European "federalism" and its encroachments on national institutions

Publius: The Journal of Federalism

Volumn 29, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 19-44

  Schmidt, Vivien A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039137631     PISSN: 00485950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a030012     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. On the federal characteristics of the European Community/European Union, see, for example, Fritz Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Alberta Sbragia, "The European Community: A Balancing Act," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 23 (Summer 1993): 23-38; Arthur B. Gunlicks, ed., "Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations in West Germany: A Fortieth Year Appraisal," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 1-18; Fritz Scharpf, "Community and Autonomy: Multi-Level Policymaking in the European Union," Journal of European Public Policy 1 (Autumn 1994); Daniel Wincott, "Federalism and the European Union: The Scope and Limits of the Treaty of Maastricht," International Political Science Review 17 (October 1996): 403-415.
2. On the federal characteristics of the European Community/European Union, see, for example, Fritz Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Alberta Sbragia, "The European Community: A Balancing Act," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 23 (Summer 1993): 23-38; Arthur B. Gunlicks, ed., "Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations in West Germany: A Fortieth Year Appraisal," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 1-18; Fritz Scharpf, "Community and Autonomy: Multi-Level Policymaking in the European Union," Journal of European Public Policy 1 (Autumn 1994); Daniel Wincott, "Federalism and the European Union: The Scope and Limits of the Treaty of Maastricht," International Political Science Review 17 (October 1996): 403-415.
3. On the federal characteristics of the European Community/European Union, see, for example, Fritz Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Alberta Sbragia, "The European Community: A Balancing Act," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 23 (Summer 1993): 23-38; Arthur B. Gunlicks, ed., "Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations in West Germany: A Fortieth Year Appraisal," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 1-18; Fritz Scharpf, "Community and Autonomy: Multi-Level Policymaking in the European Union," Journal of European Public Policy 1 (Autumn 1994); Daniel Wincott, "Federalism and the European Union: The Scope and Limits of the Treaty of Maastricht," International Political Science Review 17 (October 1996): 403-415.
4. On the federal characteristics of the European Community/European Union, see, for example, Fritz Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Alberta Sbragia, "The European Community: A Balancing Act," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 23 (Summer 1993): 23-38; Arthur B. Gunlicks, ed., "Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations in West Germany: A Fortieth Year Appraisal," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 1-18; Fritz Scharpf, "Community and Autonomy: Multi-Level Policymaking in the European Union," Journal of European Public Policy 1 (Autumn 1994); Daniel Wincott, "Federalism and the European Union: The Scope and Limits of the Treaty of Maastricht," International Political Science Review 17 (October 1996): 403-415.
5. On the federal characteristics of the European Community/European Union, see, for example, Fritz Scharpf, "The Joint Decision Trap: Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration," Public Administration 66 (Autumn 1988): 239-278; Alberta Sbragia, "The European Community: A Balancing Act," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 23 (Summer 1993): 23-38; Arthur B. Gunlicks, ed., "Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations in West Germany: A Fortieth Year Appraisal," Publius: The Journal of Federalism 19 (Fall 1989): 1-18; Fritz Scharpf, "Community and Autonomy: Multi-Level Policymaking in the European Union," Journal of European Public Policy 1 (Autumn 1994); Daniel Wincott, "Federalism and the European Union: The Scope and Limits of the Treaty of Maastricht," International Political Science Review 17 (October 1996): 403-415.
6. See Stanley Hoffmann, "The European Community and 1992," Foreign Affairs 68 (Fall 1989): 41; Sbragia, "The European Community: A Balancing Act," 24.
7. See Stanley Hoffmann, "The European Community and 1992," Foreign Affairs 68 (Fall 1989): 41; Sbragia, "The European Community: A Balancing Act," 24.
8. As distinguished from the "fusion of powers," the term used by Wolfgang Wessels, "An Ever Closer Fusion? A Dynamic Macropolitical View on Integration Processes," Journal of Common Market Studies 35 (June 1997): 267-299.
