A critical assessment of disposition options for mentally ill offenders

Social Service Review

Volumn 73, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 65-81

  Linhorst, Donald M ^b   Dirks Linhorst, P Ann ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039003442     PISSN: 00377961     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/515797     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Donald H. J. Hermann, The Insanity Defense: Philosophical, Historical and Legal Perspectives (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1983).
2. Samuel Jan Brakel, "After the Verdict: Dispositional Decisions Regarding Criminal Defendants Acquitted by Reason of Insanity," DePaul Law Review 37 (1988): 181-258.
3. Ibid.
4. Michael L. Perlin, "Unpacking the Myths: The Symbolism Mythology of Insanity Defense Jurisprudence," Case Western Law Review 40, no. 3 (Summer 1990): 599-731; Eric Silver, Carmen Cirincione, and Henry J. Steadman, "Demythologizing Inaccurate Perceptions of the Insanity Defense," Law and Human Behavior 18, no. 1 (1994): 63-70.
5. Michael L. Perlin, "Unpacking the Myths: The Symbolism Mythology of Insanity Defense Jurisprudence," Case Western Law Review 40, no. 3 (Summer 1990): 599-731; Eric Silver, Carmen Cirincione, and Henry J. Steadman, "Demythologizing Inaccurate Perceptions of the Insanity Defense," Law and Human Behavior 18, no. 1 (1994): 63-70.
6. Henry J. Steadman, Margaret A. McGreevy, Joseph P. Morrissey, Lisa A. Callahan, Pamela Clark Robbins, and Carmen Cirincione, Before and After Hinckley: Evaluating Insanity Defense Reform (New York: Guilford, 1993).
7. Summaries of criticisms are provided by John Q. LaFond and Mary L. Durham, Back to the Asylum: The Future of Mental Health Law and Policy in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Ralph Slovenko, Psychiatry and Criminal Culpability (New York: Wiley, 1995).
8. Summaries of criticisms are provided by John Q. LaFond and Mary L. Durham, Back to the Asylum: The Future of Mental Health Law and Policy in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Ralph Slovenko, Psychiatry and Criminal Culpability (New York: Wiley, 1995).
9. See, e.g., Lisa Callahan, Connie Mayer, and Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Reform in the United States - Post-Hinckley," Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter 11, no. 1 (January-February 1987): 54-59; Lisa A. Callahan, Margaret A. McGreevy, Carmen Cirincione, and Henry J. Steadman, "Measuring the Effects of the Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) Verdict: Georgia's 1982 GBMI Reform," Law and Human Behavior 16, no. 4 (1992): 447-62; Russell C. Petrella, Elissa P. Benedek, Steven C. Bank, and Ira K. Packer, " Examining the Application of the Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict in Michigan," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 36, no. 3 (March 1985): 254-59; Scott M. Reichlin and Joseph D. Bloom, "Effects of Publicity on a Forensic Hospital," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 21, no. 4 (1993): 475-83.
10. See, e.g., Lisa Callahan, Connie Mayer, and Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Reform in the United States - Post-Hinckley," Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter 11, no. 1 (January-February 1987): 54-59; Lisa A. Callahan, Margaret A. McGreevy, Carmen Cirincione, and Henry J. Steadman, "Measuring the Effects of the Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) Verdict: Georgia's 1982 GBMI Reform," Law and Human Behavior 16, no. 4 (1992): 447-62; Russell C. Petrella, Elissa P. Benedek, Steven C. Bank, and Ira K. Packer, " Examining the Application of the Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict in Michigan," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 36, no. 3 (March 1985): 254-59; Scott M. Reichlin and Joseph D. Bloom, "Effects of Publicity on a Forensic Hospital," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 21, no. 4 (1993): 475-83.
11. See, e.g., Lisa Callahan, Connie Mayer, and Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Reform in the United States - Post-Hinckley," Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter 11, no. 1 (January-February 1987): 54-59; Lisa A. Callahan, Margaret A. McGreevy, Carmen Cirincione, and Henry J. Steadman, "Measuring the Effects of the Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) Verdict: Georgia's 1982 GBMI Reform," Law and Human Behavior 16, no. 4 (1992): 447-62; Russell C. Petrella, Elissa P. Benedek, Steven C. Bank, and Ira K. Packer, " Examining the Application of the Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict in Michigan," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 36, no. 3 (March 1985): 254-59; Scott M. Reichlin and Joseph D. Bloom, "Effects of Publicity on a Forensic Hospital," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 21, no. 4 (1993): 475-83.
