Will the state bring you back in? Policing and democratization

Comparative Politics

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 101-124

  Tanner, Murray Scot ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039013823     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422426     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. David H. Bayley, The Police and Political Development in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 11.
2. David H. Bayley, "The Police and Political Change in Comparative Perspective," Law and Society Review (August 1971), 91-112.
3. For a rare exception, see Cameron Brinkley and Melanie Greenberg's report of the Conference on Police Reform in State under Transition, Stanford University Center for International Security and Arms Control, December 1996.
4. Myron Weiner, "Empirical Democratic Theory and the Transition from Authoritarianism to Democracy," PS, 20 (Fall 1987); also, Felipe Aguero, "The Military and the Limits to Democratization in South America," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), pp. 153-98.
5. Myron Weiner, "Empirical Democratic Theory and the Transition from Authoritarianism to Democracy," PS, 20 (Fall 1987); also, Felipe Aguero, "The Military and the Limits to Democratization in South America," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), pp. 153-98.
6. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), ch. 4, pp. 55-65.
7. Ibid., esp. pp. 3-15.
8. Ibid., p. 10. Moreover, the effectiveness, discipline, and honesty of the police can play a critical supporting role in the other three. Linz and Stepan are clearly aware of this role; even though they rarely mention the police by name, in the chart on p. 14 they stress legal protections as an essential support to all five arenas.
9. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), ch. 6.
10. For example, see Adam Przeworski, "The Games of Transition," in Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, eds., pp. 105-52; Douglas A. Chalmers and Craig H. Robinson, "Why Power Contenders Choose Liberalization," International Studies Quarterly (March 1982), 3-36; Christopher Young, "The Strategy of Political Liberalization," World Politics, 40, 47-65.
11. For example, see Adam Przeworski, "The Games of Transition," in Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, eds., pp. 105-52; Douglas A. Chalmers and Craig H. Robinson, "Why Power Contenders Choose Liberalization," International Studies Quarterly (March 1982), 3-36; Christopher Young, "The Strategy of Political Liberalization," World Politics, 40, 47-65.
12. For example, see Adam Przeworski, "The Games of Transition," in Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, eds., pp. 105-52; Douglas A. Chalmers and Craig H. Robinson, "Why Power Contenders Choose Liberalization," International Studies Quarterly (March 1982), 3-36; Christopher Young, "The Strategy of Political Liberalization," World Politics, 40, 47-65.
13. Amy Knight, Spies without Cloaks'. The KGB's Successors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 14-15.
14. Amy Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union (Winchester: Unwin Hyman, 1990), p. 321; also, Knight, Spies without Cloaks, pp. 14-19.
15. Amy Knight, The KGB: Police and Politics in the Soviet Union (Winchester: Unwin Hyman, 1990), p. 321; also, Knight, Spies without Cloaks, pp. 14-19.
16. Knight, Spies without Cloaks, p. 19.
17. John D. Brewer, Black and Blue: Policing in South Africa (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1994), p. 329.
18. Ibid., esp. pp. 268-75.
19. Knight, Spies without Cloaks, p. 3.
20. See, for example, Brewer, Black and Blue, pp. 288-91.
21. In her biography of NKVD chief Lavrenti Beria, Knight describes NKVD penetration and repression in the army and notes that both Beria and his deputy "were despised and feared by the Red Army, with good reason." The military ultimately got the last laugh when Beria's rival, Marshal Zhukov, personally arrested Beria at gunpoint during a presidium meeting shortly after Stalin's death in 1953. Amy Knight, Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 113-17, 198.
22. Nicos C. Alivizatos and P. Nikiforos Diamandourous, "Politics and the Judiciary in the Greek Transition to Democracy," in A. James McAdams, ed., Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies (South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997), pp. 36-41, 46-49.
23. See Jorge Correa Sutil, "'No Victorious Army Has Ever Been Prosecuted...': The Unsettled Story of Transitional Justice in Chile," in McAdams, ed., pp. 140-47.
24. Juan E. Mendez, Guillermo O'Donnell, and Paul Sergio Pinheiro, eds., The (Un)Rule of Law and the Underprivileged in Latin America (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), pp. 50, 223.
25. Paul Chevigny, The Edge of the Knife: Police Violence in the Americas (New York: The New Press, 1995), pp. 246-50.
26. Peter J. Katzenstein, Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), pp. 18-19.
27. Ibid., p. 20.
28. Ibid., p. 200.
