Condition(s) of peace

Review of International Studies

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 165-191

  Adler, Emanuel ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039396582     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s026021059800165x     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. See, for example, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972); Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. Henry C. Mansfield, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Mac Phearson (Hammondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1954); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 'Judgment on Perpetual Peace', in A Project of Perpetual Peace, trans. Edith M. Nuttall (London: Richard Cobden-Sanderson, 1927); Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
2. See, for example, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972); Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. Henry C. Mansfield, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Mac Phearson (Hammondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1954); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 'Judgment on Perpetual Peace', in A Project of Perpetual Peace, trans. Edith M. Nuttall (London: Richard Cobden-Sanderson, 1927); Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
3. See, for example, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972); Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. Henry C. Mansfield, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Mac Phearson (Hammondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1954); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 'Judgment on Perpetual Peace', in A Project of Perpetual Peace, trans. Edith M. Nuttall (London: Richard Cobden-Sanderson, 1927); Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
4. See, for example, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972); Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. Henry C. Mansfield, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Mac Phearson (Hammondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1954); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 'Judgment on Perpetual Peace', in A Project of Perpetual Peace, trans. Edith M. Nuttall (London: Richard Cobden-Sanderson, 1927); Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
5. See, for example, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972); Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. Henry C. Mansfield, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Mac Phearson (Hammondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1954); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 'Judgment on Perpetual Peace', in A Project of Perpetual Peace, trans. Edith M. Nuttall (London: Richard Cobden-Sanderson, 1927); Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
6. See, for example, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972); Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. Henry C. Mansfield, Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985); Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. C. B. Mac Phearson (Hammondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1954); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 'Judgment on Perpetual Peace', in A Project of Perpetual Peace, trans. Edith M. Nuttall (London: Richard Cobden-Sanderson, 1927); Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
7. Johan Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', Journal of Peace Research, 6 (1969), pp. 167-91; Johan Galtung, Essays in Peace Research, Vol. 1 (Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1975); Kenneth E. Boulding, Stable Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978). See also Arie Kacowicz, Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998).
8. Johan Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', Journal of Peace Research, 6 (1969), pp. 167-91; Johan Galtung, Essays in Peace Research, Vol. 1 (Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1975); Kenneth E. Boulding, Stable Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978). See also Arie Kacowicz, Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998).
9. Johan Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', Journal of Peace Research, 6 (1969), pp. 167-91; Johan Galtung, Essays in Peace Research, Vol. 1 (Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1975); Kenneth E. Boulding, Stable Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978). See also Arie Kacowicz, Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998).
10. Johan Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', Journal of Peace Research, 6 (1969), pp. 167-91; Johan Galtung, Essays in Peace Research, Vol. 1 (Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 1975); Kenneth E. Boulding, Stable Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978). See also Arie Kacowicz, Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1998).
11. During the 1960s and 1970s, Galtung and Boulding conducted a lively debate on the meaning of peace, which centred in part on Galtung's notions of 'negative' and 'positive' peace. See Kenneth E. Boulding, 'Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung', Journal of Peace Research, 14 (1977), pp. 75-86. Whereas Galtung defined 'negative peace' as the absence of physical violence, Boulding argued that the concept of 'negative peace' is a 'complete misnomer', 'Peace . . . is not just "not-war" any more than water is "not ice"' (Boulding, Twelve Friendly Quarrels', p. 78). A year later, however, Boulding himself referred to peace's 'negative side' as 'the absence of turmoil, tension, conflict, and war' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3). According to Herbert C. Kelman, the concept of negative peace is valuable because it stresses the avoidance of violence and destruction', see Herbert C. Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', Conflict Management and Peace Science, 5 (Spring 1981), p. 105.
12. During the 1960s and 1970s, Galtung and Boulding conducted a lively debate on the meaning of peace, which centred in part on Galtung's notions of 'negative' and 'positive' peace. See Kenneth E. Boulding, 'Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung', Journal of Peace Research, 14 (1977), pp. 75-86. Whereas Galtung defined 'negative peace' as the absence of physical violence, Boulding argued that the concept of 'negative peace' is a 'complete misnomer', 'Peace . . . is not just "not-war" any more than water is "not ice"' (Boulding, Twelve Friendly Quarrels', p. 78). A year later, however, Boulding himself referred to peace's 'negative side' as 'the absence of turmoil, tension, conflict, and war' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3). According to Herbert C. Kelman, the concept of negative peace is valuable because it stresses the avoidance of violence and destruction', see Herbert C. Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', Conflict Management and Peace Science, 5 (Spring 1981), p. 105.
13. During the 1960s and 1970s, Galtung and Boulding conducted a lively debate on the meaning of peace, which centred in part on Galtung's notions of 'negative' and 'positive' peace. See Kenneth E. Boulding, 'Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung', Journal of Peace Research, 14 (1977), pp. 75-86. Whereas Galtung defined 'negative peace' as the absence of physical violence, Boulding argued that the concept of 'negative peace' is a 'complete misnomer', 'Peace . . . is not just "not-war" any more than water is "not ice"' (Boulding, Twelve Friendly Quarrels', p. 78). A year later, however, Boulding himself referred to peace's 'negative side' as 'the absence of turmoil, tension, conflict, and war' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3). According to Herbert C. Kelman, the concept of negative peace is valuable because it stresses the avoidance of violence and destruction', see Herbert C. Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', Conflict Management and Peace Science, 5 (Spring 1981), p. 105.
