Southern Africa in transition: Prospects and problems facing regional integration

Journal of Modern African Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 287-306

  Gibb, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039105089     PISSN: 0022278X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X98002730     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. See Rosalind Thomas, 'South and Southern Africa: re-structuring economic cooperation initiatives to encourage growth and diversity' Development Bank of Southern Africa, Halfway House, 1995; and Okechukwu C. Iheduru, 'Post-apartheid South Africa and its neighbours: a maritime transport perspective', The Journal of Modern African Studies, 34, 1 (1996), 1-26.
2. See Rosalind Thomas, 'South and Southern Africa: re-structuring economic cooperation initiatives to encourage growth and diversity' Development Bank of Southern Africa, Halfway House, 1995; and Okechukwu C. Iheduru, 'Post-apartheid South Africa and its neighbours: a maritime transport perspective', The Journal of Modern African Studies, 34, 1 (1996), 1-26.
3. This point has been made on several occasions. See, for example, Arne Tostensen, 'What role for SADC(C) in the post-apartheid era?', in Bertil Oden (ed.), Southern Africa After Apartheid: regional integration and external resources (Uppsala, 1993), pp. 147-73.
4. For a review of programmes, see David Simon, Wim van Spengen, Chris Dixon and Anders Närman (eds.), Structurally Adjusted Africa : poverty, debt and basic needs (London and Boulder, 1995).
5. The four members of the 1969 Southern African Customs Union were Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and South Africa. Namibia officially joined after gaining independence in 1990, but had been a de facto member previously while being administered by South Africa.
6. The members of the Southern African Development Community are Angola, Botswana, Congo (1997), Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius (1995), Mozambique, Namibia (1990), Seychelles (1997), Swaziland, South Africa (1994), Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
7. The members of the Common Market for East and Southern Africa (although not all have ratified the 1993 treaty) are the members of SADC, except for Botswana and South Africa, plus Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda.
8. See, for example, Lolette Kritzinger-Van Niekerk (ed.), 'Towards strengthening multisectoral linkages in SADC', Development Bank of Southern Africa, Paper No. 33, Halfway House, 1997; and Rolf J. Langhammer, 'The developing countries and regionalism', Journal of Common Market Studies, 30, 2 (1991), 211-32.
9. See, for example, Lolette Kritzinger-Van Niekerk (ed.), 'Towards strengthening multisectoral linkages in SADC', Development Bank of Southern Africa, Paper No. 33, Halfway House, 1997; and Rolf J. Langhammer, 'The developing countries and regionalism', Journal of Common Market Studies, 30, 2 (1991), 211-32.
10. Richard Gibb, 'Regional economic integration in post-apartheid Southern Africa', in Gibb and W. Michalak (eds.), Continental Trading Blocs : the growth of regionalism in the world economy (London, 1994), ch. 8, pp. 209-31; and Gavin G. Maasdorp, 'Squaring up to economic dominance: regional patterns', in Robert I. Rotberg, Henry S. Bienen, Robert Legvold and Maasdorp, South Africa and its Neighbours: regional security and self-interest (Lexington, 1995 edn), pp. 91-135.
11. Richard Gibb, 'Regional economic integration in post-apartheid Southern Africa', in Gibb and W. Michalak (eds.), Continental Trading Blocs : the growth of regionalism in the world economy (London, 1994), ch. 8, pp. 209-31; and Gavin G. Maasdorp, 'Squaring up to economic dominance: regional patterns', in Robert I. Rotberg, Henry S. Bienen, Robert Legvold and Maasdorp, South Africa and its Neighbours: regional security and self-interest (Lexington, 1995 edn), pp. 91-135.
12. SADC, Towards the Southern African Development Community: a declaration (Gaborone, 1992).
13. Quoted from Christopher Clapham, 'Regional integration in Africa: lessons and experiences', paper presented to a conference 'South Africa and Southern Africa: lessons from emerging markets', South African Institute of International Affairs, 16-17 July 1997, p. 1.
