Is there a Sovietology of South-East Asian studies?

International Affairs

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 844-865

  Jones, David Martin ^a   Smith, Michael L R ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0039298556     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-2346.00222     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Karl Popper, The poverty of historicism (London: Routledge, 1959), p. 133.
2. Namely, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar (Burma).
3. For a selection of this oeuvre, see Heng Chee Chan, Singapore: the politics of survival 1965-67 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1971): Heng Chee Chan, 'The PAP and the structuring of the political system', in K. S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, eds, Management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore (Singapore: ISEAS, 1989); Jon S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chan, Chee Meow Seah, eds, Government and politics of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. S Milne and Diane Mauzy, Singapore: the legacy of Lee Kuan Yew (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990): Raj Vasil, Governing Singapore (Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press, 1984); T. J. Bellows, The People's Action Party of Singapore: emergence of a dominant party system (New Haven, CN: Yale University, South East Asian Studies, 1970); T. J. Bellows, 'The Singapore polity: community leadership and institutions', Asian Journal of Political Science 1: 1, June 1993, pp. 113-32.
4. For a selection of this oeuvre, see Heng Chee Chan, Singapore: the politics of survival 1965-67 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1971): Heng Chee Chan, 'The PAP and the structuring of the political system', in K. S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, eds, Management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore (Singapore: ISEAS, 1989); Jon S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chan, Chee Meow Seah, eds, Government and politics of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. S Milne and Diane Mauzy, Singapore: the legacy of Lee Kuan Yew (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990): Raj Vasil, Governing Singapore (Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press, 1984); T. J. Bellows, The People's Action Party of Singapore: emergence of a dominant party system (New Haven, CN: Yale University, South East Asian Studies, 1970); T. J. Bellows, 'The Singapore polity: community leadership and institutions', Asian Journal of Political Science 1: 1, June 1993, pp. 113-32.
5. For a selection of this oeuvre, see Heng Chee Chan, Singapore: the politics of survival 1965-67 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1971): Heng Chee Chan, 'The PAP and the structuring of the political system', in K. S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, eds, Management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore (Singapore: ISEAS, 1989); Jon S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chan, Chee Meow Seah, eds, Government and politics of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. S Milne and Diane Mauzy, Singapore: the legacy of Lee Kuan Yew (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990): Raj Vasil, Governing Singapore (Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press, 1984); T. J. Bellows, The People's Action Party of Singapore: emergence of a dominant party system (New Haven, CN: Yale University, South East Asian Studies, 1970); T. J. Bellows, 'The Singapore polity: community leadership and institutions', Asian Journal of Political Science 1: 1, June 1993, pp. 113-32.
6. For a selection of this oeuvre, see Heng Chee Chan, Singapore: the politics of survival 1965-67 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1971): Heng Chee Chan, 'The PAP and the structuring of the political system', in K. S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, eds, Management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore (Singapore: ISEAS, 1989); Jon S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chan, Chee Meow Seah, eds, Government and politics of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. S Milne and Diane Mauzy, Singapore: the legacy of Lee Kuan Yew (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990): Raj Vasil, Governing Singapore (Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press, 1984); T. J. Bellows, The People's Action Party of Singapore: emergence of a dominant party system (New Haven, CN: Yale University, South East Asian Studies, 1970); T. J. Bellows, 'The Singapore polity: community leadership and institutions', Asian Journal of Political Science 1: 1, June 1993, pp. 113-32.
7. For a selection of this oeuvre, see Heng Chee Chan, Singapore: the politics of survival 1965-67 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1971): Heng Chee Chan, 'The PAP and the structuring of the political system', in K. S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, eds, Management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore (Singapore: ISEAS, 1989); Jon S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chan, Chee Meow Seah, eds, Government and politics of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. S Milne and Diane Mauzy, Singapore: the legacy of Lee Kuan Yew (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990): Raj Vasil, Governing Singapore (Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press, 1984); T. J. Bellows, The People's Action Party of Singapore: emergence of a dominant party system (New Haven, CN: Yale University, South East Asian Studies, 1970); T. J. Bellows, 'The Singapore polity: community leadership and institutions', Asian Journal of Political Science 1: 1, June 1993, pp. 113-32.
8. For a selection of this oeuvre, see Heng Chee Chan, Singapore: the politics of survival 1965-67 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1971): Heng Chee Chan, 'The PAP and the structuring of the political system', in K. S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, eds, Management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore (Singapore: ISEAS, 1989); Jon S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chan, Chee Meow Seah, eds, Government and politics of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. S Milne and Diane Mauzy, Singapore: the legacy of Lee Kuan Yew (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990): Raj Vasil, Governing Singapore (Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press, 1984); T. J. Bellows, The People's Action Party of Singapore: emergence of a dominant party system (New Haven, CN: Yale University, South East Asian Studies, 1970); T. J. Bellows, 'The Singapore polity: community leadership and institutions', Asian Journal of Political Science 1: 1, June 1993, pp. 113-32.