9. For a brief summary of the issues, see Vivien A. Schmidt, "European Integration and Democracy: The Differences among Members States," Journal of European Public Policy 4 (March 1997): 128-145; Vivien A. Schmidt, "European Integration and Institutional Change: Transformation of National Patterns of Policy Making," Leviathan (1996): 143-180 special issue.
10. For a brief summary of the issues, see Vivien A. Schmidt, "European Integration and Democracy: The Differences among Members States," Journal of European Public Policy 4 (March 1997): 128-145; Vivien A. Schmidt, "European Integration and Institutional Change: Transformation of National Patterns of Policy Making," Leviathan (1996): 143-180 special issue.
11. Shirley Williams, "Sovereignity and Accountability in the European Community," The New European Community: Decision-Making and Institutional Change, eds. Robert O. Keohane and Stanley Hoffman (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991); J. H. H. Weiler, Ulrich .R. Haltern, and F. C. Mayer, "European Democracy and its Critique," The Crisis of Representation in Europe, ed. Jack Hayward (London: Frank Cass, 1995).
12. Shirley Williams, "Sovereignity and Accountability in the European Community," The New European Community: Decision-Making and Institutional Change, eds. Robert O. Keohane and Stanley Hoffman (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991); J. H. H. Weiler, Ulrich .R. Haltern, and F. C. Mayer, "European Democracy and its Critique," The Crisis of Representation in Europe, ed. Jack Hayward (London: Frank Cass, 1995).
13. See Vivien A. Schmidt, "The European Nation-State between Globalization and Integration: The Decline of National Sovereignity?" (Jean Monnet working paper presented at the Center for European Studies, Study Group on European Integration and Domestic Politics, and the Harvard Law School Seminar on the EU, NAFTA, and the WTO, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 3 March 1998).
14. On compounded representation, see Joanne Brzinski, Thomas D. Lancaster, and Christian Tuschhoff, "Federalism and Compounded Representation in Western Europe" (paper presented at the First Workshop on Federalism and Compounded Representation, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 3-6 October 1997).
15. Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992); Andrew Moravscik, "Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach," Journal of Common Market Studies 31 (December 1993): 473-521.
16. Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation-State (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992); Andrew Moravscik, "Preferences and Power in the European Community: A Liberal Intergovernmentalist Approach," Journal of Common Market Studies 31 (December 1993): 473-521.
17. See the definition and discussion in Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe, and Kermit Blank, "European Integration since the 1980's: State-Centric versus Multi-Level Governance," Journal of Common Market Studies 34 (September 1996): 341-378.
18. See Brzinski, Lancaster, and Tuschhoff, "Federalism and Compounded Representation."
19. See Renaud Dehousse, Europe: The Impossible Status Quo (New York: St. Martin's, 1997); Simon Hix, "Elections, Parties and Institutional Design: EU Democracy in Comparative Perspective" (paper presented at the Fifth Biennial Conference of the European Community Studies Association, Seattle, WA, 29 May-1 June 1997).
20. See Renaud Dehousse, Europe: The Impossible Status Quo (New York: St. Martin's, 1997); Simon Hix, "Elections, Parties and Institutional Design: EU Democracy in Comparative Perspective" (paper presented at the Fifth Biennial Conference of the European Community Studies Association, Seattle, WA, 29 May-1 June 1997).
21. Fiona Hayes-Renshaw and Helen Wallace, The Council of Ministers (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997), pp. 278-279.
22. See Juliet Lodge, "Transparency and Democratic Legitimacy," Journal of Common Market Studies 32 (September 1994): 343-360.
23. Philip Norton, ed., National Parliaments and the European Union (London: Frank Cass, 1996).
24. Jeffrey Lewis, "The Institutional Problem-Solving Capacities of the Council: The Committee of Permanent Representatives and the Methods of Community," MPIfG Discussion Paper 98/1 (Cologne, FR: Max Planck Institute, February 1998).
25. See Mark Pollack, "Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the European Community," International Organization 51 (Winter 1997): 115-116; Christopher Docksey and Karen Williams, "The Commission and the Execution of Community Policy," The European Commission, ed. Geoffrey Edwards and David Spence Harlow, ENGLAND: Longman, 1994).