14. During the 1960s and 1970s, Galtung and Boulding conducted a lively debate on the meaning of peace, which centred in part on Galtung's notions of 'negative' and 'positive' peace. See Kenneth E. Boulding, 'Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung', Journal of Peace Research, 14 (1977), pp. 75-86. Whereas Galtung defined 'negative peace' as the absence of physical violence, Boulding argued that the concept of 'negative peace' is a 'complete misnomer', 'Peace . . . is not just "not-war" any more than water is "not ice"' (Boulding, Twelve Friendly Quarrels', p. 78). A year later, however, Boulding himself referred to peace's 'negative side' as 'the absence of turmoil, tension, conflict, and war' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3). According to Herbert C. Kelman, the concept of negative peace is valuable because it stresses the avoidance of violence and destruction', see Herbert C. Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', Conflict Management and Peace Science, 5 (Spring 1981), p. 105.
15. Galtung is mostly in a category of his own when he defines 'positive peace' as the absence of something else, i.e. 'structural [socio-economic] violence' (Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', pp. 167-91; Galtung, Essays in Peace Research). See also Heikki Patomaki and Ole Waever, 'Introducing Peaceful Changes', in Heikki Patomaki (ed.), 'Peaceful Changes in World Politics' (Research Report No 71, Tampere Peace Research Institute, University of Tampere, 1995). Boulding, on the other hand, correctly defined 'positive peace' in positive terms, i.e. as a 'condition of good management, orderly resolution of conflict, harmony associated with mature relationships, gentleness, and love' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3).
16. Galtung is mostly in a category of his own when he defines 'positive peace' as the absence of something else, i.e. 'structural [socio-economic] violence' (Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', pp. 167-91; Galtung, Essays in Peace Research). See also Heikki Patomaki and Ole Waever, 'Introducing Peaceful Changes', in Heikki Patomaki (ed.), 'Peaceful Changes in World Politics' (Research Report No 71, Tampere Peace Research Institute, University of Tampere, 1995). Boulding, on the other hand, correctly defined 'positive peace' in positive terms, i.e. as a 'condition of good management, orderly resolution of conflict, harmony associated with mature relationships, gentleness, and love' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3).
17. Galtung is mostly in a category of his own when he defines 'positive peace' as the absence of something else, i.e. 'structural [socio-economic] violence' (Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', pp. 167-91; Galtung, Essays in Peace Research). See also Heikki Patomaki and Ole Waever, 'Introducing Peaceful Changes', in Heikki Patomaki (ed.), 'Peaceful Changes in World Politics' (Research Report No 71, Tampere Peace Research Institute, University of Tampere, 1995). Boulding, on the other hand, correctly defined 'positive peace' in positive terms, i.e. as a 'condition of good management, orderly resolution of conflict, harmony associated with mature relationships, gentleness, and love' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3).
18. Galtung is mostly in a category of his own when he defines 'positive peace' as the absence of something else, i.e. 'structural [socio-economic] violence' (Galtung, 'Violence, Peace, and Peace Research', pp. 167-91; Galtung, Essays in Peace Research). See also Heikki Patomaki and Ole Waever, 'Introducing Peaceful Changes', in Heikki Patomaki (ed.), 'Peaceful Changes in World Politics' (Research Report No 71, Tampere Peace Research Institute, University of Tampere, 1995). Boulding, on the other hand, correctly defined 'positive peace' in positive terms, i.e. as a 'condition of good management, orderly resolution of conflict, harmony associated with mature relationships, gentleness, and love' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3).
19. 'In this sense [positive peace] peace is one of the ultimate time's arrows in the evolutionary process, an increasing product of human development and learning' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3). According to Kacowicz, positive peace 'includes also social and economic justice, and some kind of world order that meets the needs and interests of the human population as a whole' (Kacowicz, Zones of Peace in the Third World).
20. 'In this sense [positive peace] peace is one of the ultimate time's arrows in the evolutionary process, an increasing product of human development and learning' (Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 3). According to Kacowicz, positive peace 'includes also social and economic justice, and some kind of world order that meets the needs and interests of the human population as a whole' (Kacowicz, Zones of Peace in the Third World).
21. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
22. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
23. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
24. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
25. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
26. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
27. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
28. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
29. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
30. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
31. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
32. See, for example, Isaiah 1:16-17, 2:2-4, 11:1-4,6,9, and 42:5-7; Matt. 5:3-11 ('The Beatitudes'); Dante Alighieri, Monarchy and Three Political Letters, trans.. Donald Nicholl and Colin Hardie (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954); Emeric Cruce, The New Cyneas, trans. C. Frederick Farrell, Jr., Edith Farrell (ed.) (New York: Garland, 1972); William Penn, An Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe (Washington, D.C.: American Peace Society, 1912); Abbé de Saint Pierre, Ouvrages de Politique, 16 vols. (Rotterdam, 1733-41); Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, trans. June Barraclough, introd. Stuart Hampshire (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955); Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace and Other Essars, trans. Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hacket, 1983); Jeremy Bentham, Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (London: Grotius Society, 1927); Norman Angell, The Great Illusion (London: Penguin Books, 1908); A Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law (London: Macmillan, 1939); Grenville Clark and Louis Sohn, World Peace Through World Law, 3rd edn. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973); Philip Noel-Baker, The Arms Race: A Programme for World Disarmament (London: Stevens and Sons, 1958); Richard A. Falk, A Study of Future Worlds (New York: The Free Press, 1975).
33. Kant, Perpetual Peace.
34. Michael W. Doyle, 'Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part I', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12 (Summer 1983), pp. 205-33; Bruce M. Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
35. Michael W. Doyle, 'Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs, Part I', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 12 (Summer 1983), pp. 205-33; Bruce M. Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
36. Boulding, Stable Peace, p. 13.
37. Karl W. Deutsch, Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee, Jr., Martin Lichterman, Raymond E. Lindgren, Francis L. Loewenheim, Richard W. Van Wagenen, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Richard W. Van Wagenen, Research in the International Organization Field: Some Notes on a Possible Focus (Center for Research on World Political Institutions, Princeton University, 1952); Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds.), Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). See also E. H. Carr, Conditions of Peace (London: Macmillan, 1942). According to Kelman, 'positive peace does not imply an ideal, utopian situation, but merely a livable one' (Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', p. 108).