14. See Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell (eds.) Regionalism in World Politics (Oxford, 1995).
15. Quoted from Joseph Hanlon, SADCC: progress, projects and prospects (London, 1984), The Economist Intelligence Unit, Report No. 182. The original members of the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference were Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
16. Robert Davies, 'Key issues in restructuring South-Southern African economies: relations after apartheid', Centre for Southern African Studies, University of Western Cape, Bellville, 1990.
17. See André du Pisani, 'Ventures into the interior: continuity and change in South Africa's regional policy, 1948-1991', Conference on 'Southern Africa into the iggos and Beyond', Magaliesburg, 15-19 April 1991.
18. Richard Gibb, 'A common market for post-apartheid Southern Africa: prospects and problems', South African Geographical Journal, 1, 75 (1993), 28-35.
19. 'South Africa survey: after apartheid', in The Economist (London), 1990, pp. 1-18; and Development Bank of Southern Africa, 'Financial resources and capital investment in the Common Monetary Area', Conference on 'New Post-Apartheid South Africa and its Neighbours', Maseru, 9-12 July 1990.
20. 'South Africa survey: after apartheid', in The Economist (London), 1990, pp. 1-18; and Development Bank of Southern Africa, 'Financial resources and capital investment in the Common Monetary Area', Conference on 'New Post-Apartheid South Africa and its Neighbours', Maseru, 9-12 July 1990.
21. Courtesy of Ismail Largardien, press secretary to Trevor Manuel, South African minister of trade and industry, 1 September 1995.
22. See, for example, G. M. E. Leistner, 'Towards a regional development strategy for Southern Africa', South African Journal of Economics, 49 (1981), 349-64.
23. See Stanley Uys, 'The short and unhappy life of CONSAS', South African Journal of International Affairs, 4 (1989), 243-8; and Robert Davies, 'Post-apartheid scenarios for the Southern Africa region', Transformation (Durban), II (1990), 12-39.
24. See Stanley Uys, 'The short and unhappy life of CONSAS', South African Journal of International Affairs, 4 (1989), 243-8; and Robert Davies, 'Post-apartheid scenarios for the Southern Africa region', Transformation (Durban), II (1990), 12-39.
25. Anthony Lemon, 'Apartheid as a foreign policy: dimensions of international conflict in Southern Africa', in Nurit Kliot and Stanley Waterman (eds.), The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace (London, 1991).
26. The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference 2, Maputo (Gaborone, SADCC Liaison Committee, 1981).
27. Jesmond Blumenfeld, Economic interdependence in Southern Africa: from conflict to cooperation (London, 1991).
28. Gibb, 'Regional economic integration'.
29. Joseph Hanlon, Mozambique: who calls the shots? (London and Bloomington, 1991).
30. Blumenfeld, Economic interdependence.
31. This information is taken from 'Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference [Maputo] Theme Document', Gaborone, 29-31 January 1992.
32. Joseph Hanlon, 'Post-apartheid South Africa and its neighbours', Third World Quarterly, 9, 2 (1987), 437-49.
33. See, for example, Phyllis Johnson and David Martin, Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at war (Harare, 1986), and Hanlon, 'Post-apartheid South Africa'.
34. See, for example, Phyllis Johnson and David Martin, Destructive Engagement: Southern Africa at war (Harare, 1986), and Hanlon, 'Post-apartheid South Africa'.
35. Peter Vale, 'Southern Africa: exploring a peace dividend', Catholic Institute for International Relations Briefing Paper, London, 1996.
36. Peter Robson, The Economics of International Integration (London, 1980).
37. Marina Mayer and Harry Zarenda, 'The Southern African Customs Union: a review of costs and benefits', Policy Working Paper No. 19, Development Bank of Southern Africa, Halfway House, South Africa, 1004.
38. A point made by S. Kwonga, 'SADCC: creating a new vision for the future', Africa Institute Bulletin (Pretoria), 16, 10 (1991), 1.
39. See Vale, 'Southern Africa'; and Jesmond Blumenfeld, 'The new South Africa's economic prospects', The World Today, 51, 8-9 (1995), 174-9.