12. See, e.g., Lisa Callahan, Connie Mayer, and Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Reform in the United States - Post-Hinckley," Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter 11, no. 1 (January-February 1987): 54-59; Lisa A. Callahan, Margaret A. McGreevy, Carmen Cirincione, and Henry J. Steadman, "Measuring the Effects of the Guilty but Mentally Ill (GBMI) Verdict: Georgia's 1982 GBMI Reform," Law and Human Behavior 16, no. 4 (1992): 447-62; Russell C. Petrella, Elissa P. Benedek, Steven C. Bank, and Ira K. Packer, " Examining the Application of the Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict in Michigan," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 36, no. 3 (March 1985): 254-59; Scott M. Reichlin and Joseph D. Bloom, "Effects of Publicity on a Forensic Hospital," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 21, no. 4 (1993): 475-83.
13. LaFond and Durham (n. 6 above).
14. David C. Paris and James F. Reynolds, The Logic of Policy Inquiry (New York: Longman, 1983).
15. Moritz Farbstein, "Psychiatric Failures," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 12, 1997); Joe D. Haines, "Abolishment of the Insanity Defense - the Only Logical Course," Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association 79, no. 4 (April 1986): 244-46; Tim Talley, "Insanity Defense Tough to Establish in Louisiana Courts," Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (August 11, 1991).
16. Moritz Farbstein, "Psychiatric Failures," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 12, 1997); Joe D. Haines, "Abolishment of the Insanity Defense - the Only Logical Course," Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association 79, no. 4 (April 1986): 244-46; Tim Talley, "Insanity Defense Tough to Establish in Louisiana Courts," Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (August 11, 1991).
17. Moritz Farbstein, "Psychiatric Failures," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (January 12, 1997); Joe D. Haines, "Abolishment of the Insanity Defense - the Only Logical Course," Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association 79, no. 4 (April 1986): 244-46; Tim Talley, "Insanity Defense Tough to Establish in Louisiana Courts," Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (August 11, 1991).
18. Lynnette S. Cobun, "The Insanity Defense: Effects of Abolition Unsupported by a Moral Consensus," American Journal of Law and Medicine 9, no. 4 (1984): 471-500.
19. George L. Blau and Richard A. Pasewark, "Statutory Changes and the Insanity Defense: Seeking the Perfect Insane Person," Law and Psychology Review 18 (Spring 1994): 69-108.
20. Alexander D. Brooks, "The Merits of Abolishing the Insanity Defense," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 477 (January 1985): 125-36; Abraham L. Halpern, "The Insanity Defense in the Twenty-First Century," International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 35, no. 3 (1991): 187-89, and "Misuse of Post-Acquittal Hospitalization for Punitive Purposes," Psychiatric Annals 22, no. 11 (November 1992): 561-65.
21. Alexander D. Brooks, "The Merits of Abolishing the Insanity Defense," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 477 (January 1985): 125-36; Abraham L. Halpern, "The Insanity Defense in the Twenty-First Century," International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 35, no. 3 (1991): 187-89, and "Misuse of Post-Acquittal Hospitalization for Punitive Purposes," Psychiatric Annals 22, no. 11 (November 1992): 561-65.
22. Alexander D. Brooks, "The Merits of Abolishing the Insanity Defense," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 477 (January 1985): 125-36; Abraham L. Halpern, "The Insanity Defense in the Twenty-First Century," International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 35, no. 3 (1991): 187-89, and "Misuse of Post-Acquittal Hospitalization for Punitive Purposes," Psychiatric Annals 22, no. 11 (November 1992): 561-65.
23. Steadman et al., Before and After Hinckley (n. 5 above).
24. Peter Heinbecker, "Two Year's Experience with Utah's Mens Rea Insanity Law," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 14, no. 2 (1986): 185-91.
25. Lisa A. Callahan, Pamela C. Robbins, Henry J. Steadman, and Joseph P. Morrissey, "The Hidden Effects of Montana's 'Abolition' of the Insanity Defense," Psychiatric Quarterly 66, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 103-17.