38. Karl W. Deutsch, Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee, Jr., Martin Lichterman, Raymond E. Lindgren, Francis L. Loewenheim, Richard W. Van Wagenen, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Richard W. Van Wagenen, Research in the International Organization Field: Some Notes on a Possible Focus (Center for Research on World Political Institutions, Princeton University, 1952); Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds.), Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). See also E. H. Carr, Conditions of Peace (London: Macmillan, 1942). According to Kelman, 'positive peace does not imply an ideal, utopian situation, but merely a livable one' (Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', p. 108).
39. Karl W. Deutsch, Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee, Jr., Martin Lichterman, Raymond E. Lindgren, Francis L. Loewenheim, Richard W. Van Wagenen, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Richard W. Van Wagenen, Research in the International Organization Field: Some Notes on a Possible Focus (Center for Research on World Political Institutions, Princeton University, 1952); Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds.), Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). See also E. H. Carr, Conditions of Peace (London: Macmillan, 1942). According to Kelman, 'positive peace does not imply an ideal, utopian situation, but merely a livable one' (Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', p. 108).
40. Karl W. Deutsch, Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee, Jr., Martin Lichterman, Raymond E. Lindgren, Francis L. Loewenheim, Richard W. Van Wagenen, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Richard W. Van Wagenen, Research in the International Organization Field: Some Notes on a Possible Focus (Center for Research on World Political Institutions, Princeton University, 1952); Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds.), Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). See also E. H. Carr, Conditions of Peace (London: Macmillan, 1942). According to Kelman, 'positive peace does not imply an ideal, utopian situation, but merely a livable one' (Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', p. 108).
41. Karl W. Deutsch, Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee, Jr., Martin Lichterman, Raymond E. Lindgren, Francis L. Loewenheim, Richard W. Van Wagenen, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957); Richard W. Van Wagenen, Research in the International Organization Field: Some Notes on a Possible Focus (Center for Research on World Political Institutions, Princeton University, 1952); Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds.), Security Communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). See also E. H. Carr, Conditions of Peace (London: Macmillan, 1942). According to Kelman, 'positive peace does not imply an ideal, utopian situation, but merely a livable one' (Kelman, 'Reflections on the History and Status of Peace Research', p. 108).
42. Deutsch et al., Political Community, p. 5.
43. 'If we can speak of violent practices, or of practices based on (threats) of violence . . . we can also speak of making practices more peaceful' (Patomaki and Waever, 'Introducing Peaceful Changes', p. 10).
44. My approach follows a 'constructivist' line of reasoning. On constructivism, see Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425; David Dessler, 'What is at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?', International Organization, 43 (1989), pp. 441-74; and Emanuel Adler, 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1997), pp. 319-63. On the reality of 'social facts', such as practices, see John Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
45. My approach follows a 'constructivist' line of reasoning. On constructivism, see Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425; David Dessler, 'What is at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?', International Organization, 43 (1989), pp. 441-74; and Emanuel Adler, 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1997), pp. 319-63. On the reality of 'social facts', such as practices, see John Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
46. My approach follows a 'constructivist' line of reasoning. On constructivism, see Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425; David Dessler, 'What is at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?', International Organization, 43 (1989), pp. 441-74; and Emanuel Adler, 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1997), pp. 319-63. On the reality of 'social facts', such as practices, see John Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
47. My approach follows a 'constructivist' line of reasoning. On constructivism, see Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization, 46 (1992), pp. 391-425; David Dessler, 'What is at Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?', International Organization, 43 (1989), pp. 441-74; and Emanuel Adler, 'Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics', European Journal of International Relations, 3 (1997), pp. 319-63. On the reality of 'social facts', such as practices, see John Searle, The Construction of Social Reality (New York: The Free Press, 1995).
48. Patomaki and Waever, 'Introducing Peaceful Changes', p. 16.
49. Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
50. Andrew B. Schmookler, The Parable of the Tribes (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1984).
51. There is a growing attention in the IR literature to the role played by agents in the constitution of international practices. One such type is known as 'moral entrepreneurs'. See, for example, Ethan Nadelmann, 'Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society', International Organization, 44 (1990), pp. 479-526.
52. On learning, see Ernst B. Haas, When Knowledge is Power (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
53. Although I prefer the expression 'condition of peace', to avoid confusion with the conditions of (for) peace I shall refer instead to the 'state of peace',
54. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality, pp. 43-51. See also the comments by Ian Hacking, Mary Midgley, Thomas Osborne, and John R. Searle in 'Review Symposium on John R. Searle', History of the Human Sciences, 10 (1997), pp. 83-110.
55. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality, pp. 43-51. See also the comments by Ian Hacking, Mary Midgley, Thomas Osborne, and John R. Searle in 'Review Symposium on John R. Searle', History of the Human Sciences, 10 (1997), pp. 83-110.
56. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis: 1919-1939 (New York: Harper, 1964).
57. Carr, Conditions of Peace, pp. 123 and 274.
58. Ibid., p 273.
59. Ibid., pp. 102-25.
60. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, p. 92.
61. Charles Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man', in Fred R. Dallmyr and Thomas A. McCarthy (eds.), Understanding Social Inquiry (South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), p. 127.