40. See Vale, 'Southern Africa'; and Jesmond Blumenfeld, 'The new South Africa's economic prospects', The World Today, 51, 8-9 (1995), 174-9.
41. J. E. Spence, 'The new South Africa's first birthday', The World Today, 51, 8-9 (1995), 142-5.
42. Richard Gibb, 'The relevance of the European approach to regional economic integration in post-Apartheid Southern Africa', in Anthony Lemon (ed.), The Geography of Change in South Africa (Chichester, 1995), pp. 215-31.
43. See Cross Border Initiative, Regional Integration and Cooperation in Africa ... Eastern and Southern Africa and Indian Ocean, vols. I and II (Brussels, 1992). This December 1992 Workshop in Harare was sponsored by the African Development Bank, the Commission of the European Communities, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.
44. African Development Bank, Economic Integration in Southern Africa, vols. I-III (Biddles, England, 1993), p. 1.
45. World Trade Organisation, Regionalism in the World Trading System (Geneva, 1995).
46. Richard Gibb and Wieslaw Machalak, 'Regionalism in the World Economy', Area, 28, 4 (1996), 446-58.
47. See Merk Gertler, 'Flexibility revisited : districts, nation-states and the forces of production', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17 (1992), 259-78; and Meric Gertler and Erica Schoenberger, 'Industrial restructuring and continental trade blocs: the European Community and North America', Environment and Planning, A, 24 (1992), 2-10.
48. See Merk Gertler, 'Flexibility revisited : districts, nation-states and the forces of production', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17 (1992), 259-78; and Meric Gertler and Erica Schoenberger, 'Industrial restructuring and continental trade blocs: the European Community and North America', Environment and Planning, A, 24 (1992), 2-10.
49. See Michael Davenport, 'Africa and the unimportance of being preferred', Journal of Common Market Studies, 30, 2 (1992), 233-51; and Langhammer, 'Developing countries'.
50. See Michael Davenport, 'Africa and the unimportance of being preferred', Journal of Common Market Studies, 30, 2 (1992), 233-51; and Langhammer, 'Developing countries'.
51. Jagdish Bhagwati, The World Trading System at Risk (Worcester, 1991); 'Regionalism versus multilateralism', World Economy, 15 (1992), 535-55.
52. Jagdish Bhagwati, The World Trading System at Risk (Worcester, 1991); 'Regionalism versus multilateralism', World Economy, 15 (1992), 535-55.
53. Ernest Preeg, 'The GATT trading system in transition: an analytic survey of recent literature', The Washington Quarterly, 12 (1989), 201-13; and 'The US leadership role in world trade: past, present and future', The Washington Quarterly, 15 (1992), 81-91.
54. Ernest Preeg, 'The GATT trading system in transition: an analytic survey of recent literature', The Washington Quarterly, 12 (1989), 201-13; and 'The US leadership role in world trade: past, present and future', The Washington Quarterly, 15 (1992), 81-91.
55. See Fawcett and Hurrell, Regionalism.
56. Langhammer, 'Developing countries'.
57. Vincent Cable, 'GATT and after', The World Today, 50, 2 (1994), 26-8.
58. World Trade Organisation, The WTO Agreement: Marrakesh agreement establishing the World Trade Organisation (Geneva), 15 April 1994.
59. Leora Blumberg, 'Trade relations with Southern Africa: a preliminary legal analysis', Development Bank of Southern Africa, Halfway House, South Africa, 1994.
60. Alan Hirsch, 'The World Trade Organisation and its implications for South Africa', South African Foundation Review (Johannesburg), 21, 1 (1995), 1-2.
61. ODI, 'Developing countries in the WTO', Briefing Paper, Overseas Development Institute, London, May 1995.
62. Kevin Watkins, 'GATT: a victory for the North', Review of African Political Economy, 21, 59 (1994), 60-6.
63. ODI, 'Developing countries'.
64. Watkins, 'GATT'.
65. See, for example, John Weeks, 'Regional cooperation and Southern African Development', Review of African Political Economy, 21, 59 (1994), 100-17; and Iheduru, 'Post-apartheid'.