26. Donald M. Linhorst, "The Impact of System Design on the Characteristics of Missouri's Insanity Acquittees," Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 25, no. 4 (1997): 509-29.
27. Rita J. Simon and David E. Aaronson, The Insanity Defense: A Critical Assessment of Law and Policy in the Post-Hinckley Era (New York: Praeger, 1988).
28. Richard A. Pasewark, Deborah Seidenzahl, and Mark A. Pantle, "Opinions about the Insanity Plea," Journal of Forensic Psychology 8, no. 1 (1981): 63-72.
29. See, e.g., John Distaso, "Insanity Defense Splits Lawmakers," Manchester (New Hampshire) Union Leader (April 7, 1986); Carol Sliwa, "Weld Bill Targets Insanity Defense," Berkshire (Pittsfield, Mass.) Eagle (September 28, 1995).
30. See, e.g., John Distaso, "Insanity Defense Splits Lawmakers," Manchester (New Hampshire) Union Leader (April 7, 1986); Carol Sliwa, "Weld Bill Targets Insanity Defense," Berkshire (Pittsfield, Mass.) Eagle (September 28, 1995).
31. The first citation illustrates reference to the verdict as a plea, while the second clarifies the term. John Klofas and Ralph Weisheit, "Pleading Guilty but Mentally Ill: Adversarial Justice and Mental Health," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 9 (1986): 491-501; Emanuel Tanay, "The Verdict with Two Names," Psychiatric Annals 22, no. 11 (November 1992): 571-73.
32. The first citation illustrates reference to the verdict as a plea, while the second clarifies the term. John Klofas and Ralph Weisheit, "Pleading Guilty but Mentally Ill: Adversarial Justice and Mental Health," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 9 (1986): 491-501; Emanuel Tanay, "The Verdict with Two Names," Psychiatric Annals 22, no. 11 (November 1992): 571-73.
33. Lynn W. Blunt and Harley V. Stock, "Guilty but Mentally Ill: An Alternative Verdict," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (Winter 1985): 49-67; R. D. MacKay and Jerry Kopelman, "The Operation of the 'Guilty but Mentally Ill' Verdict in Pennsylvania," Journal of Psychiatry and Law 16 (Summer 1988): 247-68; Petrella et al. (n. 7 above).
34. Lynn W. Blunt and Harley V. Stock, "Guilty but Mentally Ill: An Alternative Verdict," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (Winter 1985): 49-67; R. D. MacKay and Jerry Kopelman, "The Operation of the 'Guilty but Mentally Ill' Verdict in Pennsylvania," Journal of Psychiatry and Law 16 (Summer 1988): 247-68; Petrella et al. (n. 7 above).
35. Lynn W. Blunt and Harley V. Stock, "Guilty but Mentally Ill: An Alternative Verdict," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (Winter 1985): 49-67; R. D. MacKay and Jerry Kopelman, "The Operation of the 'Guilty but Mentally Ill' Verdict in Pennsylvania," Journal of Psychiatry and Law 16 (Summer 1988): 247-68; Petrella et al. (n. 7 above).
36. Petrella et al. (n. 7 above).
37. Donald W. Morgan, Thomas M. McCullough, Peter L. Jenkins, and William M. White, "Guilty but Mentally Ill: The South Carolina Experience," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 16, no. 1 (1988): 41-48; Steadman et al., Before and After Hinckley (n. 5 above).
38. Donald W. Morgan, Thomas M. McCullough, Peter L. Jenkins, and William M. White, "Guilty but Mentally Ill: The South Carolina Experience," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 16, no. 1 (1988): 41-48; Steadman et al., Before and After Hinckley (n. 5 above).
39. Blunt and Stock (n. 22 above).
40. Deborah C. Scott, Howard V. Zonana, and Marjorie A. Getz, "Monitoring Insanity Acquittees: Connecticut's Psychiatric Security Review Board," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, no. 9 (September 1990): 980-84.
41. John Klofas and Ralph Weisheit, "Guilty but Mentally Ill: Reform of the Insanity Defense in Illinois," Justice Quarterly 4, no. 1 (March 1987): 39-50; MacKay and Kopelman (n. 22 above).
