The ASEAN regional forum: Maintaining the regional idea in Southeast Asia

International Journal

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 632-655

  Ba, Alice ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038871376     PISSN: 00207020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/40203246     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Arnfinn Jorgensen-Dahl, Regional Organization and Order in South-East Asia (London: Macmillan 1982), 70.
2. Charles A. Fisher, 'Geographical continuity and political change in Southeast Asia,' in Mark W. Zacher and R. Stephen Milne, eds, Conflict and Stability in Southeast Asia (Garden City NY: Anchor Press 1974), 4.
3. In 1992 the Democrats focussed on the economy and human rights, while 'America First' arguments attacking 'free riders' in Asia gained popularity among Republicans. See, for example, Robert Delfs and Susumu Awanohara, 'Strategic error,' Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), 23 January 1992, 16; 'Right and wrong,' ibid, 20 February 1992, 15.
4. In 1992 the Democrats focussed on the economy and human rights, while 'America First' arguments attacking 'free riders' in Asia gained popularity among Republicans. See, for example, Robert Delfs and Susumu Awanohara, 'Strategic error,' Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER), 23 January 1992, 16; 'Right and wrong,' ibid, 20 February 1992, 15.
5. India is also at times identified as a security concern.
6. Rigoberto Tiglao, 'Treaty tantrums,' FEER, 22 February 1990, 12; John McBeth, 'Danger money,' ibid, 31 May 1990, 28; Philip Bowring and John McBeth, 'Basis of dependence,' ibid, 12 April 1990, 20-3.
7. Rigoberto Tiglao, 'Treaty tantrums,' FEER, 22 February 1990, 12; John McBeth, 'Danger money,' ibid, 31 May 1990, 28; Philip Bowring and John McBeth, 'Basis of dependence,' ibid, 12 April 1990, 20-3.
8. Rigoberto Tiglao, 'Treaty tantrums,' FEER, 22 February 1990, 12; John McBeth, 'Danger money,' ibid, 31 May 1990, 28; Philip Bowring and John McBeth, 'Basis of dependence,' ibid, 12 April 1990, 20-3.
9. Don Oberdorfer, 'US-Japan relations seen suffering worst downturn in decades,' Washington Post, 1 March 1992, A1, A26.
10. Though Japan's defence expenditures are considerable in monetary terms, it has so far refrained from buying long-range offensive weapons platforms (missiles, bombers, aircraft carriers).
11. Daniel Williams, 'Rebuilding military ties to Tokyo,' Washington Post, 19 February 1995, A48.
12. A recent Rand study noted that Japan's exports to East Asia surpassed its exports to the United States in 1990 and have only increased since. 'Tokyo betting on a "New Asianism" to beat slump,' Straits Times, 31 August 1996.
13. Japan feels a sense of uncertainty of its own towards ASEAN. To quote one Japanese diplomat: 'There's a certain sense of anxiety in Japan over what types of tools or leverage we have over ASEAN countries.' Cited in Michael Vatikiotis, 'Fears of influence,' FEER, 30 January 1997, 14-15.
14. In 1992 Japan's controversial amendment to article 9 of its constitution allowing it to send peacekeeping forces abroad, for example, prompted enough concern that Japan felt compelled to clarify its interests at the ASEAN post-ministerial conference later that summer.
15. As Michael Leifer notes, this 'deep-seated regional aversion to Japan assuming a security role commensurate with its great economic power' is 'one of the legacies of the 1941-45 Pacific War.' The ASEAN Regional Forum, Adelphi Paper 302 (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1996), 7.
16. One should note, however, that while ASEAN views China with concern, it does not necessarily view it with alarm. See Allen Whiting, 'ASEAN eyes China: the security dimension,' Asian Survey 37 (April 1997), 299-322.
17. Indonesia is also concerned about the inclusion of the Natuna Island area in Chinese maps.
18. Martin Gainsborough compares the unequal nature of the 1991 rapprochement and the frequency and style of Vietnam's visits to China to the imperial tradition of tributary relations: 'Normalisation has been achieved largely at the expense of a weaker Hanoi deferring to its neighbour to the North. In this way, China's military lesson is still being driven home, if now by different means.' 'Vietnam II: a turbulent normalisation,' World Today 48(November 1992), 205.
19. William Dobson, 'Now Vietnam needs America to ward off China,' Christian Science Monitor, 17 April 1997.
20. Though the Philippines discovered China's presence on Mischief in February 1995, some speculate that the seizure took place as early as July 1994. See Leifer, ASEAN Regional Forum, 37.
21. A senior Philippines' official cited in Michael Richardson, 'China tries to be king of the hill,' International Herald Tribune, 10 April 1997.
22. Republika (Indonesia), 21 February 1995, FBIS-EAS-95-035.
23. Many observe that China possesses neither the capability nor the resources to build or buy a new aircraft carrier. China, however, may be willing to settle for a used one, perhaps the 35-year old Clemenceau from France. See Craig Snyder, 'The implications of hydrocarbon development in the South China Sea,' International Journal 52(winter 1996-7), 149; Bates Gill, 'Determinants and directions for Chinese weapons imports,' Pacific Review 8(no 2 1995), 377-8. Nayan Chanda, 'No crash carrier,' FEER, 10 October 1996, 20.
24. Many observe that China possesses neither the capability nor the resources to build or buy a new aircraft carrier. China, however, may be willing to settle for a used one, perhaps the 35-year old Clemenceau from France. See Craig Snyder, 'The implications of hydrocarbon development in the South China Sea,' International Journal 52(winter 1996-7), 149; Bates Gill, 'Determinants and directions for Chinese weapons imports,' Pacific Review 8(no 2 1995), 377-8. Nayan Chanda, 'No crash carrier,' FEER, 10 October 1996, 20.