9. For a selection of this oeuvre, see Heng Chee Chan, Singapore: the politics of survival 1965-67 (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1971): Heng Chee Chan, 'The PAP and the structuring of the political system', in K. S. Sandhu and Paul Wheatley, eds, Management of success: the moulding of modern Singapore (Singapore: ISEAS, 1989); Jon S. T. Quah, Heng Chee Chan, Chee Meow Seah, eds, Government and politics of Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987); R. S Milne and Diane Mauzy, Singapore: the legacy of Lee Kuan Yew (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1990): Raj Vasil, Governing Singapore (Petaling Jaya: Eastern Universities Press, 1984); T. J. Bellows, The People's Action Party of Singapore: emergence of a dominant party system (New Haven, CN: Yale University, South East Asian Studies, 1970); T. J. Bellows, 'The Singapore polity: community leadership and institutions', Asian Journal of Political Science 1: 1, June 1993, pp. 113-32.
10. Peter Rutland, 'Sovietology: notes for a post-mortem', National Interest 31, spring 1993.
11. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 109.
12. William Wohlforth, 'Realism and the end of the cold war', International Security 19: 4, winter 1994, p. 103.
13. See e.g. Paul Kennedy, The rise and fall of the great powers: economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London: Fontana, 1989), pp. 564-692.
14. Wohlforth, 'Realism', p. 103.
15. See Edward Kolodziej, 'What is security and security studies: lessons from the cold war', Arms Control 13: 1, April 1992, p. 5. See also Robert Ned Lebow, 'The long peace, the end of the cold war, and the failure of realism', International Organization 48: 2, spring 1994, p. 262.
16. See Edward Kolodziej, 'What is security and security studies: lessons from the cold war', Arms Control 13: 1, April 1992, p. 5. See also Robert Ned Lebow, 'The long peace, the end of the cold war, and the failure of realism', International Organization 48: 2, spring 1994, p. 262.
17. Ken Booth, 'Preface', in Ken Booth, ed., New thinking about international security (London: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 2.
18. Ken Booth, 'Introduction: the interregnum: world politics in transition', in Booth, New thinking, p. 2.
19. John Curtis Perry, 'Asia's telectronic highway', Foreign Policy 59, summer 1985, p. 41.
20. Steve Smith and John Baylis, 'Introduction', in Steve Smith and John Baylis, eds, The globalization of world politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 10.
21. See e.g. World Bank, The East Asian miracle: economic growth and public policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); John Wong, The ASEAN economies (Singapore: Economic Research Centre, 1977).
22. See e.g. World Bank, The East Asian miracle: economic growth and public policy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993); John Wong, The ASEAN economies (Singapore: Economic Research Centre, 1977).
23. See Kishore Mahbubani, 'The Pacific impulse', Survival 37: 1, 1995, pp. 105-10; Kishore Mahbubani, 'You may not like it Europe, but this Asian medicine could help', International Herald Tribune, 1 Oct. 1994; Bilhari Kausikan, 'Asia's different standard', Foreign Policy 92, fall 1993, p. 34.
24. See Kishore Mahbubani, 'The Pacific impulse', Survival 37: 1, 1995, pp. 105-10; Kishore Mahbubani, 'You may not like it Europe, but this Asian medicine could help', International Herald Tribune, 1 Oct. 1994; Bilhari Kausikan, 'Asia's different standard', Foreign Policy 92, fall 1993, p. 34.
25. See Kishore Mahbubani, 'The Pacific impulse', Survival 37: 1, 1995, pp. 105-10; Kishore Mahbubani, 'You may not like it Europe, but this Asian medicine could help', International Herald Tribune, 1 Oct. 1994; Bilhari Kausikan, 'Asia's different standard', Foreign Policy 92, fall 1993, p. 34.
26. See John Naisbett, Megatrends Asia: the eight Asian megatrends that are changing the world (London: Nicholas Brealey, 1995).
27. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 112.
28. Rutland cites the obsessive distracting focus on Gorbachev in Gail Sheehy's biography, which put Gorbachev's attempt to reinvigorate the Soviet Union down to the male menopause. Gail Sheehy, The man who changed the world (New York: Perennial Library, 1990), cited in Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 109.
29. Rutland cites the obsessive distracting focus on Gorbachev in Gail Sheehy's biography, which put Gorbachev's attempt to reinvigorate the Soviet Union down to the male menopause. Gail Sheehy, The man who changed the world (New York: Perennial Library, 1990), cited in Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 109.
30. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 112.
31. Ibid., p. 110.
32. Amitav Acharya, A new regional order in South-East Asia: ASEAN in the post-cold war era, Adelphi Paper 279 (Oxford: Oxford University Press/IISS, 1993), p. 3.
33. Malcolm Chalmers, 'ASEAN and confidence building: continuity and change after the cold war', Contemporary Security Policy 18: 1, April 1997, p. 53.
34. Amitav Acharya, 'The Association of South-East Asian Nations: security community or defence community?', Pacific Affairs 64: 2, summer 1991, p. 176.
35. Amitav Acharya, 'Ideas, identity and institution-building: from the "ASEAN way" to the "Asia-Pacific way"', Pacific Review 10: 3, 1997, p. 329.
