Sequencing the genome from nematode to human: Changing methods, changing science

Endeavour

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 87-92

  Ankeny, Rachel A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DNA; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY;

GENOMIC SEQUENCING;

GENES;

EID: 0038827132     PISSN: 01609327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0160-9327(03)00061-9     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Sanger, F. and Thompson, E.O.P. (1953) The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. Biochem. J. 53, 353-374; Sanger, F. (1988) Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57, 1-28; Sanger, F. (1959) Les Prix Nobel en 1958, reprinted in Science 129, 1340-1345. For historical context, see Kohler, R. (1977) From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline, Cambridge University Press; Weatherall, M. and Kamminga, H. (1992) Dynamic Science: Biochemistry in Cambridge 1898-1949, Cambridge Wellcome Unit Publications; de Chadarevian, S. (1996) Sequences, conformation, information: biochemists and molecular biologists in the 1950s. J. Hist. Biol. 29, 361-386; and de Chadarevian, S. (2002) Designs for Life: Molecular Biology after World War II, Cambridge University Press
2. Sanger, F. and Thompson, E.O.P. (1953) The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. Biochem. J. 53, 353-374; Sanger, F. (1988) Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57, 1-28; Sanger, F. (1959) Les Prix Nobel en 1958, reprinted in Science 129, 1340-1345. For historical context, see Kohler, R. (1977) From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline, Cambridge University Press; Weatherall, M. and Kamminga, H. (1992) Dynamic Science: Biochemistry in Cambridge 1898-1949, Cambridge Wellcome Unit Publications; de Chadarevian, S. (1996) Sequences, conformation, information: biochemists and molecular biologists in the 1950s. J. Hist. Biol. 29, 361-386; and de Chadarevian, S. (2002) Designs for Life: Molecular Biology after World War II, Cambridge University Press
3. Sanger, F. and Thompson, E.O.P. (1953) The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. Biochem. J. 53, 353-374; Sanger, F. (1988) Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57, 1-28; Sanger, F. (1959) Les Prix Nobel en 1958, reprinted in Science 129, 1340-1345. For historical context, see Kohler, R. (1977) From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline, Cambridge University Press; Weatherall, M. and Kamminga, H. (1992) Dynamic Science: Biochemistry in Cambridge 1898-1949, Cambridge Wellcome Unit Publications; de Chadarevian, S. (1996) Sequences, conformation, information: biochemists and molecular biologists in the 1950s. J. Hist. Biol. 29, 361-386; and de Chadarevian, S. (2002) Designs for Life: Molecular Biology after World War II, Cambridge University Press
4. Sanger, F. and Thompson, E.O.P. (1953) The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. Biochem. J. 53, 353-374; Sanger, F. (1988) Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57, 1-28; Sanger, F. (1959) Les Prix Nobel en 1958, reprinted in Science 129, 1340-1345. For historical context, see Kohler, R. (1977) From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline, Cambridge University Press; Weatherall, M. and Kamminga, H. (1992) Dynamic Science: Biochemistry in Cambridge 1898-1949, Cambridge Wellcome Unit Publications; de Chadarevian, S. (1996) Sequences, conformation, information: biochemists and molecular biologists in the 1950s. J. Hist. Biol. 29, 361-386; and de Chadarevian, S. (2002) Designs for Life: Molecular Biology after World War II, Cambridge University Press
5. Sanger, F. and Thompson, E.O.P. (1953) The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. Biochem. J. 53, 353-374; Sanger, F. (1988) Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57, 1-28; Sanger, F. (1959) Les Prix Nobel en 1958, reprinted in Science 129, 1340-1345. For historical context, see Kohler, R. (1977) From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline, Cambridge University Press; Weatherall, M. and Kamminga, H. (1992) Dynamic Science: Biochemistry in Cambridge 1898-1949, Cambridge Wellcome Unit Publications; de Chadarevian, S. (1996) Sequences, conformation, information: biochemists and molecular biologists in the 1950s. J. Hist. Biol. 29, 361-386; and de Chadarevian, S. (2002) Designs for Life: Molecular Biology after World War II, Cambridge University Press
