Pressure equalization of rainscreen walls: A critical review

Building and Environment

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 161-179

  Suresh Kumar, K ^a  

^a Faculty of Architecture   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUILDING CODES;

PRESSURE EQUALIZATION; RAINSCREEN WALLS;

WALLS (STRUCTURAL PARTITIONS);

EID: 0039182041     PISSN: 03601323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0360-1323(99)00015-3     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Garden GK. Glazing designs. Canadian Building Digest No. 55 (CBD 55), National Research Council, Canada, 1964.
2. Morrison Hershfield Limited, Rain Penetration Control: Applying Current Knowledge. Report No. 2972033/2, Draft 2, Presented to CMHC, Canada, 1998.
3. Cook N.J. The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures, Part 2: Static Structures. 1990;Butterworths, London, UK.
4. Anderson J.M., Gill J.R. Rainscreen cladding: a guide to design principles and practice. 1988;Butterworths, London, UK.
5. Baskaran A. Review of Design Guidelines for Pressure Equalized Rainscreen Walls. Internal Report No. 629, IRC, NRCC, Ottawa, Canada 1992.
6. Suresh Kumar K. Pressure Equalized Rainscreen Approach to Wall Design: Past Accomplishments and Future Challenges. Report: FAGO 98.25.K, Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 1998.
7. Svendsen S. The principles of one-stage and two-stage seals. Weathertight Joints for Walls: Proceedings of the International CIB Symposium, Oslo, Norway. 1967.
8. Architectural Aluminum Manufacturer's Association. A Brief History of the Aluminum Curtain Wall. 1972;AAMA, Chicago.
9. Building Research Station, Light Cladding Part 1 - General principles of design. Building Digest 98 and 99. HMSO, Garston, Watford, UK, 1957.
10. Birkeland. Curtain walls. Handbook 11B. 1962;Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo, Norway.
11. Garden G.K. Rain penetration and its control. Canadian Building Digest No. 40 (CBD 40). 1963;Division of Building Research, NRCC, Ottawa, Canada.
12. Birkeland. The mechanism of rain penetration. Weathertight Joints for Walls: Proceedings of the International CIB Symposium, Oslo, Norway. 1967.
13. Isaaksen T. Rain leakage tests on open joints in ventilated cladding. Weathertight Joints for Walls: Proceedings of the International CIB Symposium, Oslo, Norway. 1967;. CIB Report No. 11, NBRI Report 51 C, 1968.
14. Architectural Aluminum Manufacturer's Association. The rain screen principle and pressure-equalized design. 1971;AAMA, Chicago.
15. Latta JK. Walls, windows and roofs for the Canadian climate - a summary of the current basis for selection and design. Special Technical Publication No. 1, NRCC 13487, 1973.
16. Herbert MRM. Open-jointed rain screen claddings. Building Research Establishment, Garston, UK, BRE current paper no. CP89/74, 1974.
17. Kerr DD. Annotated bibliography on the rain screen principle. Division of Building Research, Bibliography 45, (613) 993-2463, NRCC, Canada, 1985.
18. Irwin PA, Schuyler GD, Wawzonek MA. A wind tunnel investigation of rainscreen wall systems. Morrison Hershfield Limited. Prepared for CMHC, 1984.
19. Ganguli U., Dalgliesh W.A. Wind pressures on open rain screen walls: Place Air Canada. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE. 114:(3):1988;642-656.
20. Morrison Hershfield Limited. A study of the rainscreen concept applied to cladding systems on wood-framed walls. Prepared for CMHC, Ottawa, Canada, 1990.
21. Inculet DR. Pressure-equalization of rainscreen cladding. M.E.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering Science, The University of Western Ontario, Canada, 1990.
22. Gerhardt H.J., Janser F. Wind loads on wind permeable facades. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 53:1994;37-48.
23. Lin JX, Inculet DR. A study of statistically representative mean pressure gradients. Interim progress report to CMHC, Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, 1994.
24. Skerlj PF, Surry D. A study of mean pressure gradients, mean cavity pressures and resulting residual mean pressures across a rainscreen for a representative building. Interim Progress Report to CMHC, Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, 1994.
25. Surry D., Inculet D.R., Skerlj P.F., Lin J.X., Davenport A.G. Wind, rain, and the building envelope: a status report of ongoing research at the University of Western Ontario. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 53:1994;19-36.
26. Killip I.R., Cheetham D.W. The prevention of rain penetration through external walls and joints by means of pressure equalization. Building and Environment. 19:(2):1984;81-91.
27. Ganguli U, Quirouette RL. Pressure equalization performance of a metal and glass curtain wall. CSCE Centennial Conference, IRC 1542 (1988), NRCC 29024, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1987.
28. Drysdale RG, Wilson MJ. Tests of full scale veneer/steel stud walls to determine strength and rain penetration characteristics. Report for CMHC, Ottawa, 1990.