36. Chalmers, 'ASEAN', p. 53.
37. Amitav Acharya, 'The periphery as the core: the third world and security studies', in Keith Krause and Michael Williams, eds, Critical security studies (London: UCL Press, 1997), p. 310.
38. See particularly World Bank, The East Asian miracle, pp. 1-25.
39. For the term 'conceptual combat' see David Baldwin, 'The concept of security', Review of International Studies 23: 1, 1997, p. 11.
40. Randall Collins, Weberian sociological theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), chs 7-8, and 'Some principles of long term social change: the territorial power of states', in Louis Kriesberg, ed., Research in social movements, conflicts and change, vol. 1 (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1978), pp. 1-34, cited in Wohlforth, 'Realism', p. 102, n. 24.
41. Randall Collins, Weberian sociological theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), chs 7-8, and 'Some principles of long term social change: the territorial power of states', in Louis Kriesberg, ed., Research in social movements, conflicts and change, vol. 1 (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1978), pp. 1-34, cited in Wohlforth, 'Realism', p. 102, n. 24.
42. Randall Collins, Weberian sociological theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), chs 7-8, and 'Some principles of long term social change: the territorial power of states', in Louis Kriesberg, ed., Research in social movements, conflicts and change, vol. 1 (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1978), pp. 1-34, cited in Wohlforth, 'Realism', p. 102, n. 24.
43. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 112.
44. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 111.
45. Ibid., p. 112.
46. Bruce Cumings, 'Boundary displacement: area studies and international studies during and after the cold war', in Mark Seldon, ed., Bulletin of concerned Asian scholars, special edition: Asia, Asian studies and the national security state 1: 1, 1997, 〈http://www.csf.colorado.edu/bcas/sympos/current.htm〉, pp. 3-4.
47. See Kishore Mahbubani, 'The United States: go East young man', Washington Quarterly 17: 2, 1994, pp. 6-7, and 'The Pacific way', Foreign Affairs 74: 1, Jan.-Feb. 1995; Mahathir Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The voice of Asia (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1995); Fareed Zakaria, 'Culture is destiny: a conversation with Lee Kuan Yew', Foreign Affairs 73: 2, March-April 1994, pp. 109-13.
48. See Kishore Mahbubani, 'The United States: go East young man', Washington Quarterly 17: 2, 1994, pp. 6-7, and 'The Pacific way', Foreign Affairs 74: 1, Jan.-Feb. 1995; Mahathir Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The voice of Asia (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1995); Fareed Zakaria, 'Culture is destiny: a conversation with Lee Kuan Yew', Foreign Affairs 73: 2, March-April 1994, pp. 109-13.
49. See Kishore Mahbubani, 'The United States: go East young man', Washington Quarterly 17: 2, 1994, pp. 6-7, and 'The Pacific way', Foreign Affairs 74: 1, Jan.-Feb. 1995; Mahathir Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The voice of Asia (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1995); Fareed Zakaria, 'Culture is destiny: a conversation with Lee Kuan Yew', Foreign Affairs 73: 2, March-April 1994, pp. 109-13.
50. See Kishore Mahbubani, 'The United States: go East young man', Washington Quarterly 17: 2, 1994, pp. 6-7, and 'The Pacific way', Foreign Affairs 74: 1, Jan.-Feb. 1995; Mahathir Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The voice of Asia (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1995); Fareed Zakaria, 'Culture is destiny: a conversation with Lee Kuan Yew', Foreign Affairs 73: 2, March-April 1994, pp. 109-13.
51. Paul Krugman, 'The myth of Asia's miracle', Foreign Affairs 73: 6, Nov.-Dec. 1994; Alwyn Young, 'A tale of two cities: factor accumulation and technical change in Singapore and Hong Kong', in O. J. Blanchard and S. Fischer, eds, NBER macroeconomics annual 1992 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press); Alwyn Young, 'The tyranny of numbers: confronting the statistical realities of the Asian growth experience', The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 3, 1995, pp. 655-79; David Martin Jones, 'Asian values and the constitutional order of contemporary Singapore', Constitutional Political Economy 8: 1, 1997, pp. 283-300.
52. Paul Krugman, 'The myth of Asia's miracle', Foreign Affairs 73: 6, Nov.-Dec. 1994; Alwyn Young, 'A tale of two cities: factor accumulation and technical change in Singapore and Hong Kong', in O. J. Blanchard and S. Fischer, eds, NBER macroeconomics annual 1992 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press); Alwyn Young, 'The tyranny of numbers: confronting the statistical realities of the Asian growth experience', The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 3, 1995, pp. 655-79; David Martin Jones, 'Asian values and the constitutional order of contemporary Singapore', Constitutional Political Economy 8: 1, 1997, pp. 283-300.