42. John Klofas and Ralph Weisheit, "Guilty but Mentally Ill: Reform of the Insanity Defense in Illinois," Justice Quarterly 4, no. 1 (March 1987): 39-50; MacKay and Kopelman (n. 22 above).
43. The first citation includes an 11-state study. The second includes a study of South Carolina, which was not included in the 11-state study. The remaining citations illustrate other studies completed in states offering the guilty but mentally ill verdict. Ingo Keilitz, The Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict: An Empirical Study (Washington, D.C.: National Center for State Courts, 1985); Morgan et al. (n. 24 above); Petrella et al. (n. 7 above); Callahan et al., "Measuring the Effects" (n. 7 above).
44. The first citation includes an 11-state study. The second includes a study of South Carolina, which was not included in the 11-state study. The remaining citations illustrate other studies completed in states offering the guilty but mentally ill verdict. Ingo Keilitz, The Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict: An Empirical Study (Washington, D.C.: National Center for State Courts, 1985); Morgan et al. (n. 24 above); Petrella et al. (n. 7 above); Callahan et al., "Measuring the Effects" (n. 7 above).
45. The first citation includes an 11-state study. The second includes a study of South Carolina, which was not included in the 11-state study. The remaining citations illustrate other studies completed in states offering the guilty but mentally ill verdict. Ingo Keilitz, The Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict: An Empirical Study (Washington, D.C.: National Center for State Courts, 1985); Morgan et al. (n. 24 above); Petrella et al. (n. 7 above); Callahan et al., "Measuring the Effects" (n. 7 above).
46. The first citation includes an 11-state study. The second includes a study of South Carolina, which was not included in the 11-state study. The remaining citations illustrate other studies completed in states offering the guilty but mentally ill verdict. Ingo Keilitz, The Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict: An Empirical Study (Washington, D.C.: National Center for State Courts, 1985); Morgan et al. (n. 24 above); Petrella et al. (n. 7 above); Callahan et al., "Measuring the Effects" (n. 7 above).
47. Keilitz (n. 28 above); Morgan et al. (n. 24 above); Petrella et al. (n. 7 above).
48. Keilitz (n. 28 above); Morgan et al. (n. 24 above); Petrella et al. (n. 7 above).
49. Keilitz (n. 28 above); Morgan et al. (n. 24 above); Petrella et al. (n. 7 above).
50. Keilitz (n. 28 above).
51. Callahan et al., "Measuring the Effects" (n. 7 above).
52. Klofas and Weisheit, "Pleading Guilty but Mentally Ill" (n. 21 above).
53. Callahan et al., "Measuring the Effects" (n. 7 above).
54. Keilitz (n. 28 above).
55. Klofas and Weisheit, "Pleading Guilty but Mentally Ill" (n. 21 above).
56. Kurt M. Bumby, "Reviewing the Guilty but Mentally Ill Alternative: A Case of the Blind 'Pleading' the Blind," Journal of Psychiatry and Law 21, no. 2 (Summer 1993): 191-220.
57. Klofas and Weisheit, "Guilty but Mentally Ill" (n. 27 above).
58. MacKay and Kopelman (n. 22 above).
59. State v. Hornsby, 1997, 484 S.E.2d 869.
60. Distaso (n. 20 above); Steve Pokin, "Psychiatry and Criminal Law," Riverside (Calif.) Press-Enterprise (February 16, 1994); Sliwa (n. 20 above); Victoria Young, "Changes Proposed in Insanity Plea Law: 'Guilty by Mentally Ill' Bill Rejected," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 10, 1997).
61. Distaso (n. 20 above); Steve Pokin, "Psychiatry and Criminal Law," Riverside (Calif.) Press-Enterprise (February 16, 1994); Sliwa (n. 20 above); Victoria Young, "Changes Proposed in Insanity Plea Law: 'Guilty by Mentally Ill' Bill Rejected," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 10, 1997).
62. Distaso (n. 20 above); Steve Pokin, "Psychiatry and Criminal Law," Riverside (Calif.) Press-Enterprise (February 16, 1994); Sliwa (n. 20 above); Victoria Young, "Changes Proposed in Insanity Plea Law: 'Guilty by Mentally Ill' Bill Rejected," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 10, 1997).
