Who determines the self in the politics of self-determination? Identity and preference formation in Tatarstan's nationalist mobilization

Comparative Politics

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 295-316

  Giuliano, Elise ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039444745     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422368     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. National revival is understood here as "a political movement whose purpose is to wrest control of a territory from a regime that leaders of the movement consider to be 'foreign' to that territory." David Laitin, "Language and Nationalism in the Post-Soviet Republics," Post-Soviet Affairs, 12 (January-March 1996), 5.
2. See, for example, James Fearon, "Ethnic War as a Commitment Problem," paper presented at the APSA Annual Meeting, New York, 1994;
3. Stuart J. Kaufman, "Spiraling to Ethnic War: Elites, Masses and Moscow in Moldova's Civil War," International Security, 21 (Fall 1996), 108-38.
4. For a discussion sympathetic to the argument presented here, see V. P. Gagnon, Jr., "Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia," International Security, 19 (Winter 1994-95), 130-66.
5. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability (Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1972), p. 20.
6. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability Ibid., p. 66.
7. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability Ibid., pp. 67, 69.
8. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability Ibid., p. 66.
9. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies: A Theory of Democratic Instability Ibid., p. 60.
10. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1957).
11. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy Ibid., p. 118.
12. George Rabinowitz and Stuart Elaine MacDonald, "A Directional Theory of Issue Voting," American Political Science Review, 83 (March 1989), 93-121;
13. also, Stuart Elaine MacDonald, Ola Listhaug, and George Rabinowitz, "Issues and Party Support in Multiparty Systems," American Political Science Review, 85 (December 1991), 1107-31.
14. Rabushka and Shepsle, p. 84.
15. Donald Stokes, "Spatial Models of Party Competition," American Political Science Review, 57 (June 1963), 368-77.
16. Donald Stokes, "American Political Science Review, Ibid., p. 372.
17. Rabushka and Shepsle, p. 61.
18. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 291.
19. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict Ibid., p. 223.
20. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict Ibid., pp. 345-46.
21. Robert Bates, "Modernization, Ethnic Competition and the Rationality of Politics in Contemporary Africa," in Donald Rothchild and Victor Olorunsola, eds., State versus Ethnic Claims: African Policy Dilemmas (Boulder: Westview Press, 1983), pp. 152-71.
22. James Fearon, "Why Ethnic Politics and 'Pork' Tend to Go Together," unpublished paper, University of Chicago, March 23, 1997, p. 5.
23. James Fearon, "Why Ethnic Politics and 'Pork' Tend to Go Together," Ibid., pp. 10, 12.
24. This I take to be Edward Walker's explanation of the ultimate failure of the Tatar nationalists and victory of the moderate president and his government. Walker assumes that voters in Tatarstan continuously supported a moderate position on nationalist issues, that politically moderate Tatars were simply "there." Edward Walker, "The Dog That Didn't Bark: Tatarstan and Asymmetrical Federalism in Russia," Harriman Review, 9 (Winter 1996), 1-35.
25. On Soviet construction and institutionalization of ethnic identity, see Ronald Suny, The Revenge of the Past (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993).
26. G. R. Stolyarova, "Etnopoliticheskaya situatsiya v Respublike Tatarstan" [The Ethnopolitical Situation in the Republic of Tatarstan], Russian Academy of Sciences, 62 (1994).
27. R. M. Akhmetov, "Elita tatar" [The Tatar Elite], Sovremennye natsional'nye protsessy v respublike Tatarstan [Contemporary Nationality Processes in Tatarstan] (Kazan: Kazanskii nauchnii tsentr, 1992), 119-27.
28. Z. A. Iskhakova, "Funktsionirovanie gosudarstvennikh yazykov v respublike Tatarstan sredi uchashchikhsya-tatar" [The Functioning of State Languages among Tatar Students in the Republic of Tatarstan], Sovremennye natsional'nye protsessy (1994), 82, 83.
29. An indicator of strong ethnic consciousness among Tatars is self-identification. According to a Russian survey conducted in 1989-1991, 99 percent of Tatars who are members of the intelligentsia consider their nationality to be Tatar, while 1 percent consider themselves to be equal parts Tatar and Russian. See L. V. Sagitova, "Natsional'noie samsoznanie intelligentsii i ee uchastie v vozrozhdenii natsii" [National Consciousness among the Intelligentsia and Its Participation in the Rebirth of the Nation], Sovremennye natsional'nye protsessy (1994), 26-46.