53. Paul Krugman, 'The myth of Asia's miracle', Foreign Affairs 73: 6, Nov.-Dec. 1994; Alwyn Young, 'A tale of two cities: factor accumulation and technical change in Singapore and Hong Kong', in O. J. Blanchard and S. Fischer, eds, NBER macroeconomics annual 1992 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press); Alwyn Young, 'The tyranny of numbers: confronting the statistical realities of the Asian growth experience', The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 3, 1995, pp. 655-79; David Martin Jones, 'Asian values and the constitutional order of contemporary Singapore', Constitutional Political Economy 8: 1, 1997, pp. 283-300.
54. Paul Krugman, 'The myth of Asia's miracle', Foreign Affairs 73: 6, Nov.-Dec. 1994; Alwyn Young, 'A tale of two cities: factor accumulation and technical change in Singapore and Hong Kong', in O. J. Blanchard and S. Fischer, eds, NBER macroeconomics annual 1992 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press); Alwyn Young, 'The tyranny of numbers: confronting the statistical realities of the Asian growth experience', The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 3, 1995, pp. 655-79; David Martin Jones, 'Asian values and the constitutional order of contemporary Singapore', Constitutional Political Economy 8: 1, 1997, pp. 283-300.
55. World Bank, The East Asian economic miracle, ch. 1.
56. Kunio Yoshihara, The rise of ersatz capitalism in South-East Asia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988); Christopher Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism: Asian values, free market illusions and political dependency (Fairfax, VA.: Locke Institute, 1996).
57. Kunio Yoshihara, The rise of ersatz capitalism in South-East Asia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1988); Christopher Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism: Asian values, free market illusions and political dependency (Fairfax, VA.: Locke Institute, 1996).
58. Jose T. Almonte, 'Ensuring the "ASEAN way"', Survival 39: 4, winter 1997-8, p. 80.
59. Ibid., p. 90.
60. Robert Manning and Paula Stem, 'The myth of the Pacific community', Foreign Affairs 73: 6, Nov.-Dec. 1994 , did in fact take issue with the idea that a multilateral security system could deal with the tensions in the Pacific region. The focus for their discussion, though, was confined to North-East Asia.
61. Contemporary Security Policy, reviewer's report (1), reviewer no. 180335, 1 May 1997, p. 1.
62. Jim Rohwer, Asia rising: how history's biggest middle class will change the world (London: Nicholas Brealey, 1996); Roger Bell, Tim McDonald and Alan Tidwell, eds, Negotiating the Pacific century: the 'new' Asia, the United States and Australia (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1995); François Godement, The new Asian Renaissance: from colonialism to the post-Cold War (London: Routledge, 1996); Ross Garnaut, Enzo Grilli and James Reidel, eds, Sustaining export-oriented development: ideas from east Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
63. Jim Rohwer, Asia rising: how history's biggest middle class will change the world (London: Nicholas Brealey, 1996); Roger Bell, Tim McDonald and Alan Tidwell, eds, Negotiating the Pacific century: the 'new' Asia, the United States and Australia (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1995); François Godement, The new Asian Renaissance: from colonialism to the post-Cold War (London: Routledge, 1996); Ross Garnaut, Enzo Grilli and James Reidel, eds, Sustaining export-oriented development: ideas from east Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
64. Jim Rohwer, Asia rising: how history's biggest middle class will change the world (London: Nicholas Brealey, 1996); Roger Bell, Tim McDonald and Alan Tidwell, eds, Negotiating the Pacific century: the 'new' Asia, the United States and Australia (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1995); François Godement, The new Asian Renaissance: from colonialism to the post-Cold War (London: Routledge, 1996); Ross Garnaut, Enzo Grilli and James Reidel, eds, Sustaining export-oriented development: ideas from east Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
65. Jim Rohwer, Asia rising: how history's biggest middle class will change the world (London: Nicholas Brealey, 1996); Roger Bell, Tim McDonald and Alan Tidwell, eds, Negotiating the Pacific century: the 'new' Asia, the United States and Australia (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1995); François Godement, The new Asian Renaissance: from colonialism to the post-Cold War (London: Routledge, 1996); Ross Garnaut, Enzo Grilli and James Reidel, eds, Sustaining export-oriented development: ideas from east Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
66. Callum Henderson, Asia falling: making sense of the Asian currency crisis and its aftermath (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998); François Godement, The downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1998); R. H. McLeod and Ross Garnaut, eds, East Asia in crisis: from being a miracle to needing one (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
67. Callum Henderson, Asia falling: making sense of the Asian currency crisis and its aftermath (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998); François Godement, The downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1998); R. H. McLeod and Ross Garnaut, eds, East Asia in crisis: from being a miracle to needing one (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
68. Callum Henderson, Asia falling: making sense of the Asian currency crisis and its aftermath (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998); François Godement, The downsizing of Asia (London: Routledge, 1998); R. H. McLeod and Ross Garnaut, eds, East Asia in crisis: from being a miracle to needing one (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998).
69. See e.g. the remarks of S. Grenville, the deputy governor of the Reserve Bank in Australia, in 'The Asian economic crisis', talk to the Australian Business Economists and the Economic Society of Australia, Sydney, 12 March 1998. According to Grenville, 'no one forecast ... the crisis' (p. 1). This is a line that was also repeated by an anonymous referee of this article.
70. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 112.