26. See Mark Pollack, "Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the European Community," International Organization 51 (Winter 1997): 115-116; Christopher Docksey and Karen Williams, "The Commission and the Execution of Community Policy," The European Commission, ed. Geoffrey Edwards and David Spence Harlow, ENGLAND: Longman, 1994).
27. See Vivien A. Schmidt, "National Patterns of Governance under Siege: The Impact of European Integration," The Transformation of Governance in the European Union, ed. Beate Kohler-Koch (Routledge, 1998), forthcoming. For a theoretical comparison of statist, corporatist, and pluralist systems, see Vivien A. Schmidt, From State to Market? The Transformation of French Business and Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), Part One.
28. See Vivien A. Schmidt, "National Patterns of Governance under Siege: The Impact of European Integration," The Transformation of Governance in the European Union, ed. Beate Kohler-Koch (Routledge, 1998), forthcoming. For a theoretical comparison of statist, corporatist, and pluralist systems, see Vivien A. Schmidt, From State to Market? The Transformation of French Business and Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), Part One.
29. Vernon Bogdanor and Geoffrey Woodcock "The European Community and Sovereignty," Parliamentary Affairs 44 (October 1991). On the difficulties, see Michael Newman, Democracy, Sovereignty and the European Union (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996), pp. 184-188.
30. Vernon Bogdanor and Geoffrey Woodcock "The European Community and Sovereignty," Parliamentary Affairs 44 (October 1991). On the difficulties, see Michael Newman, Democracy, Sovereignty and the European Union (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996), pp. 184-188.
31. Norton, ed., National Parliaments and the European Union.
32. J. R. Frears, "The French Parliament and the European Community," Journal of Common Market Studies 12 (December 1975): 140-158.
33. Franco Rizzuto, "The French Parliament and the EU: Loosening the Constitutional Straitjacket," National Parliaments and the European Union, ed. Philip Norton (London: Frank Cass, 1996); Robert Ladrech, "Europeanization of Domestic Politics and Institutions: The Case of France," Journal of Common Market Studies 30 (March 1994): 69-98.
34. Franco Rizzuto, "The French Parliament and the EU: Loosening the Constitutional Straitjacket," National Parliaments and the European Union, ed. Philip Norton (London: Frank Cass, 1996); Robert Ladrech, "Europeanization of Domestic Politics and Institutions: The Case of France," Journal of Common Market Studies 30 (March 1994): 69-98.
35. Vivien A. Schmidt, "Loosening the Ties that Bind: The Impact of European Integration on French Government and its Relationship to Business," Journal of Common Market Studies 34 (June 1996): 223-254; Schmidt, From State to Market, Chapter 8.
36. Vivien A. Schmidt, "Loosening the Ties that Bind: The Impact of European Integration on French Government and its Relationship to Business," Journal of Common Market Studies 34 (June 1996): 223-254; Schmidt, From State to Market, Chapter 8.
37. On the tabo, see Vivien A. Schmidt, "Discourse and (Dis) Integration in Europe," Daedalus 126 (Summer 1997): 167-198.
38. Philip Norton, "The United Kingdom: Political Conflict, Parliamentary Scrutiny," National Parliaments and the European Union.
39. See Henning Sørensen and Old Vaever, "State, Society and Democracy and the Effect of the EC"; Niels Joørgen Nehring, "Parliamentary Control of the Executive," Denmark and EC Membership Evaluated, ed. Lise Lyck (London: Pinter, 1992). See also the discussion in Newman, Democracy, pp. 192-193.
40. See Henning Sørensen and Old Vaever, "State, Society and Democracy and the Effect of the EC"; Niels Joørgen Nehring, "Parliamentary Control of the Executive," Denmark and EC Membership Evaluated, ed. Lise Lyck (London: Pinter, 1992). See also the discussion in Newman, Democracy, pp. 192-193.