62. Ibid., p. 123.
63. Deutsch et al., Political Community, p. 5.
64. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
65. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
66. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
67. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
68. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
69. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
70. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
71. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
72. Deutsch et al., p. 5; Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. To measure this 'sense of community', Deutsch and his associates quantified transaction flows, with particular emphasis on their volume, within and among nation-states. A relative growth in transaction flows between societies, as contrasted to flows within them, was thought to be a crucial test for determining whether new 'human communities' might be emerging. See, for example, Deutsch's essays in Philip E. Jacob and James V. Toscano (eds.), The Integration of Political Communities (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1964): 'Communication Theory and Political Integration', pp. 46-74; 'Transaction Flows as Indicators of Political Cohesion', pp. 75-97; 'The Price of Integration', pp. 143-78: 'Integration and the Social System', pp. 179-208. For incisive analyses of Deutsch's contribution to integration theory, see Donald J. Puchala, 'Integration Theory and the Study of International Relations', and Arend Lijphart, 'Karl W. Deutsch and the New Paradigm in International Relations', both in Richard Merritt and Bruce M. Russett (eds.), From National Development to Global Community (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), pp. 145-64, 233-51.
73. Karl W. Deutsch, Political Community at the International Level: Problems of Definition and Measurement (New York: Doubleday, 1954), p. 41.
74. 'His [Carr's] readers, overwhelmingly realists, have pounced upon his attack on utopianism but generally have failed to note his . . . criticism of realism and his positive comments about utopianism' (Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), p. 531). There is a relatively large literature dealing with Carr's writings and ideas. On the realist side see, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Political Science of E. H. Carr', World Politics, 1 (1948), pp. 127-34; William T. R. Fox, 'E. H. Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 1-16. On the Grotian side see, for example, Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Twenty Years On', International Journal, 24 (1969), pp. 625-638; Booth, 'Security in Anarchy'. For constructivist and critical theory critiques see, for example, Cecelia Lynch, 'E. H. Carr, International Relations Theory, and the Societal Origins of International Legal Norms', Millennium, 23 (1994), pp. 589-620; Paul Howe, 'The Utopian Realism of E. H. Carr', Review of International Studies, 20 (1994), pp. 277-97. For strong criticism of Carr's work, see Whittle Johnston, 'E. H. Carr's Theory of International Relations: A Critique', Journal of Politics, 29 (1967), pp. 861-84.
75. 'His [Carr's] readers, overwhelmingly realists, have pounced upon his attack on utopianism but generally have failed to note his . . . criticism of realism and his positive comments about utopianism' (Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), p. 531). There is a relatively large literature dealing with Carr's writings and ideas. On the realist side see, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Political Science of E. H. Carr', World Politics, 1 (1948), pp. 127-34; William T. R. Fox, 'E. H. Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 1-16. On the Grotian side see, for example, Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Twenty Years On', International Journal, 24 (1969), pp. 625-638; Booth, 'Security in Anarchy'. For constructivist and critical theory critiques see, for example, Cecelia Lynch, 'E. H. Carr, International Relations Theory, and the Societal Origins of International Legal Norms', Millennium, 23 (1994), pp. 589-620; Paul Howe, 'The Utopian Realism of E. H. Carr', Review of International Studies, 20 (1994), pp. 277-97. For strong criticism of Carr's work, see Whittle Johnston, 'E. H. Carr's Theory of International Relations: A Critique', Journal of Politics, 29 (1967), pp. 861-84.
76. 'His [Carr's] readers, overwhelmingly realists, have pounced upon his attack on utopianism but generally have failed to note his . . . criticism of realism and his positive comments about utopianism' (Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), p. 531). There is a relatively large literature dealing with Carr's writings and ideas. On the realist side see, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Political Science of E. H. Carr', World Politics, 1 (1948), pp. 127-34; William T. R. Fox, 'E. H. Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 1-16. On the Grotian side see, for example, Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Twenty Years On', International Journal, 24 (1969), pp. 625-638; Booth, 'Security in Anarchy'. For constructivist and critical theory critiques see, for example, Cecelia Lynch, 'E. H. Carr, International Relations Theory, and the Societal Origins of International Legal Norms', Millennium, 23 (1994), pp. 589-620; Paul Howe, 'The Utopian Realism of E. H. Carr', Review of International Studies, 20 (1994), pp. 277-97. For strong criticism of Carr's work, see Whittle Johnston, 'E. H. Carr's Theory of International Relations: A Critique', Journal of Politics, 29 (1967), pp. 861-84.
77. 'His [Carr's] readers, overwhelmingly realists, have pounced upon his attack on utopianism but generally have failed to note his . . . criticism of realism and his positive comments about utopianism' (Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), p. 531). There is a relatively large literature dealing with Carr's writings and ideas. On the realist side see, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Political Science of E. H. Carr', World Politics, 1 (1948), pp. 127-34; William T. R. Fox, 'E. H. Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 1-16. On the Grotian side see, for example, Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Twenty Years On', International Journal, 24 (1969), pp. 625-638; Booth, 'Security in Anarchy'. For constructivist and critical theory critiques see, for example, Cecelia Lynch, 'E. H. Carr, International Relations Theory, and the Societal Origins of International Legal Norms', Millennium, 23 (1994), pp. 589-620; Paul Howe, 'The Utopian Realism of E. H. Carr', Review of International Studies, 20 (1994), pp. 277-97. For strong criticism of Carr's work, see Whittle Johnston, 'E. H. Carr's Theory of International Relations: A Critique', Journal of Politics, 29 (1967), pp. 861-84.