71. See Popper, The poverty of historicism, p. 134.
72. Ibid., p. 113.
73. Ibid.
74. Edward Kolodziej, 'Renaissance in security studies: caveat lector!', International Studies Quarterly 36: 4, 1992, p. 425.
75. Fred Halliday, The making of the second cold war (London: Verso, 1989), p. 264.
76. C. V. Devan Nair, Socialism that works ... the Singapore way (Singapore: Federal Publications, 1976).
77. See Anthony Giddens, The third way: the renewal of social democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); Will Hutton, The state we're in (London: Vantage, 1995); Mark Latham, Civilising global capital: new thinking for Australian capital (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998); Richard Robison, 'Looking north: myths and strategies', ch. 1 in Richard Robison, ed, Pathways to Asia: the politics of engagement (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1996); Robert B. Reich, The work of nations: preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991); William A. Galston, Liberal purposes: goods, virtues and diversity in the liberal state (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
78. See Anthony Giddens, The third way: the renewal of social democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); Will Hutton, The state we're in (London: Vantage, 1995); Mark Latham, Civilising global capital: new thinking for Australian capital (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998); Richard Robison, 'Looking north: myths and strategies', ch. 1 in Richard Robison, ed, Pathways to Asia: the politics of engagement (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1996); Robert B. Reich, The work of nations: preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991); William A. Galston, Liberal purposes: goods, virtues and diversity in the liberal state (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
79. See Anthony Giddens, The third way: the renewal of social democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); Will Hutton, The state we're in (London: Vantage, 1995); Mark Latham, Civilising global capital: new thinking for Australian capital (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998); Richard Robison, 'Looking north: myths and strategies', ch. 1 in Richard Robison, ed, Pathways to Asia: the politics of engagement (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1996); Robert B. Reich, The work of nations: preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991); William A. Galston, Liberal purposes: goods, virtues and diversity in the liberal state (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
80. See Anthony Giddens, The third way: the renewal of social democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); Will Hutton, The state we're in (London: Vantage, 1995); Mark Latham, Civilising global capital: new thinking for Australian capital (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998); Richard Robison, 'Looking north: myths and strategies', ch. 1 in Richard Robison, ed, Pathways to Asia: the politics of engagement (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1996); Robert B. Reich, The work of nations: preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991); William A. Galston, Liberal purposes: goods, virtues and diversity in the liberal state (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
81. See Anthony Giddens, The third way: the renewal of social democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); Will Hutton, The state we're in (London: Vantage, 1995); Mark Latham, Civilising global capital: new thinking for Australian capital (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998); Richard Robison, 'Looking north: myths and strategies', ch. 1 in Richard Robison, ed, Pathways to Asia: the politics of engagement (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1996); Robert B. Reich, The work of nations: preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991); William A. Galston, Liberal purposes: goods, virtues and diversity in the liberal state (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
82. See Anthony Giddens, The third way: the renewal of social democracy (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998); Will Hutton, The state we're in (London: Vantage, 1995); Mark Latham, Civilising global capital: new thinking for Australian capital (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1998); Richard Robison, 'Looking north: myths and strategies', ch. 1 in Richard Robison, ed, Pathways to Asia: the politics of engagement (St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1996); Robert B. Reich, The work of nations: preparing ourselves for 21st century capitalism (New York: Knopf, 1991); William A. Galston, Liberal purposes: goods, virtues and diversity in the liberal state (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
83. See Hutton, The state we're in; John Gray, False dawn: the delusions of global capitalism (London: Granta, 1998).
84. See Hutton, The state we're in; John Gray, False dawn: the delusions of global capitalism (London: Granta, 1998).
85. Rohwer, Asia rising, p. 44; see also Ross Garnaut and Peter Drysdale with John Kunkel, Asia Pacific regionalism: readings in international economic relations (Sydney: Harper, 1994); William Rees-Mogg, 'Blair could make it the year of the tiger', The Times, 1 Jan. 1997.
86. Rohwer, Asia rising, p. 44; see also Ross Garnaut and Peter Drysdale with John Kunkel, Asia Pacific regionalism: readings in international economic relations (Sydney: Harper, 1994); William Rees-Mogg, 'Blair could make it the year of the tiger', The Times, 1 Jan. 1997.
87. Rohwer, Asia rising, p. 44; see also Ross Garnaut and Peter Drysdale with John Kunkel, Asia Pacific regionalism: readings in international economic relations (Sydney: Harper, 1994); William Rees-Mogg, 'Blair could make it the year of the tiger', The Times, 1 Jan. 1997.
88. Ibid., p. 45.
89. Catherine Jones, 'Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan: oikonomic welfare states', Government and Opposition 25: 4, 1990, p. 462.
90. Ibid., p. 17.
91. Acharya, 'Ideas', p. 329.
92. Thomas Remington, 'Sovietology and system stability', Post Soviet Affairs 8: 3, July/Sept. 1992, pp. 240-1, 258.
93. Rutland, 'Sovietology', pp. 116-18.
94. Seweryn Bialer, The Soviet paradox (New York: Knopf, 1986), pp. 32, 169, cited in Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 117.