41. See Henning Sørensen and Old Vaever, "State, Society and Democracy and the Effect of the EC"; Niels Joørgen Nehring, "Parliamentary Control of the Executive," Denmark and EC Membership Evaluated, ed. Lise Lyck (London: Pinter, 1992). See also the discussion in Newman, Democracy, pp. 192-193.
42. See Thomas Saalfeld, "The German Houses of Parliament and European Legislation," National Parliaments and the European Union, ed. Philip Norton (London: Frank Cass, 1996).
43. Simon Bulmer, The Domestic Strructure of European Policy-Making in West Germany (New York and London: Garland, 1986), pp. 219-222; Saalfeld, "German Houses of Parliament."
44. Simon Bulmer, The Domestic Strructure of European Policy-Making in West Germany (New York and London: Garland, 1986), pp. 219-222; Saalfeld, "German Houses of Parliament."
45. Klaus H. Goetz and Peter J. Cullen, "The Basic Law after Unification: Continued Centrality or Declining Force?" German Politics 3 (December 1993): 22.
46. Fiona Hayes-Renshaw and Helen Wallace, "Executive Power in the European Union: The Functions and Limits of the Council of Ministers," Journal of European Public Policy 2 (December 1995): 559-582.
47. See Neil Nugent, "The Leadership Capacity of the European Commission," Journal of European Public Policy 2 (December 1995): 603-623.
48. Laura Cram, "Calling the Tune without Paying the Piper? Social Policy Regulation: The Role of the Commission in European Community Social Policy," Policy and Politics 21 (1993).
49. Giandomenico Majone, "The European Commission as Regulator," Regulating Europe, ed. Giandomenico Majone (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. 74-75.
50. For a rational choice account of the mechanisms, see Mark Pollack, "Delegation, Agency and Agenda-Setting in the European Union," International Organization 51 (1997): 99-134.
51. Francis Snyder, "Soft Law and Institutional Practice in the European Community," The Construction of Europe: Essays in Honour of Emile Noel, ed. Stephen Martin (Kluwer: Dordrecht, 1994).
52. See the critique by Marks, Hooghe, and Blank, "European Integration since the 1980's."
53. Susanne K. Schmidt, "Behind the Council Agenda: The Commission's Impact on Decisions," MPIfG Discussion Paper 97/4 (Cologne, FR: Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, 1997).
54. Claus-Dieter Ehrlemann, "The '1992 Project:' Stages, Structures, Results and Prospects," Michigan Journal of International Law 11 (Summer 1990): 1097-1118; Renaud Dehousse, "Integration vs. Regulation? On the Dynamics of Regulation in the European Community," Journal of Common Market Studies 30 (December 1992): 396-397.
55. Claus-Dieter Ehrlemann, "The '1992 Project:' Stages, Structures, Results and Prospects," Michigan Journal of International Law 11 (Summer 1990): 1097-1118; Renaud Dehousse, "Integration vs. Regulation? On the Dynamics of Regulation in the European Community," Journal of Common Market Studies 30 (December 1992): 396-397.
56. Andrew McGee and Stephen Weatherhill, "The Evolution of the Single Market: Harmonization or Liberalization," Modern Law Review 53 (September 1990): 159-177; Dehousse, "Integration vs. Regulation?" 395.
57. Andrew McGee and Stephen Weatherhill, "The Evolution of the Single Market: Harmonization or Liberalization," Modern Law Review 53 (September 1990): 159-177; Dehousse, "Integration vs. Regulation?" 395.
58. Majone, "The European Commission as Regulator," 75-76.
59. Giandomenico Majone, "The European Community between Social Policy and Social Regulation," Journal of Common Market Studies 31 (June 1993): 159-163.
60. Stephan Liebfried and Paul Pierson, eds., European Social (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995).
61. See Sonia Mazey and Jeremy Richardson, Lobbying in the European Community, eds. Sonia Mazey and Jeremy Richardson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
62. See Milward, European Rescue; Moravscik, "Preferences and Power."
63. See Milward, European Rescue; Moravscik, "Preferences and Power."
64. Robert O. Keohane and Stanley Hoffman, "Introduction," New European Community, eds. Keohane and Hoffmann.
65. Robert D. Putnani, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics," International Organization 42 (Summer 1988): 427-61; Moravscik, "Preferences and Power," 515.
