The strategy of political liberalization: A Comparative view of Gorbachev's Reforms

World Politics

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 1992, Pages 47-65

  Young, Christopher ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84933491045     PISSN: 00438871     EISSN: 10863338     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2010518     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. A good discussion of the inadequacy of deterministic “societal” models is presented by James DeNardo, Power in Numbers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 8–32. George Breslauer makes this point for the Soviet case; see Breslauer, “Evaluating Gorbachev as Leader,” Soviet Economy 5, no. 4 (1989).
2. David B. Truman, The Governmental Process (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971), 188–93. For a discussion of the prerequisites for collective action, see Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
3. See, e.g., Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 15-21; Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 32-40; Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 54–66. Russell Bova applies this literature to the Soviet case in “Political Dynamics of the Post-Communist Transition: A Comparative Perspective,” World Politics 44 (October 1991).
4. Paul Adelman, Gladstone, Disraeli and Later Victorian Politics (Essex, England: Longman Group, 1983), 11; Robert Blake, Disraeli (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1967), 242-43.
5. Maurice Cowling, 1867: Disraeli, Gladstone, and Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 48–49.
6. Blake (fn. 4) and F. B. Smith argue that Disraeli was more concerned with passing any kind of bill than with the specific content of his bill. Cowling (fn. 5) casts doubt on this idea, asserting that Disraeli's strategy could not have been better designed to serve conservative interests. See Smith, The Making of the Second Reform Bill (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1966).
7. Blake (fn. 4), 12.
8. Adelman (fn. 4), 10; Cowling (fn. 5), 64–66.
9. Blake (fn. 4), 463.
10. Theodore S. Hamerow, The Social Foundations of German Unification (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), 297–301.
11. Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), 219.
12. For an extensive discussion of the Prussian liberals' fears about the consequences of democratization, see James J. Sheehan, German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
13. Erich Eyck, Bismarck and the German Empire (New York: W. W. Norton, 1968), 115-16.
14. Brison D. Gooch, The Reign of Napoleon III (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969); Albert Guerard, Napoleon III (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1943); J. M. Thompson, Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954).
15. Lothar Gall, Bismarck: The White Revolutionary (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986), 286—89.
16. Eyck (fn. 13), 115-18.
17. Gall (fn. 15), 288–89.
18. Hamerow (fn. 10), 292–93, 390–91.
19. Pflanze (fn. 11), 331–34, 354–55.
20. Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire (Dover, N.H.: Berg Publishers, 1985), 53–55.
21. The following section is based on the account of Denis Mack Smith, Italy: A Modern History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959), 211–62.
22. Anders Aslund, Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989), 10-21; Timothy J. Colton, The Dilemma of Reform in the Soviet Union (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1986), 32-67; Gail Lapidus, “Society under Strain,” and Robert Tucker, “Swollen State, Spent Society: Stalin's Legacy to Brezhnev's Russia,” both in Erik Hoffman and Robbin Laird, eds., The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era (New York: Aldine, 1984); Moshe Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 101–11.
23. Archie Brown, “Power and Policy in a Time of Leadership Transition, 1982-1988,” in Brown, ed., Political Leadership in the Soviet Union (London: MacMillan Press, 1989); Stephen White, Gorbachev in Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 1–22.
24. Aslund (fn. 22), 23–55.
25. L. I. Abalkin, speech at the Nineteenth Party Conference, XIX Vsesoyuznaya Konferen-tsiya Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza: Stenograficheskii Otchet (Stenographic report of the XIX Party Conference of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), (Moscow: Politizdat, 1988), 114-19; Anders Aslund, “Gorbachev, Perestroika, and Economic Crisis,” Problems of Communism 40 (January-April 1991); Marshall I. Goldman, “Gorbachev the Economist,” Foreign Affairs 69 (Spring 1990); Ed. A. Hewett, “The New Soviet Plan,” Foreign Affairs 69 (Winter 1990-91); James H. Noren, “The Soviet Economic Crisis: Another Perspective,” Soviet Economy 6, no. 1 (1990).
26. New York Times, May 28, 1987, p. 1.
27. “Perekhodit' k Konkretnym Delam,” Pravda, August 27, 1987; “Zhivoi Istochnik Natsional'nykh Traditsii,” Sovetskaya Kul'tura, April 7, 1988; Speech to XIX Party Conference, Stenograficheskii Otchet (fn. 25), 82—88; “Aktivnaya Pozitsiya Kommunista,” Pravda, December 25, 1988.
28. See M. A. Ul'yanov's speech at the Nineteenth Party Conference, Stenograficheskii Otchet (fn. 25), 190-99; White (fn. 23), 196-99; Nina Andreeva, “Ne Mogu Postupat'sya Printsi-pami,” Sovetskaya Rossiya, March 13, 1988.
29. “Zhivoe Tvorchestvo Naroda: Doklad Tovarishcha M.S. Gorbacheva,” Pravda, December 11, 1984; “O Perestroike i Kadrovoi Politike Partii,” Pravda, January 28, 1987.
30. Nineteenth Party Conference, Stenograficheskii Otchet (fn. 25), 19–92, 112–20, 135–44.
31. John Gooding, “The XXVIII Congress of the cpsu in Perspective,” Soviet Studies 43, no. 2 (1991).
32. Ibid., 242–46.
33. My own survey of Soviet announcements of personnel changes. See Viktor Radzievskii, “Konservatism Ukhodit v Otstavku,” Moskovskye Novosti 9 (1990); “Kogo Zakhlestyvayut Volny?” Pravda, March 11, 1990.
34. Anders Aslund, “The Making of Economic Policy in 1989 and 1990,” Soviet Economy 6, no. 1 (1990).
35. Mack Smith (fn. 21), 337–47.