30. Interview with Yulguz Vafovna Byransheva, Director, Tatar Cultural Center, Kazan, November 19, 1997.
31. Interview with Damir Iskhakov, historian and TOTs founder, Institute for the Study of Language, History and Literature, Kazan, June 10, 1997.
32. D. M. Iskhakov, "Neformal'nye ob"edineniya v sovremennom tatarskom obshchestve" [Informal Associations in Current Tatar Society], Sovremennye natsional'nye protsessy (1992), 18.
33. Sagitova, p. 31.
34. Interview with Raphael Khakhimov, Kazan, June 12, 1997.
35. Another clear indicator of the status divide between urban and rural Tatars was the highly offended reaction of urban-born Tatars to my question: "Were you born in the countryside?"
36. Aitmaitov is a famous Soviet writer and Russified Kazakh who led Kazakhstan's national revival, then left the nationalist movement. Interview with Akhat Mushinskii, Tatar PEN Club, Kazan, March 4, 1997.
37. Interview with Guzel Rafailovna Stoliarova, ethnographer, Kazan State University, Kazan December 13, 1996.
38. Interview with Rustem Sultanovich Korzhakov, economist, Kazan, April 1, 1997. In accordance with Soviet theories of ethnonationalism, the party line treated Tatar-speaking Tatars as the bearers of Tatar nationalism. Korzhakov's comments reflect this view.
39. Akhmetov, p. 123.
40. The zemlyachestvo system in Tatarstan might be compared to zhuz networks in Kazakhstan and patronage/nomenklatura networks in other republics. Although currently little information on this phenomenon is available, my findings on Tatarstan suggest that cross-cutting cleavages among republican titular elites hinder nationalist mobilization because varied interests and/or identities prevent easy construction of unified intragroup support for a nationalist party. Future research on nationalist mobilization in the Soviet Union and Russia should test this hypothesis.
41. Zakon Respubliki Tatarstan o yazykakh narodov Respubliki Tatarstan [The Republic of Tatarstan Law on Languages of the Peoples of Tatarstan] (June 8, 1992).
42. A public good is a joint good that all group members consume without any one member's consumption reducing its availability, regardless of whether a member has contributed to the good's production. Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).
43. In another indicator of the government's successful creation of proautonomy Russians, a random survey of the general population conducted by the author (N=300) showed that most Russians consider themselves Tatarstan citizens before Russian citizens or citizens of both states equally.
44. Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone, "The Dialectics of Nationalism in the USSR," Problems of Communism, 23 (May-June 1974), 11.
45. Iskhakov, pp. 10, 11.
46. Mintimer Shamiev, "Tol'ko svobodnye grazhdane mogut sozdat' svobodnuyu respubliky'" [Only Free Citizens Can Build a Free Republic], Vechernaia kazan (June 10, 1991), 2.
47. Mintimer Shamiev, "Vechernaia kazan Ibid., pp. 21, 23.
48. "Vsem, v kom zhiva dusha" [To All Whose Soul Is Alive], Vechernaia kazan (March 4, 1992), 4.
49. "Obrashchenie k mnogonatsional'nomy narody Tatarstan" [Appeal to the Multinational Peoples of Tatarstan], Vechernaia kazan (March 5, 1992), 2.
50. "Reshat' narody: Ostavat'sya ili net Tatarstany v Rossiiskoi Federatsii?" [The People Decide: Will Tatarstan Remain a Part of the Russian Federation or Not?], Vechernaia kazan (February 12, 1992), 1.
51. Ann Sheehy, "Tatarstan Asserts Its Sovereignty," RFE/RL Research Report, 1 (April 3, 1992), 1.
52. See "Dokumenti po resul'tatam golosovaniya na referendume Respubliki Tatarstan ot 21 marta 1992 goda" [Documents on the Voting Results of the Referendum of the Republic of Tatarstan on March 21, 1992], and "Itogovie resul'tati" [Voting Results], Vechernaia kazan (March 26, 1992), 1.
53. Rossiiskaia gazeta, Mar. 24, 1992, p. 1, cited in Walker, p. 24.
54. Interview with Raman Yurevich Belyakov, official in the Tatarstan government's Department of Inter-Ethnic Relations, Kazan, February 15, 1997.
55. Interview with Zufar Zaineevich Miftakhov, historian, Kazan, February 10, 1997.
56. Arnos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice," Science, 211 (January 30, 1981).
57. My survey results bear this out. Only 7 percent of Russian respondents voted against sovereignty in the 1992 referendum, while 47 percent voted for it (46 percent failed to vote).
58. E. E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), p. 68.