States and markets in the Southern African development community (SADC): Beyond the neo-liberal paradigm

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 75-98

  Tsie, Balefi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA   (Botswana)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING REGION; MARKET DEVELOPMENT; REGIONAL COOPERATION; SADC; STATE INTERVENTION;

AFRICA, (SOUTHERN);

EID: 0030478018     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057079608708479     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. The debt-service ratio (DSR) is the ratio of debt-service (interest and capital repayments) to total export earnings (goods and services) and is therefore a direct measure of the loss of import capacity caused by the existence of the debt.
2. See, for example, Dharma Ghai (ed.), The IMF and the South (Zed Books, London, 1991); Michael Barratt-Brown and Pauline Triffen, Short Changed: Africa and World Trade (Pluto, London, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993) and Ray Bush and Morris Szeftel 'Commentary: States, Markets and Africa's Crisis' Review of African Political Economy, 60, 1994.
3. See, for example, Dharma Ghai (ed.), The IMF and the South (Zed Books, London, 1991); Michael Barratt-Brown and Pauline Triffen, Short Changed: Africa and World Trade (Pluto, London, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993) and Ray Bush and Morris Szeftel 'Commentary: States, Markets and Africa's Crisis' Review of African Political Economy, 60, 1994.
4. See, for example, Dharma Ghai (ed.), The IMF and the South (Zed Books, London, 1991); Michael Barratt-Brown and Pauline Triffen, Short Changed: Africa and World Trade (Pluto, London, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993) and Ray Bush and Morris Szeftel 'Commentary: States, Markets and Africa's Crisis' Review of African Political Economy, 60, 1994.
5. See, for example, Dharma Ghai (ed.), The IMF and the South (Zed Books, London, 1991); Michael Barratt-Brown and Pauline Triffen, Short Changed: Africa and World Trade (Pluto, London, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report (Oxford University Press, New York, 1993) and Ray Bush and Morris Szeftel 'Commentary: States, Markets and Africa's Crisis' Review of African Political Economy, 60, 1994.
6. Thomas Callaghy and John Ravenhill (eds), Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Crisis (Columbia University Press, New York, 1993), pp. 35, 39.
7. Ibid., p. 39.
8. See, among others, J. Loxley and B. Campbell (eds), Structural Adjustment in Africa (Macmillan, London, 1989); P. Mosley, J. Harrigan and John Toye, Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-based Lending: Vol. I: Analysis and Policy Proposals (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1993); and G. Cornea and G Helleiner (eds), From Adjustment to Development in Africa (Macmillan, London, 1994).
9. See, among others, J. Loxley and B. Campbell (eds), Structural Adjustment in Africa (Macmillan, London, 1989); P. Mosley, J. Harrigan and John Toye, Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-based Lending: Vol. I: Analysis and Policy Proposals (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1993); and G. Cornea and G Helleiner (eds), From Adjustment to Development in Africa (Macmillan, London, 1994).
10. See, among others, J. Loxley and B. Campbell (eds), Structural Adjustment in Africa (Macmillan, London, 1989); P. Mosley, J. Harrigan and John Toye, Aid and Power: The World Bank and Policy-based Lending: Vol. I: Analysis and Policy Proposals (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1993); and G. Cornea and G Helleiner (eds), From Adjustment to Development in Africa (Macmillan, London, 1994).
11. Oxfam, Africa: Make or Break: Report on Action for Recovery, (Oxfam, Oxford, 1993), p. v.
12. See ECA, South African Destabilisation: The Cost of Frontline Resistance to Apartheid (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa); and Joseph Hanlon, SADCC and Sanctions (Brussels, mimeo, 1989).
13. See ECA, South African Destabilisation: The Cost of Frontline Resistance to Apartheid (United Nations Economic Commission for Africa); and Joseph Hanlon, SADCC and Sanctions (Brussels, mimeo, 1989).