63. Distaso (n. 20 above); Steve Pokin, "Psychiatry and Criminal Law," Riverside (Calif.) Press-Enterprise (February 16, 1994); Sliwa (n. 20 above); Victoria Young, "Changes Proposed in Insanity Plea Law: 'Guilty by Mentally Ill' Bill Rejected," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (March 10, 1997).
64. Brakel (n. 2 above); Revised Statutes of Missouri, Section 552.040.20, Cumm. Supp. 1996.
65. Henry J. Steadman, John Monahan, Eliot Hartstone, Sharon Kantorowski Davis, and Pamela Clark Robbins, "Mentally Disordered Offenders: A National Survey of Patients and Facilities," Law and Human Behavior 6, no. 1 (1982): 31-38.
66. The first two citations note the inadequacies of treatment of insanity acquittees, while the subsequent ones provide evidence that treatment for this group is improving. James R. P. Ogloff, Caton F. Roberts, and Ronald Roesch, "The Insanity Defense: Legal Standards and Clinical Assessment," Applied and Preventive Psychology 2 (1993): 163-78; Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Research and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 37-48; Kirk Heilbrun, Catherine E. Nunez, Mary Ann Deitchman, David Gustafson, and Kevin Krull, "The Treatment of Mentally Disordered Offenders: A National Survey of Psychiatrists," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 20, no. 4 (1992): 475-80; Donald M. Linhorst and P. Ann Dirks-Linhorst, "The Impact of Insanity Acquittees on Missouri's Public Mental Health System," Law and Human Behavior 21, no. 3 (1997): 327-38; Donald M. Linhorst and Marilyn A. Turner, "Treatment of Forensic Patients: An Expanding Role for Public Psychiatric Hospitals," Health and Social Work (in press).
67. The first two citations note the inadequacies of treatment of insanity acquittees, while the subsequent ones provide evidence that treatment for this group is improving. James R. P. Ogloff, Caton F. Roberts, and Ronald Roesch, "The Insanity Defense: Legal Standards and Clinical Assessment," Applied and Preventive Psychology 2 (1993): 163-78; Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Research and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 37-48; Kirk Heilbrun, Catherine E. Nunez, Mary Ann Deitchman, David Gustafson, and Kevin Krull, "The Treatment of Mentally Disordered Offenders: A National Survey of Psychiatrists," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 20, no. 4 (1992): 475-80; Donald M. Linhorst and P. Ann Dirks-Linhorst, "The Impact of Insanity Acquittees on Missouri's Public Mental Health System," Law and Human Behavior 21, no. 3 (1997): 327-38; Donald M. Linhorst and Marilyn A. Turner, "Treatment of Forensic Patients: An Expanding Role for Public Psychiatric Hospitals," Health and Social Work (in press).
68. The first two citations note the inadequacies of treatment of insanity acquittees, while the subsequent ones provide evidence that treatment for this group is improving. James R. P. Ogloff, Caton F. Roberts, and Ronald Roesch, "The Insanity Defense: Legal Standards and Clinical Assessment," Applied and Preventive Psychology 2 (1993): 163-78; Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Research and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 37-48; Kirk Heilbrun, Catherine E. Nunez, Mary Ann Deitchman, David Gustafson, and Kevin Krull, "The Treatment of Mentally Disordered Offenders: A National Survey of Psychiatrists," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 20, no. 4 (1992): 475-80; Donald M. Linhorst and P. Ann Dirks-Linhorst, "The Impact of Insanity Acquittees on Missouri's Public Mental Health System," Law and Human Behavior 21, no. 3 (1997): 327-38; Donald M. Linhorst and Marilyn A. Turner, "Treatment of Forensic Patients: An Expanding Role for Public Psychiatric Hospitals," Health and Social Work (in press).
69. The first two citations note the inadequacies of treatment of insanity acquittees, while the subsequent ones provide evidence that treatment for this group is improving. James R. P. Ogloff, Caton F. Roberts, and Ronald Roesch, "The Insanity Defense: Legal Standards and Clinical Assessment," Applied and Preventive Psychology 2 (1993): 163-78; Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Research and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 37-48; Kirk Heilbrun, Catherine E. Nunez, Mary Ann Deitchman, David Gustafson, and Kevin Krull, "The Treatment of Mentally Disordered Offenders: A National Survey of Psychiatrists," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 20, no. 4 (1992): 475-80; Donald M. Linhorst and P. Ann Dirks-Linhorst, "The Impact of Insanity Acquittees on Missouri's Public Mental Health System," Law and Human Behavior 21, no. 3 (1997): 327-38; Donald M. Linhorst and Marilyn A. Turner, "Treatment of Forensic Patients: An Expanding Role for Public Psychiatric Hospitals," Health and Social Work (in press).