95. Seweryn Bialer, The Soviet paradox (New York: Knopf, 1986), pp. 32, 169, cited in Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 117.
96. Booth, 'Introduction: the interregnum', p. 3.
97. Rutland 'Sovietology', p. 116.
98. See Kevin Hewison, Bankers and bureaucrats: capital and the role of the state in Thailand, South-East Asian Studies Monograph Series, no. 34 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 214.
99. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 116.
100. David Newsom, 'Foreign policy and academia', Foreign Policy 101, Winter 1995-6, p. 55. On the need for this distance see also Robert Hefner, Civil Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), ch. 1.
101. David Newsom, 'Foreign policy and academia', Foreign Policy 101, Winter 1995-6, p. 55. On the need for this distance see also Robert Hefner, Civil Islam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), ch. 1.
102. James Cotton, 'The new insecurity in Asia', Quadrant, December 1998, pp. 17-21.
103. Michael Leifer, ASEAN and the security of South-East Asia (London: Routledge, 1980), p. 69.
104. See e.g. Acharya, 'Ideas', p. 329; Kusuma Snitwongse, 'Thirty years of ASEAN: achievements through political cooperation', Pacific Review 11: 2, 1998, p. 183.
105. See e.g. Acharya, 'Ideas', p. 329; Kusuma Snitwongse, 'Thirty years of ASEAN: achievements through political cooperation', Pacific Review 11: 2, 1998, p. 183.
106. See e.g. Mahbubani, 'The Pacific impulse', 'The United States: go East young man' and 'The Pacific way'; Kausikan, 'Asia's different standard'; Jon S. T. Quah and Stella Quah, Friends in blue: police and the public in Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987). The career of Professor Quah is a case in point. All of his extensive oeuvre reflects an obsessive advocacy of shared Asian values and the merits of Singapore as a regional model for good governance. Appointed Professor of Political Science at the National University of Singapore, Quah displayed on his desk a homily mounted on a wooden frame proclaiming that 'an ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of wisdom'. In 1994 Quah played a conspicuous role in the prosecution of the American economist Christopher Lingle for writing a critical response in the International Herald Tribune to another Singaporean ideologist, Kishore Mahbubani. Despite this questionable activity, Quah has received the palme d'academiques of France, has held honorary fellowships at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and sits on the board of one of the major scholarly journals in the field, Political Studies. See Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism, p. 10.
107. See e.g. Mahbubani, 'The Pacific impulse', 'The United States: go East young man' and 'The Pacific way'; Kausikan, 'Asia's different standard'; Jon S. T. Quah and Stella Quah, Friends in blue: police and the public in Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987). The career of Professor Quah is a case in point. All of his extensive oeuvre reflects an obsessive advocacy of shared Asian values and the merits of Singapore as a regional model for good governance. Appointed Professor of Political Science at the National University of Singapore, Quah displayed on his desk a homily mounted on a wooden frame proclaiming that 'an ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of wisdom'. In 1994 Quah played a conspicuous role in the prosecution of the American economist Christopher Lingle for writing a critical response in the International Herald Tribune to another Singaporean ideologist, Kishore Mahbubani. Despite this questionable activity, Quah has received the palme d'academiques of France, has held honorary fellowships at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and sits on the board of one of the major scholarly journals in the field, Political Studies. See Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism, p. 10.
108. See e.g. Mahbubani, 'The Pacific impulse', 'The United States: go East young man' and 'The Pacific way'; Kausikan, 'Asia's different standard'; Jon S. T. Quah and Stella Quah, Friends in blue: police and the public in Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987). The career of Professor Quah is a case in point. All of his extensive oeuvre reflects an obsessive advocacy of shared Asian values and the merits of Singapore as a regional model for good governance. Appointed Professor of Political Science at the National University of Singapore, Quah displayed on his desk a homily mounted on a wooden frame proclaiming that 'an ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of wisdom'. In 1994 Quah played a conspicuous role in the prosecution of the American economist Christopher Lingle for writing a critical response in the International Herald Tribune to another Singaporean ideologist, Kishore Mahbubani. Despite this questionable activity, Quah has received the palme d'academiques of France, has held honorary fellowships at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and sits on the board of one of the major scholarly journals in the field, Political Studies. See Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism, p. 10.
109. See e.g. Mahbubani, 'The Pacific impulse', 'The United States: go East young man' and 'The Pacific way'; Kausikan, 'Asia's different standard'; Jon S. T. Quah and Stella Quah, Friends in blue: police and the public in Singapore (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987). The career of Professor Quah is a case in point. All of his extensive oeuvre reflects an obsessive advocacy of shared Asian values and the merits of Singapore as a regional model for good governance. Appointed Professor of Political Science at the National University of Singapore, Quah displayed on his desk a homily mounted on a wooden frame proclaiming that 'an ounce of loyalty is worth a pound of wisdom'. In 1994 Quah played a conspicuous role in the prosecution of the American economist Christopher Lingle for writing a critical response in the International Herald Tribune to another Singaporean ideologist, Kishore Mahbubani. Despite this questionable activity, Quah has received the palme d'academiques of France, has held honorary fellowships at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and sits on the board of one of the major scholarly journals in the field, Political Studies. See Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism, p. 10.