14. Francis Fukuyama, 'The End of History', Public Interest, 16 (1989), pp. 3-18.
15. John Ravenhill, 'The North-South Balance of Power', International Affairs, 66, 4 (1990), p. 733.
16. See, among others, Y. Bangura, P. Gibbon and A. Ofstad (eds) Authoritarianism, Democracy and Structural Adjustment in Africa (SIAS, Uppsala, 1992), pp. 39-82; Barry Gills, Joel Rocamora and Robert Wilson (eds) Low Intensity Democracy (Pluto, London, 1992); Reuschemeyer et al., Democracy and Capitalist Development (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1992) ch. 5-6; David Held (ed.) Prospects for Democracy (Policy Press, Cambridge, 1993) ch. 11; and Adrian Leftwich 'Governance, the State and the Politics of Development', in Development and Change, 25, 2 (1994), pp. 363-386.
17. See, among others, Y. Bangura, P. Gibbon and A. Ofstad (eds) Authoritarianism, Democracy and Structural Adjustment in Africa (SIAS, Uppsala, 1992), pp. 39-82; Barry Gills, Joel Rocamora and Robert Wilson (eds) Low Intensity Democracy (Pluto, London, 1992); Reuschemeyer et al., Democracy and Capitalist Development (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1992) ch. 5-6; David Held (ed.) Prospects for Democracy (Policy Press, Cambridge, 1993) ch. 11; and Adrian Leftwich 'Governance, the State and the Politics of Development', in Development and Change, 25, 2 (1994), pp. 363-386.
18. See, among others, Y. Bangura, P. Gibbon and A. Ofstad (eds) Authoritarianism, Democracy and Structural Adjustment in Africa (SIAS, Uppsala, 1992), pp. 39-82; Barry Gills, Joel Rocamora and Robert Wilson (eds) Low Intensity Democracy (Pluto, London, 1992); Reuschemeyer et al., Democracy and Capitalist Development (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1992) ch. 5-6; David Held (ed.) Prospects for Democracy (Policy Press, Cambridge, 1993) ch. 11; and Adrian Leftwich 'Governance, the State and the Politics of Development', in Development and Change, 25, 2 (1994), pp. 363-386.
19. See, among others, Y. Bangura, P. Gibbon and A. Ofstad (eds) Authoritarianism, Democracy and Structural Adjustment in Africa (SIAS, Uppsala, 1992), pp. 39-82; Barry Gills, Joel Rocamora and Robert Wilson (eds) Low Intensity Democracy (Pluto, London, 1992); Reuschemeyer et al., Democracy and Capitalist Development (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1992) ch. 5-6; David Held (ed.) Prospects for Democracy (Policy Press, Cambridge, 1993) ch. 11; and Adrian Leftwich 'Governance, the State and the Politics of Development', in Development and Change, 25, 2 (1994), pp. 363-386.
20. See, among others, Y. Bangura, P. Gibbon and A. Ofstad (eds) Authoritarianism, Democracy and Structural Adjustment in Africa (SIAS, Uppsala, 1992), pp. 39-82; Barry Gills, Joel Rocamora and Robert Wilson (eds) Low Intensity Democracy (Pluto, London, 1992); Reuschemeyer et al., Democracy and Capitalist Development (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1992) ch. 5-6; David Held (ed.) Prospects for Democracy (Policy Press, Cambridge, 1993) ch. 11; and Adrian Leftwich 'Governance, the State and the Politics of Development', in Development and Change, 25, 2 (1994), pp. 363-386.
21. Chris Allen, Carolyn Baylies and Morris Szeftel, 'Surviving Democracy?', Review of African Political Economy, 54 (1992), p. 8.
22. Ibid., p. 10.
23. Robin Cohen and Harry Goulbourne (eds) Democracy and Socialism in Africa (Westview Press, Boulder, 1991), pp. 9-10.
24. Deepak Lal, The Poverty of Development Economics (Institute of Economics, London, 1983), p. 33.
25. See for example, Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Still Persist: The Empirical and Juridical in Statehood' World Politics, 35, 1 (1982), pp. 1-24; Patrick Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986); Thomas Callaghy, 'The State as Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial-Administrative State in Africa', in Zaki Ergas (ed.) The African State in Transition (Macmillan, London, 1987), pp. 87-116 and also his, 'Toward State Capability and Embedded Liberalism in the Third World: Lessons for Adjustment', in Joan Nelson (ed.) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Transaction Books, New Brunswick NJ, 1989) pp. 115-138; Naomi Chazan and Donald Rothchild (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Westview, Boulder, 1988): John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds) Civil Society and the State in Africa (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1994); and Jennifer Widner (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalisation in Africa (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994).