29. Ibid., p. 197, citing Kenneth Szymkowiak and Patricia Steinhoff, "Wrapping Up in Something Long: Intimidation and Violence by Right-Wing Groups in Postwar Japan," Terrorism and Political Violence, 7 (Spring 1995), 265-98.
30. Ibid., p. 197, citing Kenneth Szymkowiak and Patricia Steinhoff, "Wrapping Up in Something Long: Intimidation and Violence by Right-Wing Groups in Postwar Japan," Terrorism and Political Violence, 7 (Spring 1995), 265-98.
31. Katzenstein, pp. 199-200.
32. Ibid., pp. 18-22, 38-53, 57-81, 191-92, 195.
33. See Robert Axelrod, "An Evolutionary Approach to Norms," American Political Science Review, 80 (1986), 1095-1111; Melanie Manion, Retirement of Revolutionaries in China: Public Policies, Social Norms, Private Interests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), esp. pp. 22-44. A metanorm is a norm that requires the punishment not only of those who disobey a norm, but also of those who refuse to enforce a norm on others. A well-known and highly intuitive example is the latter part of the West Point honor code: "a cadet does not lie, cheat, or steal, or tolerate those who do." Both the offender and those who fail to report the offender may be punished and expelled.
34. See Robert Axelrod, "An Evolutionary Approach to Norms," American Political Science Review, 80 (1986), 1095-1111; Melanie Manion, Retirement of Revolutionaries in China: Public Policies, Social Norms, Private Interests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), esp. pp. 22-44. A metanorm is a norm that requires the punishment not only of those who disobey a norm, but also of those who refuse to enforce a norm on others. A well-known and highly intuitive example is the latter part of the West Point honor code: "a cadet does not lie, cheat, or steal, or tolerate those who do." Both the offender and those who fail to report the offender may be punished and expelled.
35. Chevigny, Edge of the Knife, p. 87.
36. Knight, Spies without Cloaks, p. 39.
37. Ibid., pp. 40-44.
38. Brewer, Black and Blue, p. 290.
39. In addition to Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., see Christopher M. Larkins, "Judicial Independence and Democratization," American Journal of Comparative Law, 44 (Fall 1996), 605-26; Maria Dakolias, "A Strategy for Judicial Reform: The Experience of Latin America," Virginia Journal of International Law, 36 (Fall 1995), 167-232; and Gordon B. Smith, Reforming the Russian Legal System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), esp. pp. 129-58.
40. In addition to Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., see Christopher M. Larkins, "Judicial Independence and Democratization," American Journal of Comparative Law, 44 (Fall 1996), 605-26; Maria Dakolias, "A Strategy for Judicial Reform: The Experience of Latin America," Virginia Journal of International Law, 36 (Fall 1995), 167-232; and Gordon B. Smith, Reforming the Russian Legal System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), esp. pp. 129-58.
41. In addition to Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., see Christopher M. Larkins, "Judicial Independence and Democratization," American Journal of Comparative Law, 44 (Fall 1996), 605-26; Maria Dakolias, "A Strategy for Judicial Reform: The Experience of Latin America," Virginia Journal of International Law, 36 (Fall 1995), 167-232; and Gordon B. Smith, Reforming the Russian Legal System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), esp. pp. 129-58.
42. Chevigny, Edge of the Knife, pp. 195-99, esp. the case of Subcomisario Luis Patti.
43. See Mendez, Correa Sutil, Brody, and Franco in Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., esp. pp. 222, 227-30, 263.
44. Chevigny, Edge of the Knife, pp. 98-107, 265-66; also, Chevigny in Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., p. 54.
45. Chevigny, Edge of the Knife, pp. 101-2.
46. Ibid., pp. 170-72, 187-89, 265.
47. Ibid., pp. 114-15, 264-70.
48. See especially Brody in Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., pp. 227-42.
49. Katzenstein, unfortunately, does not discuss the impact of war crimes trials on new policing norms. Chevigny only briefly notes that the Brazilian and Argentine transitions limited efforts to try human rights abusers. Chevigny, Edge of the Knife, pp. 145-53, 181-83. See also McAdams, ed., Transitional Justice.
50. Katzenstein, unfortunately, does not discuss the impact of war crimes trials on new policing norms. Chevigny only briefly notes that the Brazilian and Argentine transitions limited efforts to try human rights abusers. Chevigny, Edge of the Knife, pp. 145-53, 181-83. See also McAdams, ed., Transitional Justice.
51. Knight, Spies without Cloaks, pp. 191-205.
52. Rodley in Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., p. 34.
53. See, for example, the essays by Rodley, Bolivar O., and Chevigny in Mendez, O'Donnell, Pinheiro, eds.
54. Chevigny, Edge of the Knife, p. 187.
55. Mendez in Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., p. 221; also, Alejandro M. Garro in ibid.
56. O'Donnell in Mendez, O'Donnell, and Pinheiro, eds., p. 311.