29. Poirier G.F., Brown W.C., Baskaran A. Pressure equalization and the control of rain water penetration. Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Building Science and Technology, Toronto. 1992.
30. Baskaran B.A., Brown W.C. Performance of pressure equalized rainscreen walls under cyclic loading. Journal of Thermal Insulation and Building Envelopes. 16:1992;183-193.
31. Burgess J.C. Air pressure equalization in rainscreened joints by geometric alteration. Building and Environment. 30:(1):1995;13-18.
32. Xie J., Schuyler G.D., Resar H.R. Prediction of net pressure on pressure equalized cavities. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 41-44:1992;2449-2460.
33. Choi E.C.C., Wang Z. Study on pressure-equalization of curtain wall systems. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 73:1998;251-266.
34. Cook N.J., Keevil A.P., Stobart R.K. BRERWULF - The big bad wolf. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 29:1988;99-107.
35. Brown WC, Rousseau MZ, Dalgliesh WA. Field testing of pressure equalized rainscreen walls. ASTM STP 1034, Exterior wall symposium, Precast Concrete, Masonry and Stucco, Chicago, Illinois, 1991.
36. Laviolette SP, Keller H. Performance monitoring of a brick veneer/steel stud wall system, Report for CMHC, Ottawa, 1992.
37. Straube JF. Moisture Control and Enclosure Wall Systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Civil Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Canada, 1998.
38. Straube J.F., Burnett E.F.P. Performance measurement of pressure-moderated screened wall systems. ICBEST Proceedings, Singapore. 1994.
39. Schols SFC. Afstudeerverslag Drukvereffening In Gevelsystemen. Internal Report, FAGO, Faculteit Bouwkunde, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, 1997.
40. Van Schijndel A.W.M., Schols S.F.C. Modeling pressure equalization in cavities. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 74-76:1998;641-649.
41. Suresh Kumar K. Pressure equalization performance of rainscreen walls: Experimental investigations. Proceedings of the 2nd East European Conference on Wind Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic. 1998.
42. Holmes J.D. Mean and fluctuating internal pressures induced by wind. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Wind Engineering, Boulder, Colorado. 1979.
43. Malecki I. Physical Foundations of Technical Acoustics. 1969;Pergamon Press, Oxford.
44. Inculet D.R., Davenport A.G. Pressure-equalized rainscreens: A study in the frequency domain. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 53:1994;63-87.
45. Suresh Kumar K., Van Schijndel A.W.M. Cavity pressure dynamics of rainscreen walls. Proceedings of the 4th UK Conference on Wind Engineering, Bristol, UK. 1998.
46. Kimura RI. Scientific basis of air conditioning. Applied Science 1977:175-186.
47. Fazio P., Kontopidis T. Cavity pressure in rainscreen walls. Building and Environment. 23:(2):1988;137-143.
48. Tamura G.T., Shaw C.Y. Studies on exterior wall air tightness and air infiltration of tall buildings. ASHRAE Transactions. 82:(Part I):1976;122-134.
49. Kontopidis T., Srinivasa Reddy M., Fazio P. Potential of rainscreen walls to prevent rain penetration: pressurized cavity principle. Building Research and Information. 21:(3):1993;176-186.
50. Burgess J.C. Pressure equalized rainscreen joint modelling with numerical model PERAM. Building and Environment. 30:(3):1995;385-389.
51. Suresh Kumar K., Stathopoulos T. Computer simulation of fluctuating wind pressures on low building roofs. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 69-71:1997;485-495.
52. Suresh Kumar K, Stathopoulos T. Synthesis of non-Gaussian wind pressure time series on low building roofs. Engineering Structures 1999;21(12):1086-1100.
53. Baskaran A. A numerical model to evaluate the performance of pressure equalized rainscreen walls. Building and Environment. 29:(2):1994;159-171.
54. British Standards Institution, Standard code of practice 8200. Design of non-load bearing external and vertical enclosures of buildings. BSI, London, UK 1985.
55. NEN 6702, Loadings and deformations TGB 1990. Technische grondslagen voor bouwconstructies, Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut, The Netherlands, 1991.
56. NEN 6707, Fixing of roof coverings - Requirements and determination methods. Technische grondslagen voor bouwvoorschriften, Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut, The Netherlands, 1991.
57. AS 1170.2, Minimum Design Loads on Structures, Part 2: Wind Loads. Standards Association of Australia, North Sydney, Australia, 1989.
58. ECCS, Recommendations for calculating the effects of wind on constructions. Technical Committee 12 - Wind, Report No. 52, Second Edition, European Convention for Constructional Steel work, Brussels, 1987.
59. ENV 1991-2-3, Eurocode 1: Basis of Design and Actions on Structures, Part 2.3: Wind Actions. CEN/TC250/SC1/1993/N118, 1995.
60. Yamaguchi A. Non-steady characteristics of orifices. Bulletin of the JSME. 19:(131):1976;505-512.
61. Vickery B.J., Karakatsanis C. Discharge coefficients and internal pressures in well ventilated buildings. Proceedings of the 2nd Asia-Pacific Symposium on Wind Engineering, Beijing, China. 1989.