6. Sanger, F. and Thompson, E.O.P. (1953) The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. Biochem. J. 53, 353-374; Sanger, F. (1988) Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57, 1-28; Sanger, F. (1959) Les Prix Nobel en 1958, reprinted in Science 129, 1340-1345. For historical context, see Kohler, R. (1977) From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline, Cambridge University Press; Weatherall, M. and Kamminga, H. (1992) Dynamic Science: Biochemistry in Cambridge 1898-1949, Cambridge Wellcome Unit Publications; de Chadarevian, S. (1996) Sequences, conformation, information: biochemists and molecular biologists in the 1950s. J. Hist. Biol. 29, 361-386; and de Chadarevian, S. (2002) Designs for Life: Molecular Biology after World War II, Cambridge University Press
7. Sanger, F. and Thompson, E.O.P. (1953) The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. Biochem. J. 53, 353-374; Sanger, F. (1988) Sequences, sequences, and sequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57, 1-28; Sanger, F. (1959) Les Prix Nobel en 1958, reprinted in Science 129, 1340-1345. For historical context, see Kohler, R. (1977) From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline, Cambridge University Press; Weatherall, M. and Kamminga, H. (1992) Dynamic Science: Biochemistry in Cambridge 1898-1949, Cambridge Wellcome Unit Publications; de Chadarevian, S. (1996) Sequences, conformation, information: biochemists and molecular biologists in the 1950s. J. Hist. Biol. 29, 361-386; and de Chadarevian, S. (2002) Designs for Life: Molecular Biology after World War II, Cambridge University Press
8. Max Perutz, John Kendrew and their colleagues had established the protein structures in haemoglobin and myoglobin in the late 1950s; see Perutz, M. (1960) Structure of haemoglobin. Nature 185, 422-427; Kendrew, J. et al. (1960) Structure of myoglobin. Nature 185, 422-427
9. Max Perutz, John Kendrew and their colleagues had established the protein structures in haemoglobin and myoglobin in the late 1950s; see Perutz, M. (1960) Structure of haemoglobin. Nature 185, 422-427; Kendrew, J. et al. (1960) Structure of myoglobin. Nature 185, 422-427
10. Olby, R.C. (1974) The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA, Macmillan Press; Judson, H.F. (1979) The Eighth Day of Creation: The Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Simon and Schuster; de Chadarevian, ibid
11. Olby, R.C. (1974) The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA, Macmillan Press; Judson, H.F. (1979) The Eighth Day of Creation: The Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Simon and Schuster; de Chadarevian, ibid
12. Olby, R.C. (1974) The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA, Macmillan Press; Judson, H.F. (1979) The Eighth Day of Creation: The Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Simon and Schuster; de Chadarevian, ibid
13. See the introductory reprinted materials in Wood, W.B. and The Community of C. elegans Researchers (1988) The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; and Brenner, S. (2001) My Life in Science (as told to Lewis Wolpert), BioMed Central Ltd. For general background on the C. elegans project, see Ankeny, R.A. (1997) The Conqueror Worm: An Historical and Philosophical Examination of the Use of the Nematode C. elegans as a Model Organism, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh; Ankeny, R.A. (2001) The natural history of C. elegans research. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 474-478; de Chadarevian, S. (1998) Of worms and programmes: Caenorhabditis elegans and the study of development. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 29, 81-105; and de Chadarevian (2002) op cit
14. See the introductory reprinted materials in Wood, W.B. and The Community of C. elegans Researchers (1988) The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; and Brenner, S. (2001) My Life in Science (as told to Lewis Wolpert), BioMed Central Ltd. For general background on the C. elegans project, see Ankeny, R.A. (1997) The Conqueror Worm: An Historical and Philosophical Examination of the Use of the Nematode C. elegans as a Model Organism, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh; Ankeny, R.A. (2001) The natural history of C. elegans research. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 474-478; de Chadarevian, S. (1998) Of worms and programmes: Caenorhabditis elegans and the study of development. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 29, 81-105; and de Chadarevian (2002) op cit