70. The first two citations note the inadequacies of treatment of insanity acquittees, while the subsequent ones provide evidence that treatment for this group is improving. James R. P. Ogloff, Caton F. Roberts, and Ronald Roesch, "The Insanity Defense: Legal Standards and Clinical Assessment," Applied and Preventive Psychology 2 (1993): 163-78; Henry J. Steadman, "Insanity Defense Research and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 37-48; Kirk Heilbrun, Catherine E. Nunez, Mary Ann Deitchman, David Gustafson, and Kevin Krull, "The Treatment of Mentally Disordered Offenders: A National Survey of Psychiatrists," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 20, no. 4 (1992): 475-80; Donald M. Linhorst and P. Ann Dirks-Linhorst, "The Impact of Insanity Acquittees on Missouri's Public Mental Health System," Law and Human Behavior 21, no. 3 (1997): 327-38; Donald M. Linhorst and Marilyn A. Turner, "Treatment of Forensic Patients: An Expanding Role for Public Psychiatric Hospitals," Health and Social Work (in press).
71. Joseph D. Bloom and Mary H. Williams, Management and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1994); LaFond and Durham (n. 6 above).
72. Joseph D. Bloom and Mary H. Williams, Management and Treatment of Insanity Acquittees (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1994); LaFond and Durham (n. 6 above).
73. Joseph D. Bloom, Mary H. Williams, and Douglas A. Bigelow, "Monitored Conditional Release of Persons Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 4 (April 1991): 444-48; H. Richard Lamb, Linda E. Weinberger, and Bruce H. Gross, "Court-Mandated Outpatient Treatment for Insanity Acquittees: Clinical Philosophy and Implementation," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39, no. 10 (October 1988): 1080-84; Margaret A. McGreevy, Henry J. Steadman, Joel A. Dvoskin, and Norin Dollard, "New York State's System of Managing Insanity Acquittees in the Community," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 42, no. 5 (May 1991): 512-17; Jeffery L. Rogers and Joseph D. Bloom, "The Insanity Sentence: Oregon's Psychiatric Security Review Board," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 69-84.
74. Joseph D. Bloom, Mary H. Williams, and Douglas A. Bigelow, "Monitored Conditional Release of Persons Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 4 (April 1991): 444-48; H. Richard Lamb, Linda E. Weinberger, and Bruce H. Gross, "Court-Mandated Outpatient Treatment for Insanity Acquittees: Clinical Philosophy and Implementation," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39, no. 10 (October 1988): 1080-84; Margaret A. McGreevy, Henry J. Steadman, Joel A. Dvoskin, and Norin Dollard, "New York State's System of Managing Insanity Acquittees in the Community," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 42, no. 5 (May 1991): 512-17; Jeffery L. Rogers and Joseph D. Bloom, "The Insanity Sentence: Oregon's Psychiatric Security Review Board," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 69-84.
75. Joseph D. Bloom, Mary H. Williams, and Douglas A. Bigelow, "Monitored Conditional Release of Persons Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 4 (April 1991): 444-48; H. Richard Lamb, Linda E. Weinberger, and Bruce H. Gross, "Court-Mandated Outpatient Treatment for Insanity Acquittees: Clinical Philosophy and Implementation," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39, no. 10 (October 1988): 1080-84; Margaret A. McGreevy, Henry J. Steadman, Joel A. Dvoskin, and Norin Dollard, "New York State's System of Managing Insanity Acquittees in the Community," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 42, no. 5 (May 1991): 512-17; Jeffery L. Rogers and Joseph D. Bloom, "The Insanity Sentence: Oregon's Psychiatric Security Review Board," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 69-84.