78. 'His [Carr's] readers, overwhelmingly realists, have pounced upon his attack on utopianism but generally have failed to note his . . . criticism of realism and his positive comments about utopianism' (Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), p. 531). There is a relatively large literature dealing with Carr's writings and ideas. On the realist side see, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Political Science of E. H. Carr', World Politics, 1 (1948), pp. 127-34; William T. R. Fox, 'E. H. Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 1-16. On the Grotian side see, for example, Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Twenty Years On', International Journal, 24 (1969), pp. 625-638; Booth, 'Security in Anarchy'. For constructivist and critical theory critiques see, for example, Cecelia Lynch, 'E. H. Carr, International Relations Theory, and the Societal Origins of International Legal Norms', Millennium, 23 (1994), pp. 589-620; Paul Howe, 'The Utopian Realism of E. H. Carr', Review of International Studies, 20 (1994), pp. 277-97. For strong criticism of Carr's work, see Whittle Johnston, 'E. H. Carr's Theory of International Relations: A Critique', Journal of Politics, 29 (1967), pp. 861-84.
79. 'His [Carr's] readers, overwhelmingly realists, have pounced upon his attack on utopianism but generally have failed to note his . . . criticism of realism and his positive comments about utopianism' (Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), p. 531). There is a relatively large literature dealing with Carr's writings and ideas. On the realist side see, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Political Science of E. H. Carr', World Politics, 1 (1948), pp. 127-34; William T. R. Fox, 'E. H. Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 1-16. On the Grotian side see, for example, Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Twenty Years On',
80. 'His [Carr's] readers, overwhelmingly realists, have pounced upon his attack on utopianism but generally have failed to note his . . . criticism of realism and his positive comments about utopianism' (Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), p. 531). There is a relatively large literature dealing with Carr's writings and ideas. On the realist side see, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Political Science of E. H. Carr', World Politics, 1 (1948), pp. 127-34; William T. R. Fox, 'E. H. Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 1-16. On the Grotian side see, for example, Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Twenty Years On', International Journal, 24 (1969), pp. 625-638; Booth, 'Security in Anarchy'. For constructivist and critical theory critiques see, for example, Cecelia Lynch, 'E. H. Carr, International Relations Theory, and the Societal Origins of International Legal Norms', Millennium, 23 (1994), pp. 589-620; Paul Howe, 'The Utopian Realism of E. H. Carr', Review of International Studies, 20 (1994), pp. 277-97. For strong criticism of Carr's work, see Whittle Johnston, 'E. H. Carr's Theory of International Relations: A Critique', Journal of Politics, 29 (1967), pp. 861-84.
81. 'His [Carr's] readers, overwhelmingly realists, have pounced upon his attack on utopianism but generally have failed to note his . . . criticism of realism and his positive comments about utopianism' (Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), p. 531). There is a relatively large literature dealing with Carr's writings and ideas. On the realist side see, for example, Hans J. Morgenthau, 'The Political Science of E. H. Carr', World Politics, 1 (1948), pp. 127-34; William T. R. Fox, 'E. H. Carr and Political Realism: Vision and Revision', Review of International Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 1-16. On the Grotian side see, for example, Hedley Bull, 'The Twenty Years' Crisis Twenty Years On', International Journal, 24 (1969), pp. 625-638; Booth, 'Security in Anarchy'. For constructivist and critical theory critiques see, for example, Cecelia Lynch, 'E. H. Carr, International Relations Theory, and the Societal Origins of International Legal Norms', Millennium, 23 (1994), pp. 589-620; Paul Howe, 'The Utopian Realism of E. H. Carr', Review of International Studies, 20 (1994), pp. 277-97. For strong criticism of Carr's work, see Whittle Johnston, 'E. H. Carr's Theory of International Relations: A Critique', Journal of Politics, 29 (1967), pp. 861-84.
82. Carr, Conditions of Peace, p. xxiii.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid., p. 275.
85. Ibid., p. 62.
86. Ibid., p. 273.
87. Ibid., pp. 117-25. On leadership, see p. 123.
88. The failure to create modern mass democracy, Carr thought, had to do, first, with the 'failure to give adequate social and economic content to the concept of equality'; second, with the fact that political rights became 'a sham', because economic power exercised a predominant influence on political affairs; and third, with the removal of issues of great importance from popular control, because of the technocratic nature of the machinery of government (ibid., pp. 35-6).
89. Ibid., p. 50. 'Shorn of its moral foundation . . . nationalism, as the history of the last twenty years has shown, could lead only to the doctrine of the morally purposeless super-nation or Herrenvolk. . . . The "good" nationalism of the nineteenth century . . . has been transformed into the "bad" nationalism of the twentieth century, the fertile breeding-ground of "economic nationalism", racial discrimination, and war' (ibid., pp. 106-7).
90. Ibid., p. 50. 'Shorn of its moral foundation . . . nationalism, as the history of the last twenty years has shown, could lead only to the doctrine of the morally purposeless super-nation or Herrenvolk. . . . The "good" nationalism of the nineteenth century . . . has been transformed into the "bad" nationalism of the twentieth century, the fertile breeding-ground of "economic nationalism", racial discrimination, and war' (ibid., pp. 106-7).
91. Ibid., p. 101. 'Our most urgent economic problem is no longer to expand production, but to secure a more equitable distribution of consumption and a more regular and orderly utilization of our productive capacity.' Ibid., p. 80.
92. Ibid., p. 101. 'Our most urgent economic problem is no longer to expand production, but to secure a more equitable distribution of consumption and a more regular and orderly utilization of our productive capacity.' Ibid., p. 80.
93. 'Liberal democracy assumed that individual citizens would recognize the existence of a fundamental harmony of interest between them and would adjust apparent differences of interest on particular points by a process of give-and-take to their mutual advantage. . . . National self-determination was the sure basis for an international community because each nation, in pursuing its own highest interest, was pursuing the interest of the world as a whole, so that nationalism was the natural stepping-stone to internationalism. Laissez-faire economics assumed that by promoting their own interest individuals were doing all they could to promote that of the community' (ibid., p. 102).
94. Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, p. 220 (emphasis mine).
95. Carr, Conditions of Peace, p. 63.
96. Ibid., p. 272.
97. Ibid., pp. 242-70.
98. See Ole Waever, 'Insecurity, Security, and Asecurity in the West European Non-War Community', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities, pp. 00.
99. Carr, Conditions of Peace, pp. 117, 124.
100. Deutsch et al., Political Community; Ernst B. Haas, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The Rise and Decline of Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man'.
101. Deutsch et al., Political Community; Ernst B. Haas, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The Rise and Decline of Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man'.
102. Deutsch et al., Political Community; Ernst B. Haas, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The Rise and Decline of Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997); Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man'.
103. Taylor, 'Interpretation and the Sciences of Man', p. 122.
104. Norbert Wiener, cited by Karl W. Deutsch, The Nerves of Government (New York: The Free Press, 1966), p. 77.
105. Deutsch, Political Community, p. 36. See also Adler and Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', p. 0.
106. Deutsch, Political Community, p. 36. See also Adler and Barnett, 'Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective', p. 0.
107. Deutsch, Political Community, p. 47.
108. Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, 'A Framework for the Study of Security Communities', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities.
109. Deutsch, Political Community, ch. II; idem, Political Community at the International Level, p. 37.
110. Deutsch, Political Community, ch. II; idem, Political Community at the International Level, p. 37.
111. Deutsch, Political Community, p. 91.
112. Ibid., p. 47.
113. Ibid., chs. II and III.
114. Haas, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress, pp. 19-20.
115. Ibid., p. 323.
116. Ibid., pp. 14-21, 59, 342, 351-2.
117. Ernst B. Haas, 'Nationalism: An Instrumental Social Construction', Millennium, 22 (1993), p. 541.
118. Ibid., pp. 543-5.
119. Haas, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress, p. 19.
120. Adler and Barnett, 'A Framework for the Study of Security Communities'.
121. See, for example, Waever, 'Insecurity, Security, and Asecurity', and Guadalupe Gonzalez and Stephan Haggard, 'The United States and Mexico: A Pluralistic Security Community?' in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities.
122. See, for example, Waever, 'Insecurity, Security, and Asecurity', and Guadalupe Gonzalez and Stephan Haggard, 'The United States and Mexico: A Pluralistic Security Community?' in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities.
123. Adler and Barnett, 'A Framework for the Study of Security Communities'; Emanuel Adler, 'Imagined (Security) Communities: Cognitive Regions in International Relations', Millennium, 26 (1997), pp. 249-77.
124. Adler and Barnett, 'A Framework for the Study of Security Communities'; Emanuel Adler, 'Imagined (Security) Communities: Cognitive Regions in International Relations', Millennium, 26 (1997), pp. 249-77.
125. Adler and Barnett, 'A Framework for the Study of Security Communities'.
126. Ibid. Trust is a social phenomenon that depends on the assessment that another actor will behave in ways that are consistent with normative expectations. Identities are 'images of individuality and distinctiveness ("selfhood") held and projected by an actor and formed (and modified over time) through relations with significant "others"' (Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, 'Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security', in Peter J. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics [New York: Columbia University Press, 1996], p. 59). Collective identities require people not only to identify (positively) with the destiny of other people but also to identify themselves and those others as a group in relation to other groups.
127. Ibid. Trust is a social phenomenon that depends on the assessment that another actor will behave in ways that are consistent with normative expectations. Identities are 'images of individuality and distinctiveness ("selfhood") held and projected by an actor and formed (and modified over time) through relations with significant "others"' (Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, 'Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security', in Peter J. Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics [New York: Columbia University Press, 1996], p. 59). Collective identities require people not only to identify (positively) with the destiny of other people but also to identify themselves and those others as a group in relation to other groups.
128. Deutsch, Political Community, pp. 37-9, Adler and Barnett, 'A Framework for the Study of Security Communities'.
129. Deutsch, Political Community, pp. 37-9, Adler and Barnett, 'A Framework for the Study of Security Communities'.
130. Adler and Barnett, 'A Framework for the Study of Security Communities'.
131. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, trans. T. McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984); idem, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1996).
132. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, trans. T. McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984); idem, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1996).
133. When we scratch the 'surface' of strategic rational choice, we realize that it is enabled and mediated by communicative action. For example, a closer look at Thomas Schelling's strategic and bargaining theory shows that its rational-choice assumptions can work only in the context of a process of social communication (Schelling's innovation was pointing out the tacit and implicit manifestations of such processes). See Thomas C. Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960).
134. Thomas Risse, '"Let's Talk!": Insight from the German Debate on Communicative Behavior and International Relations', paper presented to the annual convention of the American Political Science Association, Washington D.C., August 27-31, 1997, p. 8.
135. Andrew Moravcsik, 'A Liberal Theory of International Politics', International Organization, 51 (1997), pp. 513-53.
136. On Soviet ideas, technocrats, and the end of the Cold War, see Thomas Risse-Kappen, 'Ideas Do Not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures, and the End of the Cold War', International Organization, 42 (1994), pp. 185-214. See also Jeffrey T. Checkel, Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet/Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997).
137. On Soviet ideas, technocrats, and the end of the Cold War, see Thomas Risse-Kappen, 'Ideas Do Not Float Freely: Transnational Coalitions, Domestic Structures, and the End of the Cold War', International Organization, 42 (1994), pp. 185-214. See also Jeffrey T. Checkel, Ideas and International Political Change: Soviet/Russian Behavior and the End of the Cold War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997).