15. See the introductory reprinted materials in Wood, W.B. and The Community of C. elegans Researchers (1988) The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; and Brenner, S. (2001) My Life in Science (as told to Lewis Wolpert), BioMed Central Ltd. For general background on the C. elegans project, see Ankeny, R.A. (1997) The Conqueror Worm: An Historical and Philosophical Examination of the Use of the Nematode C. elegans as a Model Organism, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh; Ankeny, R.A. (2001) The natural history of C. elegans research. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 474-478; de Chadarevian, S. (1998) Of worms and programmes: Caenorhabditis elegans and the study of development. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 29, 81-105; and de Chadarevian (2002) op cit
16. See the introductory reprinted materials in Wood, W.B. and The Community of C. elegans Researchers (1988) The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; and Brenner, S. (2001) My Life in Science (as told to Lewis Wolpert), BioMed Central Ltd. For general background on the C. elegans project, see Ankeny, R.A. (1997) The Conqueror Worm: An Historical and Philosophical Examination of the Use of the Nematode C. elegans as a Model Organism, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh; Ankeny, R.A. (2001) The natural history of C. elegans research. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 474-478; de Chadarevian, S. (1998) Of worms and programmes: Caenorhabditis elegans and the study of development. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 29, 81-105; and de Chadarevian (2002) op cit
17. See the introductory reprinted materials in Wood, W.B. and The Community of C. elegans Researchers (1988) The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; and Brenner, S. (2001) My Life in Science (as told to Lewis Wolpert), BioMed Central Ltd. For general background on the C. elegans project, see Ankeny, R.A. (1997) The Conqueror Worm: An Historical and Philosophical Examination of the Use of the Nematode C. elegans as a Model Organism, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh; Ankeny, R.A. (2001) The natural history of C. elegans research. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 474-478; de Chadarevian, S. (1998) Of worms and programmes: Caenorhabditis elegans and the study of development. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 29, 81-105; and de Chadarevian (2002) op cit
18. See the introductory reprinted materials in Wood, W.B. and The Community of C. elegans Researchers (1988) The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; and Brenner, S. (2001) My Life in Science (as told to Lewis Wolpert), BioMed Central Ltd. For general background on the C. elegans project, see Ankeny, R.A. (1997) The Conqueror Worm: An Historical and Philosophical Examination of the Use of the Nematode C. elegans as a Model Organism, PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh; Ankeny, R.A. (2001) The natural history of C. elegans research. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 474-478; de Chadarevian, S. (1998) Of worms and programmes: Caenorhabditis elegans and the study of development. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 29, 81-105; and de Chadarevian (2002) op cit
19. In addition to the sources in reference 4, participant accounts include: Pickvance, S. (1976) 'Life' in a biology lab. Radical Science Journal 4, 11-28; Sulston, J.E. and Hodgkin, J. (1979) A diet of worms. Nature 279, 758-759; Brenner, S. (1984) Nematode research. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 172; Horvitz, H.R. and Sulston, J.E. (1990) Joy of the worm. Genetics, 126, 287-292; Herman, R.K. (1996) Worm spadework. Genetics 142, 1065-1068; Hodgkin, J. (1989) Early worms. Genetics 121, 1-3; White, J. (2000) Worm tales. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 39-42; and Sulston, J. and Ferry, G. (2002) The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome, Bantam Press