76. Joseph D. Bloom, Mary H. Williams, and Douglas A. Bigelow, "Monitored Conditional Release of Persons Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity," American Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 4 (April 1991): 444-48; H. Richard Lamb, Linda E. Weinberger, and Bruce H. Gross, "Court-Mandated Outpatient Treatment for Insanity Acquittees: Clinical Philosophy and Implementation," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 39, no. 10 (October 1988): 1080-84; Margaret A. McGreevy, Henry J. Steadman, Joel A. Dvoskin, and Norin Dollard, "New York State's System of Managing Insanity Acquittees in the Community," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 42, no. 5 (May 1991): 512-17; Jeffery L. Rogers and Joseph D. Bloom, "The Insanity Sentence: Oregon's Psychiatric Security Review Board," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 3, no. 1 (1985): 69-84.
77. Donald M. Linhorst, "The Legislative Structuring of Insanity Acquittee Policies," Journal of Mental Health Administration 24, no. 2 (Spring 1997): 166-77.
78. Eric Silver, "Punishment or Treatment? Comparing the Lengths of Confinement of Successful and Unsuccessful Insanity Defendants," Law and Human Behavior 19, no. 4 (1995): 375-88.
79. Ibid.
80. Linhorst, "The Impact of System Design" (n. 17 above).
81. Mark R. Wiederanders, David L. Bromley, and Paul A. Choate, "Forensic Conditional Release Programs and Outcomes in Three States," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 20, no. 2 (1997): 249-57.
82. Allen J. Beck and Bernard E. Shipley, Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1983, Report no. NCJ-116261 (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1989); Patrick A. Langan and Mark A. Cunniff, Recidivism of Felons on Probation, Report no. NCJ-134177 (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992).
83. Allen J. Beck and Bernard E. Shipley, Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1983, Report no. NCJ-116261 (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1989); Patrick A. Langan and Mark A. Cunniff, Recidivism of Felons on Probation, Report no. NCJ-134177 (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992).
84. Kirk Heilbrun and Patricia A. Griffin, "Community-Based Forensic Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 16, no. 1-2 (1993): 133-50.
85. Silver (n. 47 above).
86. Brakel (n. 2 above).
87. Silver (n. 47 above) reports on the results of his research and provides a review of the literature.
88. Linhorst, "The Impact of System Design" (n. 17 above).
89. Douglas A. Bigelow, Joseph D. Bloom, and Mary H. Williams, "Costs of Managing Insanity Acquittees under a Psychiatric Security Review Board System," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (June 1990): 613-14; Patricia A. Griffin, Henry J. Steadman, and Kirk Heilbrun, "Designing Conditional Release Systems for Insanity Acquittees,"Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 231-41; Heilbrun and Griffin (n. 52 above); Stuart B. Silver and Christiane Tellefsen, "Administrative Issues in the Follow-Up Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 242-52; Mark R. Wiederanders, "Recidivism of Disordered Offenders Who Were Conditionally, vs. Unconditionally Released," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 10 (1992): 141-48.
90. Douglas A. Bigelow, Joseph D. Bloom, and Mary H. Williams, "Costs of Managing Insanity Acquittees under a Psychiatric Security Review Board System," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (June 1990): 613-14; Patricia A. Griffin, Henry J. Steadman, and Kirk Heilbrun, "Designing Conditional Release Systems for Insanity Acquittees,"Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 231-41; Heilbrun and Griffin (n. 52 above); Stuart B. Silver and Christiane Tellefsen, "Administrative Issues in the Follow-Up Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 242-52; Mark R. Wiederanders, "Recidivism of Disordered Offenders Who Were Conditionally, vs. Unconditionally Released," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 10 (1992): 141-48.
91. Douglas A. Bigelow, Joseph D. Bloom, and Mary H. Williams, "Costs of Managing Insanity Acquittees under a Psychiatric Security Review Board System," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (June 1990): 613-14; Patricia A. Griffin, Henry J. Steadman, and Kirk Heilbrun, "Designing Conditional Release Systems for Insanity Acquittees,"Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 231-41; Heilbrun and Griffin (n. 52 above); Stuart B. Silver and Christiane Tellefsen, "Administrative Issues in the Follow-Up Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 242-52; Mark R. Wiederanders, "Recidivism of Disordered Offenders Who Were Conditionally, vs. Unconditionally Released," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 10 (1992): 141-48.