138. I take these subcommunities to perform a role similar to that of epistemic communities. On epistemic communities, see 'Knowledge, Power and International Policy Coordination', special issue of International Organization, 46 (1992), ed. Peter M. Haas. On security issues, see Emanuel Adler, 'The Emergence of Cooperation: National Epistemic Communities and the International Evolution of the Idea of Nuclear Arms Control', ibid., pp. 100-145.
139. I take these subcommunities to perform a role similar to that of epistemic communities. On epistemic communities, see 'Knowledge, Power and International Policy Coordination', special issue of International Organization, 46 (1992), ed. Peter M. Haas. On security issues, see Emanuel Adler, 'The Emergence of Cooperation: National Epistemic Communities and the International Evolution of the Idea of Nuclear Arms Control', ibid., pp. 100-145.
140. On the incipient security community in South America, see Andrew Hurrell, 'An Emerging Security Community in South America', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities.
141. On NATO as a security-community-building institution, see Emanuel Adler, 'Seeds of Peaceful Change: The OSCE's Security Community-building Model', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. See also Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
142. On NATO as a security-community-building institution, see Emanuel Adler, 'Seeds of Peaceful Change: The OSCE's Security Community-building Model', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities. See also Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
143. John Mueller, Retreat From Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (New York: Basic Books, 1989).
144. Emanuel Adler, 'Seasons of Peace: Progress in Postwar International Security', in Emanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford (eds.), Progress in Postwar International Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), p. 128.
145. Robert Jervis, 'The Political Effect of Nuclear Weapons: A Comment', International Security, 13 (1988), pp. 80-90.
146. Waever, 'Insecurity, Security, and Asecurity.
147. Michael Howard, 'The Causes of Wars', Wilson Quarterly, 8 (Summer 1984), p. 92. See also Mueller, Retreat From Doomsday, and F. H. Hinsley, 'Peace and War in Modern Times', in Raimo Vayrynen (ed.), The Quest for Pence (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1987), pp. 77-8.
148. Michael Howard, 'The Causes of Wars', Wilson Quarterly, 8 (Summer 1984), p. 92. See also Mueller, Retreat From Doomsday, and F. H. Hinsley, 'Peace and War in Modern Times', in Raimo Vayrynen (ed.), The Quest for Pence (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1987), pp. 77-8.
149. Michael Howard, 'The Causes of Wars', Wilson Quarterly, 8 (Summer 1984), p. 92. See also Mueller, Retreat From Doomsday, and F. H. Hinsley, 'Peace and War in Modern Times', in Raimo Vayrynen (ed.), The Quest for Pence (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1987), pp. 77-8.
150. See n. 8 above.
151. Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Boston: Little. Brown, 1963).
152. Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997).
153. On the role of Great Powers in regional security, see Paul A. Papayoanou, 'Great Powers and Regional Orders: Possibilities and Prospects After the Cold War', in David A. Lake and Patrick M. Morgan (eds.), Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World (University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), pp. 125-39.
154. On ASEAN as an emerging security community, see Amitav Acharya, 'Collective Identity and Conflict Resolution in Southeast Asia', in Adler and Barnett, Security Communities.
155. Dorothy V. Jones, Code of Peace: Ethics and Security in the World of the Warlord States (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991).
156. Ibid., pp. 159-66; Adler, 'Seeds of Peaceful Change'; Adler, 'Imagined (Security) Communities', pp. 268-75.
157. Ibid., pp. 159-66; Adler, 'Seeds of Peaceful Change'; Adler, 'Imagined (Security) Communities', pp. 268-75.
158. Ibid., pp. 159-66; Adler, 'Seeds of Peaceful Change'; Adler, 'Imagined (Security) Communities', pp. 268-75.
159. Adler, 'Imagined (Security) Communities', pp. 268-70.
160. Ibid., p. 271. See also Marianne Hanson, 'Democratization and Norm Creation in Europe', Adelphi Papers, 284 (London: Brassey's for the International Institute for Strategic Studies [IISS], 1994), p. 34.
161. Ibid., p. 271. See also Marianne Hanson, 'Democratization and Norm Creation in Europe', Adelphi Papers, 284 (London: Brassey's for the International Institute for Strategic Studies [IISS], 1994), p. 34.
162. Thomas Buergenthal, 'The CSCE Rights System', George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics, 25 (1992), pp. 380-1.
163. Thomas M. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 196.
164. See n. 17 above.
165. Robert Wuthnow, 'The Foundations of Trust', Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, 18 (University of Maryland, 1998), p. 4. On trust, see also Barbara Mistzal, Trust in Modern Societies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
166. Robert Wuthnow, 'The Foundations of Trust', Report from the Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, 18 (University of Maryland, 1998), p. 4. On trust, see also Barbara Mistzal, Trust in Modern Societies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
167. Adler, 'The Emergence of Cooperation'.
168. John G. Ruggie (ed.), Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Michael Barnett, 'The New UN Politics of Peace', Global Governance, 1 (1995), pp. 79-98.
169. John G. Ruggie (ed.), Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Michael Barnett, 'The New UN Politics of Peace', Global Governance, 1 (1995), pp. 79-98.
170. Janie Leatherman, 'Conflict Transformation in the CSCE: Learning and Institutionalization', Cooperation and Conflict, 28 (1993), p. 414.