26. See for example, Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Still Persist: The Empirical and Juridical in Statehood' World Politics, 35, 1 (1982), pp. 1-24; Patrick Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986); Thomas Callaghy, 'The State as Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial-Administrative State in Africa', in Zaki Ergas (ed.) The African State in Transition (Macmillan, London, 1987), pp. 87-116 and also his, 'Toward State Capability and Embedded Liberalism in the Third World: Lessons for Adjustment', in Joan Nelson (ed.) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Transaction Books, New Brunswick NJ, 1989) pp. 115-138; Naomi Chazan and Donald Rothchild (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Westview, Boulder, 1988): John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds) Civil Society and the State in Africa (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1994); and Jennifer Widner (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalisation in Africa (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994).
27. See for example, Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Still Persist: The Empirical and Juridical in Statehood' World Politics, 35, 1 (1982), pp. 1-24; Patrick Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986); Thomas Callaghy, 'The State as Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial-Administrative State in Africa', in Zaki Ergas (ed.) The African State in Transition (Macmillan, London, 1987), pp. 87-116 and also his, 'Toward State Capability and Embedded Liberalism in the Third World: Lessons for Adjustment', in Joan Nelson (ed.) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Transaction Books, New Brunswick NJ, 1989) pp. 115-138; Naomi Chazan and Donald Rothchild (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Westview, Boulder, 1988): John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds) Civil Society and the State in Africa (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1994); and Jennifer Widner (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalisation in Africa (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994).
28. See for example, Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Still Persist: The Empirical and Juridical in Statehood' World Politics, 35, 1 (1982), pp. 1-24; Patrick Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986); Thomas Callaghy, 'The State as Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial-Administrative State in Africa', in Zaki Ergas (ed.) The African State in Transition (Macmillan, London, 1987), pp. 87-116 and also his, 'Toward State Capability and Embedded Liberalism in the Third World: Lessons for Adjustment', in Joan Nelson (ed.) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Transaction Books, New Brunswick NJ, 1989) pp. 115-138; Naomi Chazan and Donald Rothchild (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Westview, Boulder, 1988): John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds) Civil Society and the State in Africa (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1994); and Jennifer Widner (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalisation in Africa (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994).
29. See for example, Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Still Persist: The Empirical and Juridical in Statehood' World Politics, 35, 1 (1982), pp. 1-24; Patrick Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986); Thomas Callaghy, 'The State as Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial-Administrative State in Africa', in Zaki Ergas (ed.) The African State in Transition (Macmillan, London, 1987), pp. 87-116 and also his, 'Toward State Capability and Embedded Liberalism in the Third World: Lessons for Adjustment', in Joan Nelson (ed.) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Transaction Books, New Brunswick NJ, 1989) pp. 115-138; Naomi Chazan and Donald Rothchild (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Westview, Boulder, 1988): John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds) Civil Society and the State in Africa (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1994); and Jennifer Widner (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalisation in Africa (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994).
30. See for example, Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Still Persist: The Empirical and Juridical in Statehood' World Politics, 35, 1 (1982), pp. 1-24; Patrick Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986); Thomas Callaghy, 'The State as Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial-Administrative State in Africa', in Zaki Ergas (ed.) The African State in Transition (Macmillan, London, 1987), pp. 87-116 and also his, 'Toward State Capability and Embedded Liberalism in the Third World: Lessons for Adjustment', in Joan Nelson (ed.) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Transaction Books, New Brunswick NJ, 1989) pp. 115-138; Naomi Chazan and Donald Rothchild (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Westview, Boulder, 1988): John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds) Civil Society and the State in Africa (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1994); and Jennifer Widner (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalisation in Africa (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994).
31. See for example, Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg, 'Why Africa's Weak States Still Persist: The Empirical and Juridical in Statehood' World Politics, 35, 1 (1982), pp. 1-24; Patrick Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986); Thomas Callaghy, 'The State as Lame Leviathan: The Patrimonial-Administrative State in Africa', in Zaki Ergas (ed.) The African State in Transition (Macmillan, London, 1987), pp. 87-116 and also his, 'Toward State Capability and Embedded Liberalism in the Third World: Lessons for Adjustment', in Joan Nelson (ed.) Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Transaction Books, New Brunswick NJ, 1989) pp. 115-138; Naomi Chazan and Donald Rothchild (eds) The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Westview, Boulder, 1988): John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds) Civil Society and the State in Africa (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1994); and Jennifer Widner (ed.) Economic Change and Political Liberalisation in Africa (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994).