110. The career of Jusuf Wanandi (aka Lim Bian Kie) offers an interesting illustration of this career path. In his initial incarnation as Lim Bian Kie, he advised Indonesian General Ali Murtopo on the utility of invading East Timor in 1975, while keeping Australian proponents of 'Asian engagement' like Gough Whitlam and Richard Woolcott well informed to the point of embarrassment; see Wendy Way, ed., Documents on Australian foreign policy: Australia and the Indonesian incorporation of East Timor, 1974-1976 (Melbourne: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Melbourne University Press, 2000), pp. 377, 486. Subsequently reincarnated as Jusuf Wanandi and director of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Jakarta, he facilitated Western scholarship that embraced the ASEAN way and together with a number of other scholar-bureaucrats, such as Chan Heng Chee and Noordin Sopie, was invited on to the boards of key international relations journals like Survival and Pacific Review. In such ways, networks of surveillance were created that had the potential to police dissenting opinion.
111. See James Gomez, Self-censorship: Singapore's shame (Singapore: ThinkCentre, 2000), pp. 33-53.
112. In this context the experiences of former Singapore academic Chee Soon Juan are instructive. Dr Chee lost his job, his house and his savings and is regularly denounced in the state-directed press as a 'cheat' and 'a liar' for his temerity in standing against the Prime Minister during a by-election and criticizing official statistics. Similarly illustrative is the case of another lecturer in Singapore, Bilveer Singh, who published an article in the Jakarta Post in 1994 critical of Singapore's redistributive policy. Both Chee and Singh were denounced in the local press. While Singh offered a profuse apology and was subsequently allowed to continue his career at the National University of Singapore, albeit at a lower pay scale, Chee, by refusing to apologize, showed a 'lack of remorse' and was subjected to the full rigours of the Asian version of administrative law.
113. Curiously susceptible to this predilection has been the self-proclaimed 'independent' International Institute of Strategic Studies, which has regularly allowed its publications to be used as platforms for South-East Asian scholar-bureaucrats and other proponents of the ASEAN way orthodoxy (see e.g. Mahbubani, 'The Pacific impulse'), with very little in the way of counterbalancing opinion. The Institute continues to adopt a strangely tame attitude particularly towards the authoritarian regime in Singapore. For an illustration of its peculiarly uncritical stance see Strategic Survey (London: IISS, 2000), pp. 208-10.
114. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 116.
115. See e.g. Christopher Lingle, 'The smoke over some parts of Asia obscures some profound concerns', International Herald Tribune, 7 Oct. 1994. Singapore's tradition of pouncing on errant expatriate lecturers with either public excoriation or even prosecution has been in evidence for the last thirty years, from D. J. Enright in the early 1960s to Christopher Lingle in 1994. See D. J. Enright, Memoirs of a mendicant professor (Manchester: Carcanet, 1990) and Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism, pp. ix-xi.
116. See e.g. Christopher Lingle, 'The smoke over some parts of Asia obscures some profound concerns', International Herald Tribune, 7 Oct. 1994. Singapore's tradition of pouncing on errant expatriate lecturers with either public excoriation or even prosecution has been in evidence for the last thirty years, from D. J. Enright in the early 1960s to Christopher Lingle in 1994. See D. J. Enright, Memoirs of a mendicant professor (Manchester: Carcanet, 1990) and Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism, pp. ix-xi.
117. See e.g. Christopher Lingle, 'The smoke over some parts of Asia obscures some profound concerns', International Herald Tribune, 7 Oct. 1994. Singapore's tradition of pouncing on errant expatriate lecturers with either public excoriation or even prosecution has been in evidence for the last thirty years, from D. J. Enright in the early 1960s to Christopher Lingle in 1994. See D. J. Enright, Memoirs of a mendicant professor (Manchester: Carcanet, 1990) and Lingle, Singapore's authoritarian capitalism, pp. ix-xi.
118. Jones, 'Hong Kong', pp. 451-52.
119. A case in point was the speech made by Michael Howard during the 39th Annual Conference of the IISS in Singapore on 12 September 1997. Professor Howard, a former 'Lee Kuan Yew Distinguished Visitor' (21 Feb.-6 March 1996), echoing earlier writers on the city-state, like Phillippe Regnier, pronounced it the 'Venice of the East'. The post-modern Chinese fascist chic of downtown Singapore is no doubt impressive, but otherwise not exactly redolent of a Renaissance state. See, inter alia, Phillippe Regnier, Signapore: city state in South East (London: Hurst & Co., 1992) for an uncritical account of the rise of Singapore's technocatic planning and Edgar H. Schein's paeon to Singaporean pragmatism, Strategic capitalism: the culture of Singapore's Economic Development Board (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996). For a somewhat sceptical review of Regnier's tome see Steven Knipp, 'Venice of the east', Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 Oct. 1992, p. 34.