171. Samuel Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations?', Foreign Affairs, 72 (1993), pp. 22-49; The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
172. Samuel Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations?', Foreign Affairs, 72 (1993), pp. 22-49; The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
173. On the construction of the Mediterranean region see, for example, Roberto Aliboni, George Joffé, and Tim Niblock, Security Challenges in the Mediterranean Region (London: Frank Cass, 1996); Alberto Bin (ed.), Cooperation and Security in the Mediterranean: Prospects after Barcelona (Malta: The Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta, 1996); Antonio Marquina and Hans Gunter Braude (eds.), 'Confidence Building and Partnership in the Western Mediterranean: Tasks for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Avoidance' (Madrid: UNISCI Papers no. 1, UNISCI, 1994); Fred Tanner, 'An Emerging Security Agenda for the Mediterranean', Mediterranean Politics, 1 (1996), pp. 279-94.
174. On the construction of the Mediterranean region see, for example, Roberto Aliboni, George Joffé, and Tim Niblock, Security Challenges in the Mediterranean Region (London: Frank Cass, 1996); Alberto Bin (ed.), Cooperation and Security in the Mediterranean: Prospects after Barcelona (Malta: The Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta, 1996); Antonio Marquina and Hans Gunter Braude (eds.), 'Confidence Building and Partnership in the Western Mediterranean: Tasks for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Avoidance' (Madrid: UNISCI Papers no. 1, UNISCI, 1994); Fred Tanner, 'An Emerging Security Agenda for the Mediterranean', Mediterranean Politics, 1 (1996), pp. 279-94.
175. On the construction of the Mediterranean region see, for example, Roberto Aliboni, George Joffé, and Tim Niblock, Security Challenges in the Mediterranean Region (London: Frank Cass, 1996); Alberto Bin (ed.), Cooperation and Security in the Mediterranean: Prospects after Barcelona (Malta: The Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta, 1996); Antonio Marquina and Hans Gunter Braude (eds.), 'Confidence Building and Partnership in the Western Mediterranean: Tasks for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Avoidance' (Madrid: UNISCI Papers no. 1, UNISCI, 1994); Fred Tanner, 'An Emerging Security Agenda for the Mediterranean', Mediterranean Politics, 1 (1996), pp. 279-94.
176. On the construction of the Mediterranean region see, for example, Roberto Aliboni, George Joffé, and Tim Niblock, Security Challenges in the Mediterranean Region (London: Frank Cass, 1996); Alberto Bin (ed.), Cooperation and Security in the Mediterranean: Prospects after Barcelona (Malta: The Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta, 1996); Antonio Marquina and Hans Gunter Braude (eds.), 'Confidence Building and Partnership in the Western Mediterranean: Tasks for Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Avoidance' (Madrid: UNISCI Papers no. 1, UNISCI, 1994); Fred Tanner, 'An Emerging Security Agenda for the Mediterranean', Mediterranean Politics, 1 (1996), pp. 279-94.
177. On Europe, see Weaver, 'Insecurity, Security, and Asecurity'; on ASEAN, see Acharya, 'Collective Identity and Conflict Resolution in Southeast Asia'.
178. On Europe, see Weaver, 'Insecurity, Security, and Asecurity'; on ASEAN, see Acharya, 'Collective Identity and Conflict Resolution in Southeast Asia'.
179. The following three paragraphs rely in part on Emanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford, 'Regional Security through Integration: Constructing the Mediterranean Region', draft proposal, December 1997; and on Emanuel Adler, 'The Cooperative Security Way to Stable Peace: Constructing Regional and Global Security Communities', paper commissioned by the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, August 1996.
180. The following three paragraphs rely in part on Emanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford, 'Regional Security through Integration: Constructing the Mediterranean Region', draft proposal, December 1997; and on Emanuel Adler, 'The Cooperative Security Way to Stable Peace: Constructing Regional and Global Security Communities', paper commissioned by the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, August 1996.
181. Victor-Yves Ghebali, 'Toward a Mediterranean Helsinki-type Process', Mediterranean Quarterly, 4 (1993), p. 92.
182. Ibid., pp. 93-7.
183. Barcelona Declaration Adopted at the Euro-Mediterranean Conference (Barcelona, November 28, 1995).
184. On economics, see George Joffé, 'The Economic Factor in Mediterranean Security', The International Spectator, 31 (1996), pp. 75-87. On regional security, see Aliboni et al., Security Challenges in the Mediterranean Region.
185. On economics, see George Joffé, 'The Economic Factor in Mediterranean Security', The International Spectator, 31 (1996), pp. 75-87. On regional security, see Aliboni et al., Security Challenges in the Mediterranean Region.
186. See, for example, Laura Guazzone, 'The Evolving Framework of Arab Security Perceptions: The Impact of Cultural Factors', The International Spectator, 31 (1996), pp. 63-74.
187. See, for example, Roberto Aliboni, Abdel Monem Said Aly, and Alvaro Vasconcelos, Joint Report of Euro MeSCo's Working Group on Political and Security Co-operation (second draft), April 1997; Maria-Angels Roque, Forum Civil Euromed: Towards a New Scenario of Partnership in the Euro-Mediterranean Area (Barcelona: Institut Catala de la Mediterrania d'Estudis y Cooperacio, 1997).
188. See, for example, Roberto Aliboni, Abdel Monem Said Aly, and Alvaro Vasconcelos, Joint Report of Euro MeSCo's Working Group on Political and Security Co-operation (second draft), April 1997; Maria-Angels Roque, Forum Civil Euromed: Towards a New Scenario of Partnership in the Euro-Mediterranean Area (Barcelona: Institut Catala de la Mediterrania d'Estudis y Cooperacio, 1997).
189. Jones, Code of Peace.
190. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).
191. Haas, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress, p. 40.
192. Ibid., pp. 21 and 336.
193. Philip Shabecoff, A New Name for Peace: International Environmentalism, Sustainable Development, and Democracy (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1996).
194. Carr, Conditions of Peace, p. 275.