Australian ice age rock art may depict earth's oldest recordings of shamanistic rituals

Mankind Quarterly

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 131-146

  Michaelsen, Per ^b   Ebersole, Tasja W ^b   Smith, Noel W ^a   Biro, Paul ^c  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c Biro Fine Art Restoration F   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bradshaws; Kimberley; Rock art; Shamanism; Upper paleolithic

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039381519     PISSN: 00252344     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Andrews, L. 1998 Crystal Woman: The Sisters of the Dreamtime.
2. Anisimov, A. F. 1963 Cosmological concepts of peoples of the north. In H.N. Michael, ed., Studies in Siberian Shamanism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
3. Autio, E. 1990 Päivänpäästö aiheitako Uralin kalliokuvissa? Kalliotaidetta - tutkimusta ja tulkintaa. Turun maakuntamuseon rapportteja 11.
4. Bahn, P.G. 1998 The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art. Baiter. M., 1999: New lights on the oldest art, Nature 283, 920-922.
5. Bahn, P.G. 1998 The Cambridge Illustrated History of Prehistoric Art. Baiter. M., 1999: New lights on the oldest art, Nature 283, 920-922.
6. Baiter, M. 1999 New light on the oldest art, Science, 283, 920-922.
7. Bradshaw, J. 1892 Notes on a recent trip to Prince Regent's River. Transactions, Royal Geographical Society of Australia (Victorian Branch). 9 (2), 90-103.
8. Breeden, S. 1988 The first Australians. National Geographic, Feb. 173, 267-289.
9. Campbell, J. 1989 Transformation of myth through time. Chicago, II: Public Media Video.
10. Clottes, J. 1966 Thematic changes in upper palaeolithic art: A view from the Grotte Chauvet. Antiquity 70, 276-288.
11. Czaplicka, M. A. 1914 Aboriginal Siberia. Oxford: Clarendon.
12. Drury, N. 1989 The elements of shamanism. Longmead, Shaftesbury, Dorset. England: Element Books.
13. Eliade, M. 1973 Australian religions: an introduction. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
14. Elkin, A.P. 1977 Aboriginal men of high degree. Sec. ed. New York: St. Martin's Press.
15. Elkin, A.P. 1950 The religion of the Australian Aborigines. In V. Ferrn, Forgotten Religions. New York: Philosophical Library.
16. Fankhauser, B., O'Connor, S., & Pittelkow, Y. 1997 The analysis of pigments on rock surfaces. In Conference Handbook: Sixth Australasian Archeometry Conf., Australian Museum, Sydney.
17. Flood, J. 1995 Archeology and Dreamtime - the history of prehistoric Australia and its people. Angus & Robertson, 328pp.
18. Furst, P. T. 1973-74 The roots and continuities of shamanism. Arts Canada, Dec.-Jan., 33-60.
19. Jones, P., & Pennick, N. 1995 A history of pagan Europe. London: Routledge.
20. Klein, R.G. 1973 Ice age hunters of the Ukraine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1999 The human career: Human biological and cultural origins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
21. Klein, R.G. 1973 Ice age hunters of the Ukraine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1999 The human career: Human biological and cultural origins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
22. Lommel, A. 1952 Die Unambal - Ein Stamm in Nordwest-Australien. Hamburg: Selbstverlag Des Museums Für Völkerkunde.
23. Lommel, A. 1967 Shamanism: The beginnings of art. M. Bullock, trans. New York: McGraw-Hill.
24. Lewis-Williams, J. D. 1981 Believing and seeing: Symbolic meanings in Southern San Rock Paintings. New York: Academic Press.
25. Michael, H. N. 1972 Studies in Siberian shamanism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
26. Michaelsen, P. 1999 Bradshaws - Australiens gådefulde hulemalerier (in Danish). Naturens Verden 7, 2-13.
27. Michaelsen, P., & Ebersole, T.W. in press The Bradshaw rock art system, NW Australia: A window into material culture, social and belief systems of hunter-gatherers in Kimberley during the last Ice Age. Adoranten, Journal of the Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art.
28. Mulvaney, J., & Kamminga, J. 1999 Prehistory of Australia. Allen & Unwin, 480 pp.
29. O'Connor, S. 1995 Carpenter's Gap Rockshelter 1:40,000 years of Aboriginal occupation in the Napier Ranges Kimberley, W.A. Australian Archeology, 40, 58-59.
30. Roughsey, D. 1975 The rainbow serpent. Sidney: Angus & Robertson.
31. Roberts, R., Walsh, G.L., Murray, A., Olley, R., Jones, R. Morwood, M.J., Tuniz, C., Lawson, E.L., Macphail, M., Bowdery, D., & Nauman, I. 1997 Luminescence dating of rock art and past environments using mud-wasp nests in northern Australia. Nature 387, 173-176.
32. Quintana-Murci, L., Semino, O., Bandelt, H.-J., Passarino, G., McElreavey, K., & Santachiara-Benerecetti. A. S. 1999 Genetic evidence for an early exit of Homo sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa. Nature Genetics, 23, 437-441..
33. Sales, K. 1992 Ascent to the sky: a shamanic initiatory engraving from the Burrup Peninsula, NW Australia. Archeology of Oceania, 27, p. 22-35.
34. Schlesier, K. H. 1987 The wolves of heaven: Cheyenne shamanism, ceremonies, and prehistoric origins. Norman Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
35. Smith, N.W. 1985 Beliefs and psychological concepts of hunter-gatherers. Mankind Quarterly 25, 195-225. 1992 An analysis of ice age art: Its psychology and belief system. (American University Studies, Series XX, Fine Arts 15. New York: Peter Lang.
36. Smith, N.W. 1985 Beliefs and psychological concepts of hunter-gatherers. Mankind Quarterly 25, 195-225. 1992 An analysis of ice age art: Its psychology and belief system. (American University Studies, Series XX, Fine Arts 15. New York: Peter Lang.
37. Vinnicombe, P. 1976 People of the eland: Rock paintings of the Drakensberg Bushman as a reflection of their life and thought. Pietermaritzburg: Univ. Natal Press.
38. Walsh, G.L., & Morwood, M.J. 1999 Spear and spearthrower evolution in the Kimberley region NW Australia: evidence from rock art. Archeology of Oceania. 34, 45-58.
39. Walsh, G.L. 1994 Bradshaws: Ancient rock paintings of north-west Australia. The Bradshaw Foundation, Geneva.
40. Watchman, A.L., Walsh, G.L., Morwood, M.J., & Tuniz, C. 1997 AMS radiocarbon age estimates for early rock paintings in the Kimberly, NW Australia: prelim, results. Rock Art Research 14.1,18-26.
41. Welch, D.M. 1996 Material culture in Kimberly rock art, Australia. Rock Art Research 13 (2), 104-123.
42. West, F. 1981 The archaeology of Beringia. New York: Columbia University.