66. See, for example, John Weeks, 'Regional cooperation and Southern African Development', Review of African Political Economy, 21, 59 (1994), 100-17; and Iheduru, 'Post-apartheid'.
67. Balefi Tsie, 'States and markets in the Southern African Development Community: beyond the neo-liberal paradigm', Journal of Southern African Studies, 22, 1 (1996), 75-100.
68. See Jeffery Herbst, 'Developing nations and global integration: between bilateralism, regionalism and globalisation', paper presented to a conference 'South Africa and Southern Africa: Lessons from Emerging Markets', South African Institute of International Affairs, 16-17 July 1997.
69. See Herbst, 'Developing nations' p. 3.
70. See Carolyn Jenkins and Willem Naude, The Case for Reciprocity in South African-European Trade Relations, Centre for the Study of African Economies, WPS/95-13 (Oxford, 1995).
71. Clapham, 'Regional integration', p. 2.
72. Richard Gibb, 'Regional integration in post-apartheid Southern Africa: the case of renegotiating the Southern African Customs Union', Journal of Southern African Studies, 23, 1 (1997), 67-86.
73. Thomas, 'South and Southern Africa'.
74. John Walters, 'Renegotiating dependency, the case of the Southern African Customs Union', Journal of Common Market Studies, 28, 1 (1989), 30-52.
75. John Burton, 'Short Paper on the Renegotiation of SACU and the Free Trade Area between RSA and the EU', Overseas Development Agency, Pretoria, 1995.
76. Erich Leistner, ' Renegotiating the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU)', Africa Institute Bulletin, 30, 2 (1992), 211-32.
77. Robert Davies, 'The Southern African Customs Union (SACU): background and possible negotiating issues facing a democratic government', Centre for Southern African Studies, University of Western Cape, Bellville, 1994.
78. Lagardien, September 1995.
79. These 1969-70 figures are taken from Nicolette Cattaneo, 'Piece of paper or paper of peace: the Southern African Customs Union agreement', International Affairs Bulletin (Braamfontein), 14, 1 (1990), 45-59. Namibia is only recorded in official statistics as a member of SACU since 1990.
80. Burton, 'Short paper'.
81. See Mayer and Zarenda, 'SACU'.
82. Gavin Maasdorp and Alan Whiteside, Rethinking Economic Cooperation in Southern Africa: trade and investment (Johannesburg, 1993).
83. Richard Gibb, 'To ignore regional cooperation could be economic suicide', Business Day (Johannesburg), 25 August 1995.
84. Margaret Lee, Options for regional cooperation and development in Southern Africa', Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1989.
85. See Lemon, 'Apartheid as a foreign policy', and Hanlon, SADCC.
86. See Lemon, 'Apartheid as a foreign policy', and Hanlon, SADCC.
87. Bernard Weimer, 'The Southern African Development Coordination Conference: past and future?', Africa Insight (Pretoria), 2 (1991), 78-88.
88. Edward Ramsamy, 'South Africa and SADC(C) : a critical evaluation of future development scenarios', in Lemon, Geography of change, pp. 197-214.
89. See Gibb, 'Regional integration'.
90. Ramsamy, 'South Africa and SADC(C)'.
91. James Sidaway, 'The forward march of SADC', International Update, South African Institute of International Affairs, 13, 96 (1996), p. 3.
92. Lee, Options'.
93. P. E. J. Brooks, 'The EEC and a Southern African Common Market in legal perspective Ph.D. dissertion, University of Exeter, 1989.
94. 'The Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa : achievements, problems and prospects', Afrika Spectrum, 89/2 (1989), 157-71.
95. See Gibb, 'Relevance'.
96. Reported in Weekly Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 1-7 September 1995.
97. Lagardien, September 1995.
98. Gibb, 'Common Market'.
99. A point made by Vale on several occasions, including 'Southern Africa'.