paul Shaman, "Predicting TV Ratings," Journal of Advertising Research 20 (August 1980): 85-92.
59. William J. Adams, "TV Program Scheduling Strategies and Their Relationship to New Program Renewal Rates and Rating Change," Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37 (fall 1993): 465-89.
60. While this seems like a very complicated definition, as will several of the others, it was necessary in order to cover all the possible interpretations of the results. In short, as there is no standard definition, several bases have to be covered if the results are to be considered conclusive.
61. Jacob Wakshlag and William J. Adams, "Trends in Program Variety and the Prime Time Access Rule," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 19 (winter 1985): 23-34; William J. Adams, "Patterns in Prime-Time Network Television Programs From 1948 to 1986: The Influences of Variety, Churn and Content" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1988), 186-205. This category system consists of Action/Adventure, Advertising, Animals, Animation, Children's Programs, Comedy Variety, Comic Book Heros, Coming of Ago, Crime Drama, Documentary, Drama, Historical, Family Drama, Family Sitcoms, Fantasy Sitcoms, Game Shows, Horror/Suspense, How-To, Journalism, Law, Light Family, Medical, Military, Miscellaneous, Movies, Music, Musical Variety, Mysteries, News, Occupational Sitcoms, Other Sitcoms, People Participation, Religion, Romance, Rural Sitcoms, School Drama, Science Fiction/Fantasy, Soap Opera, Sports, Spy, Talent Shows, Talk, Travel, Vaudeville.
62. Jacob Wakshlag and William J. Adams, "Trends in Program Variety and the Prime Time Access Rule," Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 19 (winter 1985): 23-34; William J. Adams, "Patterns in Prime-Time Network Television Programs From 1948 to 1986: The Influences of Variety, Churn and Content" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1988), 186-205. This category system consists of Action/Adventure, Advertising, Animals, Animation, Children's Programs, Comedy Variety, Comic Book Heros, Coming of Ago, Crime Drama, Documentary, Drama, Historical, Family Drama, Family Sitcoms, Fantasy Sitcoms, Game Shows, Horror/Suspense, How-To, Journalism, Law, Light Family, Medical, Military, Miscellaneous, Movies, Music, Musical Variety, Mysteries, News, Occupational Sitcoms, Other Sitcoms, People Participation, Religion, Romance, Rural Sitcoms, School Drama, Science Fiction/Fantasy, Soap Opera, Sports, Spy, Talent Shows, Talk, Travel, Vaudeville.
63. Tiedge and Ksobiech, "Counterprogramming Primetime"; Category system contains: Movies, News/Information/Talk, Sports, Quiz/Game, situation Comedy, Variety, Science Fiction, Mystery/Suspense, Action/ Adventure, Drama.
64. Webster and Lichty, Rating Analysis: Theory and Practice.
65. Susan T. Eastman and Gregory D. Newton, "Hitting Promotion Hard" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, NV, March 1996).
66. David Atkin and Barry Litman, "Network TV Programming: Economics, Audience, and the Rating Game, 1971-1986," Journal of Communication 36 (summer 1986): 32-50; David Kissinger, "Zap-Happy Fellas Widen Ratings Gender Gap," Variety, 25 February 1991, 59, 63; "NBC Wins By A Feather In Prime Time," Broadcasting, 25 March 1991, 63-66.
67. David Atkin and Barry Litman, "Network TV Programming: Economics, Audience, and the Rating Game, 1971-1986," Journal of Communication 36 (summer 1986): 32-50; David Kissinger, "Zap-Happy Fellas Widen Ratings Gender Gap," Variety, 25 February 1991, 59, 63; "NBC Wins By A Feather In Prime Time," Broadcasting, 25 March 1991, 63-66.
68. David Atkin and Barry Litman, "Network TV Programming: Economics, Audience, and the Rating Game, 1971-1986," Journal of Communication 36 (summer 1986): 32-50; David Kissinger, "Zap-Happy Fellas Widen Ratings Gender Gap," Variety, 25 February 1991, 59, 63; "NBC Wins By A Feather In Prime Time," Broadcasting, 25 March 1991, 63-66.
69. Joe Mandese, "The Buying & Selling," Advertising Age, 12 June 1995, 20; Keith J. Kelly and Joe Mandese, "TV Ads Set Record, $1B Still Unspent," Advertising Age, 12 June 1995, 1, 8.
70. Joe Mandese, "The Buying & Selling," Advertising Age, 12 June 1995, 20; Keith J. Kelly and Joe Mandese, "TV Ads Set Record, $1B Still Unspent," Advertising Age, 12 June 1995, 1, 8.
71. Tiedge and Ksobiech, "The 'Lead-in' Strategy"; "NBC Wins By a Feather"; Wakshlag and Greenberg, "Programming Strategies and the Popularity of Television Programs for Children"; Henry and Rinne, "Predicting Program Shares."
72. Tiedge and Ksobiech, "The 'Lead-in' Strategy"; "NBC Wins By a Feather"; Wakshlag and Greenberg, "Programming Strategies and the Popularity of Television Programs for Children"; Henry and Rinne, "Predicting Program Shares."
73. Tiedge and Ksobiech, "The 'Lead-in' Strategy"; "NBC Wins By a Feather"; Wakshlag and Greenberg, "Programming Strategies and the Popularity of Television Programs for Children"; Henry and Rinne, "Predicting Program Shares."
74. Tiedge and Ksobiech, "The 'Lead-in' Strategy"; "NBC Wins By a Feather"; Wakshlag and Greenberg, "Programming Strategies and the Popularity of Television Programs for Children"; Henry and Rinne, "Predicting Program Shares."
75. Mandese, "The Buying & Selling"; Kelly and Mandese, "TV Ads Set Record, $1B Still Unspent."
76. Mandese, "The Buying & Selling"; Kelly and Mandese, "TV Ads Set Record, $1B Still Unspent."
77. William J. Adams, "Focus Group Analysis: Can It Help Explain Present Broadcast Television Audience Patterns" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 1997).
78. Perse, "Audience Selectivity and Involvement."