66. Robert D. Putnani, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics," International Organization 42 (Summer 1988): 427-61; Moravscik, "Preferences and Power," 515.
67. Although Andrew Moravscik ("Why the European Community Strengthens the State: Domestic Politics and International Cooperation" Conference of Europeanists, Chicago, 1994) does not argue that the EU strengthens the state under all conditions, he specifies no conditions where this is not the case.
68. Schmidt, "Loosening the Ties"; Schmidt, "National Patterns of Governance."
69. Schmidt, "Loosening the Ties"; Schmidt, "National Patterns of Governance."
70. Schmidt, "National Patterns of Governance."
71. Gerhard Lehmbruch, "German Federalism and the Challenge of Unification," Federalizing Europe? The Costs, Benefits, and Preconditions of Federal Political Systems, eds. Joachim Hesse and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 173-181.
72. See Richard Deeg, "Germany's Länder and the Federalization of the European Union," The State of the European Union Vol. 3: Building a European Policy? eds. Carolyn Rhodes and Sonia Mazey (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
73. On the Spanish reforms, see Robert Agranoff, "Federal Evolution in Spain," International Political Science Review 17 (October 1996): 385-401.
74. On the French reforms, see Vivien A. Schmidt, Democratizing France: The Political and Administrative History of Decentralization (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
75. See Gary Marks, "Exploring and Explaining Variation in Cohesion Policy," Cohesion Policy, the European Community and Subnational Government, ed. Liesbet Hooghe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Liesbet Hooghe and Michael Keating, "The Politics of European Union Regional Policy," Journal of European Public Policy 1 (September 1994). 367-393.
76. See Gary Marks, "Exploring and Explaining Variation in Cohesion Policy," Cohesion Policy, the European Community and Subnational Government, ed. Liesbet Hooghe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Liesbet Hooghe and Michael Keating, "The Politics of European Union Regional Policy," Journal of European Public Policy 1 (September 1994). 367-393.
77. Marks, "Exploring and Explaining Cohesion Policy."
78. See Marks, Hooghe, and Blank, "European Integration since the 1980's." On Germany, see Wolfgang Wessels, "L'Interaction Administrative Allemande et l'Union Européenne," Politiques Publiques en Europe eds. Yves Mény, Pierre Muller, and Jean-Louis Quermonne (Paris: L'Hartmattan, 1994); Liesbet Hooghe, "Belgian Federalism and European Community," Regions in the European Community, eds. Michael Keating and Barry Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Christian Lequesne, Paris - Bruxelles: Comment se fait la politique européenne de la France (Paris: Presses de la FNSP, 1993).
79. See Marks, Hooghe, and Blank, "European Integration since the 1980's." On Germany, see Wolfgang Wessels, "L'Interaction Administrative Allemande et l'Union Européenne," Politiques Publiques en Europe eds. Yves Mény, Pierre Muller, and Jean-Louis Quermonne (Paris: L'Hartmattan, 1994); Liesbet Hooghe, "Belgian Federalism and European Community," Regions in the European Community, eds. Michael Keating and Barry Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Christian Lequesne, Paris - Bruxelles: Comment se fait la politique européenne de la France (Paris: Presses de la FNSP, 1993).
80. See Marks, Hooghe, and Blank, "European Integration since the 1980's." On Germany, see Wolfgang Wessels, "L'Interaction Administrative Allemande et l'Union Européenne," Politiques Publiques en Europe eds. Yves Mény, Pierre Muller, and Jean-Louis Quermonne (Paris: L'Hartmattan, 1994); Liesbet Hooghe, "Belgian Federalism and European Community," Regions in the European Community, eds. Michael Keating and Barry Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Christian Lequesne, Paris - Bruxelles: Comment se fait la politique européenne de la France (Paris: Presses de la FNSP, 1993).