92. Douglas A. Bigelow, Joseph D. Bloom, and Mary H. Williams, "Costs of Managing Insanity Acquittees under a Psychiatric Security Review Board System," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (June 1990): 613-14; Patricia A. Griffin, Henry J. Steadman, and Kirk Heilbrun, "Designing Conditional Release Systems for Insanity Acquittees,"Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 231-41; Heilbrun and Griffin (n. 52 above); Stuart B. Silver and Christiane Tellefsen, "Administrative Issues in the Follow-Up Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 242-52; Mark R. Wiederanders, "Recidivism of Disordered Offenders Who Were Conditionally, vs. Unconditionally Released," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 10 (1992): 141-48.
93. Douglas A. Bigelow, Joseph D. Bloom, and Mary H. Williams, "Costs of Managing Insanity Acquittees under a Psychiatric Security Review Board System," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 41, no. 6 (June 1990): 613-14; Patricia A. Griffin, Henry J. Steadman, and Kirk Heilbrun, "Designing Conditional Release Systems for Insanity Acquittees,"Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 231-41; Heilbrun and Griffin (n. 52 above); Stuart B. Silver and Christiane Tellefsen, "Administrative Issues in the Follow-Up Treatment of Insanity Acquittees," Journal of Mental Health Administration 18, no. 3 (Fall 1991): 242-52; Mark R. Wiederanders, "Recidivism of Disordered Offenders Who Were Conditionally, vs. Unconditionally Released," Behavioral Sciences and the Law 10 (1992): 141-48.
94. Linhorst, "Legislative Structuring" (n. 46 above).
95. Hugh McGinley and Richard A. Pasewark, "National Survey of the Frequency and Success of the Insanity Plea and Alternate Pleas," Journal of Law and Psychiatry 17 (Summer 1989): 205-21; Bruce B. Way, Joel A. Dvoskin, and Henry J. Steadman, "Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients Served in the United States: Regional and System Differences," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 19, no. 4 (1991): 405-12.
96. Hugh McGinley and Richard A. Pasewark, "National Survey of the Frequency and Success of the Insanity Plea and Alternate Pleas," Journal of Law and Psychiatry 17 (Summer 1989): 205-21; Bruce B. Way, Joel A. Dvoskin, and Henry J. Steadman, "Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients Served in the United States: Regional and System Differences," Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 19, no. 4 (1991): 405-12.
97. P. Ann Dirks-Linhorst and Donald M. Linhorst, "Developing and Implementing a Statewide Plan for Forensic Services," Administration and Policy in Mental Health 21, no. 6 (July 1994): 537-44.
98. Donald M. Linhorst and Alecia Deuten, "An Analysis of Missouri Insanity Acquittees Granted Unconditional Release" (paper presented at the Missouri Forensic Conference, Lake Ozark, Mo., April 1-3, 1998).
99. Linhorst and Dirks-Linhorst (n. 43 above).
100. Wiederanders, Bromley, and Choate (n. 50 above).
101. Beck and Shipley (n. 51 above); Langan and Cunniff (n. 51 above).
102. Beck and Shipley (n. 51 above); Langan and Cunniff (n. 51 above).
103. William A. Schroeder, "Time for Missouri to Eliminate the Insanity Defense," Missouri Lawyers Weekly (March 31, 1997).
104. Keith White, "Insanity Law Seen as Quandary: Plan Demands 'Dangerousness' Ruling, Springfield (Mo.) Daily News (January 8, 1982); Young (n. 40 above).
105. Keith White, "Insanity Law Seen as Quandary: Plan Demands 'Dangerousness' Ruling, Springfield (Mo.) Daily News (January 8, 1982); Young (n. 40 above).
106. "Wilson to Push for 'Guilty but Mentally Ill' Verdict," Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune (October 3, 1981); "Mental Health Rules Tighten," Jefferson City (Mo.) News and Tribune (April 11, 1985).
107. "Wilson to Push for 'Guilty but Mentally Ill' Verdict," Columbia (Mo.) Daily Tribune (October 3, 1981); "Mental Health Rules Tighten," Jefferson City (Mo.) News and Tribune (April 11, 1985).
108. Perlin (n. 4 above); Silver, Cirincione, and Steadman (n. 4 above).
109. Perlin (n. 4 above); Silver, Cirincione, and Steadman (n. 4 above).