120. A case in point was the speech made by Michael Howard during the 39th Annual Conference of the IISS in Singapore on 12 September 1997. Professor Howard, a former 'Lee Kuan Yew Distinguished Visitor' (21 Feb.-6 March 1996), echoing earlier writers on the city-state, like Phillippe Regnier, pronounced it the 'Venice of the East'. The post-modern Chinese fascist chic of downtown Singapore is no doubt impressive, but otherwise not exactly redolent of a Renaissance state. See, inter alia, Phillippe Regnier, Signapore: city state in South East (London: Hurst & Co., 1992) for an uncritical account of the rise of Singapore's technocatic planning and Edgar H. Schein's paeon to Singaporean pragmatism, Strategic capitalism: the culture of Singapore's Economic Development Board (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996). For a somewhat sceptical review of Regnier's tome see Steven Knipp, 'Venice of the east', Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 Oct. 1992, p. 34.
121. A case in point was the speech made by Michael Howard during the 39th Annual Conference of the IISS in Singapore on 12 September 1997. Professor Howard, a former 'Lee Kuan Yew Distinguished Visitor' (21 Feb.-6 March 1996), echoing earlier writers on the city-state, like Phillippe Regnier, pronounced it the 'Venice of the East'. The post-modern Chinese fascist chic of downtown Singapore is no doubt impressive, but otherwise not exactly redolent of a Renaissance state. See, inter alia, Phillippe Regnier, Signapore: city state in South East (London: Hurst & Co., 1992) for an uncritical account of the rise of Singapore's technocatic planning and Edgar H. Schein's paeon to Singaporean pragmatism, Strategic capitalism: the culture of Singapore's Economic Development Board (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996). For a somewhat sceptical review of Regnier's tome see Steven Knipp, 'Venice of the east', Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 Oct. 1992, p. 34.
122. See Acharya, 'The Association of South-East Asian Nations', p. 176, and Richard Higgott and Kim Richard Nossal, 'Australia and the search for a security community in the 1990s', in Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, eds, Security communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 281-6.
123. See Acharya, 'The Association of South-East Asian Nations', p. 176, and Richard Higgott and Kim Richard Nossal, 'Australia and the search for a security community in the 1990s', in Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett, eds, Security communities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 281-6.
124. Almonte, 'Ensuring the "ASEAN way"', p. 81, Acharya, 'Ideas', p. 329.
125. Almonte, 'Ensuring the "ASEAN way"', p. 81, Acharya, 'Ideas', p. 329.
126. Ken Booth, 'Dare not to know: international relations versus the future', in Ken Booth and Steve Smith, eds, International relations theory today (Cambridge: Polity, 1995), p. 328-49.
127. Kusuma Snitwongse, 'Meeting the challenges of a changing South-East Asia', in Robert Scalapino, Seizebura Sato, Jusuf Wanandi and Soo-Joon Han, eds, Regional dynamics: security, political and economic issues in South-East Asia (Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 1990), p. 40.
128. Cumings, 'Boundary displacement', p. 4.
129. Ken Booth, 'Security and emancipation', Review of International Studies 17: 4, 1991, pp. 317, 319. See also Amitav Acharya, 'Collective identity and conflict management in South-East Asia', in Adler and Barnett, Security communities, pp. 207-13.
130. Ken Booth, 'Security and emancipation', Review of International Studies 17: 4, 1991, pp. 317, 319. See also Amitav Acharya, 'Collective identity and conflict management in South-East Asia', in Adler and Barnett, Security communities, pp. 207-13.
131. Acharya, 'Collective identity', p. 218.
132. Ibid.
133. Newsom, 'Foreign policy', p. 62.
134. Ibid., p. 63.
135. Chalmers Johnson and E. B. Keehn, 'A disaster in the making: rational choice and Asian studies', The National Interest, summer 1994, p. 17.
136. Ken Booth, 'New challenges and old mindsets: ten rules for empirical realists', in Carl G. Jacobsen, ed., The uncertain course: new weapons, strategies and mindsets (Oxford: Oxford University Press/SIPRI, 1987), p. 59.
137. Acharya, 'The periphery as the core', p. 310.
138. Russell Trood and Ken Booth, 'Strategic culture and conflict management in the Asia-Pacific', in Ken Booth and Russell Trood, eds, Strategic cultures in the Asia-Pacific (London: Macmillan, 1999), p. 354.
139. For Karl Popper on the central duty of the scientist, see Popper, The poverty of historicism, p. 133.
140. Acharya, 'Collective identity', p. 212.
141. Khoo Kay Kim, 'US dominating world intellectually', New Straits Times, 16 Oct. 2000.
142. Popper, The poverty of historicism, p. 16.
143. Yuen Foong Khong, 'Making bricks without straw in the Asia-Pacific?', Pacific Review 10: 2, 1997, pp. 294-5.
144. Rutland, 'Sovietology', p. 122.
145. Remington, 'Sovietology', p. 241.
146. Richard Ashley, 'The achievements of post-structuralism', in Ken Booth, Steve Smith and Marysia Zalewski, eds, International theory: positivism and beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 240.
147. Popper, The poverty of historicism, p. 87.