25. Many observe that China possesses neither the capability nor the resources to build or buy a new aircraft carrier. China, however, may be willing to settle for a used one, perhaps the 35-year old Clemenceau from France. See Craig Snyder, 'The implications of hydrocarbon development in the South China Sea,' International Journal 52(winter 1996-7), 149; Bates Gill, 'Determinants and directions for Chinese weapons imports,' Pacific Review 8(no 2 1995), 377-8. Nayan Chanda, 'No crash carrier,' FEER, 10 October 1996, 20.
26. Leifer, ASEAN Regional Forum, 9.
27. John Garver, 'China's push through the South China Sea: the interaction of bureaucratic and national interests,' China Quarterly 123(December 1992), 1028.
28. Leifer, ASEAN Regional Forum, 17.
29. Garver, 'China's push through the South China Sea,' 1028.
30. Singapore's concerns and vulnerability are discussed in Michael Richardson, 'Singapore is resisting the influence of China,' International Herald Tribune, 6 January 1997, 6.
31. In the absence of alternative Southeast Asian arrangements, the United States would need 6-8 days to sail from its bases in Guam (where the closure of its facilities was also under consideration) and four days from Japan. 'Who else will guard the Pacific?' Economist, 3 December 1994, 43-4.
32. See Andrew Mack and Pauline Kerr, 'The evolving security discourse in the Asia-Pacific,' Washington Quarter 18(winter 1995), 123-4; and Pauline Kerr, 'The security dialogue in the Asia-Pacific,' Pacific Review 7(no 4 1994), 397-409.
33. See Andrew Mack and Pauline Kerr, 'The evolving security discourse in the Asia-Pacific,' Washington Quarter 18(winter 1995), 123-4; and Pauline Kerr, 'The security dialogue in the Asia-Pacific,' Pacific Review 7(no 4 1994), 397-409.
34. See, for example, Leifer, The ASEAN Regional Forum.
35. Quoted in Mack and Kerr, 'The evolving discourse,' 126.
36. Quoted in Donald Crone, 'Does hegemony matter? The reorganization of the Pacific political economy,' World Politics 45 (July 1993), 516.
37. Michael Vatikiotis, 'Time for decisions,' FEER, 16 January 1992, 23.
38. See Mack and Kerr, 'The evolving security discourse.'
39. Michael Vatikiotis, 'Uncharted waters,' FEER, 5 August 1993, 10-11.
40. The diplomat was responding to United States and Japanese unhappiness over ASEAN'S failure to consult them before inviting China and Russia to a security seminar in preparation for ARF'S first session. The United States expressed similar unhappiness after ASEAN invited India to become a full ASEAN dialogue partner in 1995 (which by extension meant ARF membership). Michael Vatikiotis, 'Assessing the threat,' FEER, June 1991, 29.
41. 'Thai foreign minister backs Burma's admission into ARF,' Bangkok Post, 3 May 1996.
42. Mack and Kerr, 'The evolving security discourse,' 135.
43. Jusuf Wanandi, 'Security issues in the ASEAN region,' in Karl Jackson and M. Hadi Soesatro, eds, ASEAN Security and Economic Development (Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California 1984), 305.
44. Quoted in Mack and Kerr, 'The evolving security discourse,' 129.
45. See ASEAN Singapore Declaration of 1992.
46. As one Indonesia ministry official put it in 1991, 'If ASEAN remains the way it is, it's not going anywhere.' Michael Vatikiotis, 'Sense of purpose,' FEER, 20 June 1991, 23.
47. See, for example, Frank Langdon, 'China's policy in Southeast Asia,' in Zacher and Milne, eds, Conflict and Stability; and Michael Antolik, ASEAN and the Diplomacy of Accommodation (New York: M.E. Sharpe 1990).
48. See, for example, Frank Langdon, 'China's policy in Southeast Asia,' in Zacher and Milne, eds, Conflict and Stability; and Michael Antolik, ASEAN and the Diplomacy of Accommodation (New York: M.E. Sharpe 1990).
49. Ibid, 132.
50. See Amitav Acharya, 'Regional military-security cooperation in the Third World: a conceptual analysis of the relevance and limitations of ASEAN, 'Journal of Peace Research 29(1992), 7-21.
51. 'Worries about China,' Asia Week, 7 August 1992, 20-24; and Rodney Tasker, 'Facing up to security,' FEER, 6 august 1992, 8-9.
52. 'Worries about China,' Asia Week, 7 August 1992, 20-24; and Rodney Tasker, 'Facing up to security,' FEER, 6 august 1992, 8-9.
53. Singapore and the Philippines - two of ASEAN'S more pro-us members - have yet to ratify the treaty. This would indicate that differences in perspective still exist, but that they signed the treaty is nevertheless significant.
54. The treaty identifies the Southeast Asian 'zone' as 'the area comprising the territories of all States in Southeast Asia, namely Brunei-Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, and their respective continental shelves and Exclusive Economic Zones.' It also includes exclusive economic zones, a deliberate move by ASEAN to include disputed areas of the South China Sea and one reason that nuclear powers have objected to the treaty.
55. Cited in Philip Bowring and John McBeth, 'Basis of dependence,' FEER, 12 April 1990, 20-3.
56. Antolik, ASEAN and the Diplomacy of Accommodation, 162, 82.
57. Sheldon Simon, 'ASEAN security in the 1990S,' ASIAN Survey 29(June 1989), 596.
58. Elaine Scioliano, 'With Thai rebuff, US defers plans for navy depot in Asia,' New York Times, 12 November 1994, A6.
59. 'Share info on regional security, minister says,' Straits Times, 12 March 1990.
60. Donald Weatherbee, 'Southeast Asia's new agenda,' Current History 92(December 1993), 413-20.