81. See Marks, Hooghe, and Blank, "European Integration since the 1980's." On Germany, see Wolfgang Wessels, "L'Interaction Administrative Allemande et l'Union Européenne," Politiques Publiques en Europe eds. Yves Mény, Pierre Muller, and Jean-Louis Quermonne (Paris: L'Hartmattan, 1994); Liesbet Hooghe, "Belgian Federalism and European Community," Regions in the European Community, eds. Michael Keating and Barry Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995); Christian Lequesne, Paris - Bruxelles: Comment se fait la politique européenne de la France (Paris: Presses de la FNSP, 1993).
82. Juan José Solozábal, "Spain: A Federation in the Making?" Federalizing Europe? The Costs, Benefits, and Preconditions of Federal Political Systems, eds. Joachim Hesse and Vincent Wright (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 260-263.
83. Uwe Thaysen, "The Bundesrat, the Läder and German Federalism," German Issues 13 (Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, 1994).
84. Michael Morass, "Austria: The Case of a Federal Newcomer in European Union Politics," The Regional Dimension of the European Union: Towards a Third Level? ed. Charles Jeffery (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
85. See the brief account in Schmidt, "European Integration and Democracy."
86. Daniel Wincot, "The Role of Law or the Rule of the Court of Justice? An 'Institutional' Account of Judicial Politics in the European Community," Journal of European Public Policy 2 (June 1995).
87. See Wincott, "The Role Of Law;" J. H. H. Weiler, "The Transformation of Europe," Yale Law Review 100 (June 1991): 2403-2483.
88. See Wincott, "The Role Of Law;" J. H. H. Weiler, "The Transformation of Europe," Yale Law Review 100 (June 1991): 2403-2483.
89. Eric Stein, "Lawyers, Judges, and the Making of a Transnational Constitution," American Journal of International Law 75 (January 1981): 1-27; Garret and Weingast, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions," 195-196.
90. Eric Stein, "Lawyers, Judges, and the Making of a Transnational Constitution," American Journal of International Law 75 (January 1981): 1-27; Garret and Weingast, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions," 195-196.
91. Garret and Weingast, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions," 195.
92. Simon Bulmer, "Completing the Community's Internal Market: The Regulatory Implications for the Federal Republic of Germany," The Politics of German Regulation, ed. Kenneth Dyson (Aldershot, Hants: Dartmouth, 1992), p. 54.
93. Sonia Mazey, "European Community Action on Behalf of Women: The Limits of Legislation," Journal of Common Market Studies 27 (September 1998): 63-84.
94. Anne-Marie Hurley and Walter Mattli, "Europe before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993): 41-76; J. H. H. Weiler, "A Quiet Revolution: The European Court of Justice and its Interlocutors," Comparative Political Studies 26 (January 1994): 510-534.
95. Anne-Marie Hurley and Walter Mattli, "Europe before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration," International Organization 47 (Winter 1993): 41-76; J. H. H. Weiler, "A Quiet Revolution: The European Court of Justice and its Interlocutors," Comparative Political Studies 26 (January 1994): 510-534.
96. Lisa Conant, "Contested Legal Boundaries and Institutional Adaptations: The Europeanization of the Law in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom" (paper presented at the workshop "Europeanization and Domestic Change," Pittsburgh, PA, 7-8 November 1997).
97. Schmidt, "Loosening the Ties."
98. See Alec Stone, The Birth of Judicial Politics: The Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
99. My thanks to Fritz W. Scharpf for suggesting the metaphor.
100. Schmidt, "Discouse and (Dis)Integration."
101. On multi-level governance, see Marks, Hooghe, and Blank, "European Integration since the 1980." On governance networks, see Beate Kohler-Koch, "Catching up with Change: The Transformation of Governance in the European Union," Journal of European Public Policy 3 (September 1996): 359-380.
102. On multi-level governance, see Marks, Hooghe, and Blank, "European Integration since the 1980." On governance networks, see Beate Kohler-Koch, "Catching up with Change: The Transformation of Governance in the European Union," Journal of European Public Policy 3 (September 1996): 359-380.