32. Bjorn Beckman, 'The Liberation of Civil Society: Neo-Liberal Ideology and Political Theory', Review of African Political Economy, 58 (1993), p. 30.
33. Business Times, 21 May 1995.
34. Alain Lipietz, Towards a New World Order (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1992), p. xi.
35. Tim Allen and Alan Thomas (eds), Poverty and Development in the 1990s (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992), p. 262.
36. James Caporaso (ed.), A Changing International Division of Labour (Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1987), p. 71.
37. Lucy Walker, 'The Uruguay Round and Agriculture: How Real are the Gains?', Review of African Political Economy, 62 (1994), p. 556; Kevin Watkins, 'Agriculture and Food Security in the GATT Uruguay Round', Review of African Political Economy, 50 (1994), pp. 38-50.
38. Lucy Walker, 'The Uruguay Round and Agriculture: How Real are the Gains?', Review of African Political Economy, 62 (1994), p. 556; Kevin Watkins, 'Agriculture and Food Security in the GATT Uruguay Round', Review of African Political Economy, 50 (1994), pp. 38-50.
39. Ibbo Mandaza and Arne Tostensen, Southern Africa: In Search of a Common Future (Printing and Publishing Co, Gaborone, 1994), p. 109.
40. SADCC, Human Resources: Primary Factor in Development (Printing and Publishing Co, Gaborone, 1991), p. 8.
41. SADC, Towards Economic Integration (Printing and Publishing Co, Gaborone, 1992), p. 26.
42. Christopher Colclough and James Manor (eds), States or Markets? Neo-Liberalism and the Development Policy Debate (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993), p. 312.
43. Robert Wade, Governing the Market: Economic Theory and the Role of Governments in East Asian Industrialisation (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1990), p. 26.
44. John Toye, Dilemmas of Development: The Counter-Revolution in Development Economics, 2nd edn (Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1993), p. 10.
45. John Toye, 'Structural Adjustment: Context, Assumptions, Origin and Diversity' in Rolph van der Hoeven and Fred van der Kraaij (eds), Structural Adjustment and Beyond in Sub-Saharan Africa (James Currey, London, 1994), p. 22.
46. Henry Bernstein et al. (eds), The Food Question: Profits Versus People? (Earthscan Publications, London, 1990), p. 4.
47. John Toye, Dilemmas of Development, p. 136.
48. Bush and Szeftel, Commentary: States, Markets and Africa's Crisis, p. 155.
49. Mandaza and Tostensen, Southern Africa: In Search of a Common Future, p. 101.
50. In Zimbabwe, however, the army is a major target for reductions as at over 40,000 men it is about three times the African per capita average.
51. Graham Hancock, Lords of Poverty (Macmillan, London, 1989).
52. Dharma Ghai (ed.), The IMF and the South: The Social Impact of Crisis and Adjustment (Zed Press, London, 1991), pp. 5-6.
53. See World Bank, World Development Report, 1991.
54. Michael Lipton, Why Poor People Stay Poor (Temple-Smith, London, 1976).
55. The classic case is the Irish famine which began in 1845. Then the free-market ideologists prevented any interference with profitable exports from Ireland of food that the starving peasants lacked money to purchase, following the failure of their own crops.
56. Colin Stoneman, 'The World Bank, Income Distribution and Employment: Some Lessons for South Africa', in Ken Cole (ed.), Sustainable Development for a Democratic South Africa (Earthscan Publications, London, 1994), p. 33.
57. Adrian Leftwich, 'Bringing Politics Back In: Towards a Model of the Developmental State', Journal of Development Studies, 31, 3 (1995), p. 401.
58. Peter Evans, 'The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy and Structural Change', in Stepan Haggard and Robert Kaufman (eds), The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Transaction Books, New Brunswick, NJ, 1989), p. 147.