20. In addition to the sources in reference 4, participant accounts include: Pickvance, S. (1976) 'Life' in a biology lab. Radical Science Journal 4, 11-28; Sulston, J.E. and Hodgkin, J. (1979) A diet of worms. Nature 279, 758-759; Brenner, S. (1984) Nematode research. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 172; Horvitz, H.R. and Sulston, J.E. (1990) Joy of the worm. Genetics, 126, 287-292; Herman, R.K. (1996) Worm spadework. Genetics 142, 1065-1068; Hodgkin, J. (1989) Early worms. Genetics 121, 1-3; White, J. (2000) Worm tales. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 39-42; and Sulston, J. and Ferry, G. (2002) The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome, Bantam Press
21. In addition to the sources in reference 4, participant accounts include: Pickvance, S. (1976) 'Life' in a biology lab. Radical Science Journal 4, 11-28; Sulston, J.E. and Hodgkin, J. (1979) A diet of worms. Nature 279, 758-759; Brenner, S. (1984) Nematode research. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 172; Horvitz, H.R. and Sulston, J.E. (1990) Joy of the worm. Genetics, 126, 287-292; Herman, R.K. (1996) Worm spadework. Genetics 142, 1065-1068; Hodgkin, J. (1989) Early worms. Genetics 121, 1-3; White, J. (2000) Worm tales. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 39-42; and Sulston, J. and Ferry, G. (2002) The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome, Bantam Press
22. In addition to the sources in reference 4, participant accounts include: Pickvance, S. (1976) 'Life' in a biology lab. Radical Science Journal 4, 11-28; Sulston, J.E. and Hodgkin, J. (1979) A diet of worms. Nature 279, 758-759; Brenner, S. (1984) Nematode research. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 172; Horvitz, H.R. and Sulston, J.E. (1990) Joy of the worm. Genetics, 126, 287-292; Herman, R.K. (1996) Worm spadework. Genetics 142, 1065-1068; Hodgkin, J. (1989) Early worms. Genetics 121, 1-3; White, J. (2000) Worm tales. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 39-42; and Sulston, J. and Ferry, G. (2002) The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome, Bantam Press
23. In addition to the sources in reference 4, participant accounts include: Pickvance, S. (1976) 'Life' in a biology lab. Radical Science Journal 4, 11-28; Sulston, J.E. and Hodgkin, J. (1979) A diet of worms. Nature 279, 758-759; Brenner, S. (1984) Nematode research. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 172; Horvitz, H.R. and Sulston, J.E. (1990) Joy of the worm. Genetics, 126, 287-292; Herman, R.K. (1996) Worm spadework. Genetics 142, 1065-1068; Hodgkin, J. (1989) Early worms. Genetics 121, 1-3; White, J. (2000) Worm tales. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 39-42; and Sulston, J. and Ferry, G. (2002) The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome, Bantam Press
24. In addition to the sources in reference 4, participant accounts include: Pickvance, S. (1976) 'Life' in a biology lab. Radical Science Journal 4, 11-28; Sulston, J.E. and Hodgkin, J. (1979) A diet of worms. Nature 279, 758-759; Brenner, S. (1984) Nematode research. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 172; Horvitz, H.R. and Sulston, J.E. (1990) Joy of the worm. Genetics, 126, 287-292; Herman, R.K. (1996) Worm spadework. Genetics 142, 1065-1068; Hodgkin, J. (1989) Early worms. Genetics 121, 1-3; White, J. (2000) Worm tales. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 39-42; and Sulston, J. and Ferry, G. (2002) The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome, Bantam Press
25. In addition to the sources in reference 4, participant accounts include: Pickvance, S. (1976) 'Life' in a biology lab. Radical Science Journal 4, 11-28; Sulston, J.E. and Hodgkin, J. (1979) A diet of worms. Nature 279, 758-759; Brenner, S. (1984) Nematode research. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 172; Horvitz, H.R. and Sulston, J.E. (1990) Joy of the worm. Genetics, 126, 287-292; Herman, R.K. (1996) Worm spadework. Genetics 142, 1065-1068; Hodgkin, J. (1989) Early worms. Genetics 121, 1-3; White, J. (2000) Worm tales. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 39-42; and Sulston, J. and Ferry, G. (2002) The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome, Bantam Press
26. In addition to the sources in reference 4, participant accounts include: Pickvance, S. (1976) 'Life' in a biology lab. Radical Science Journal 4, 11-28; Sulston, J.E. and Hodgkin, J. (1979) A diet of worms. Nature 279, 758-759; Brenner, S. (1984) Nematode research. Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 172; Horvitz, H.R. and Sulston, J.E. (1990) Joy of the worm. Genetics, 126, 287-292; Herman, R.K. (1996) Worm spadework. Genetics 142, 1065-1068; Hodgkin, J. (1989) Early worms. Genetics 121, 1-3; White, J. (2000) Worm tales. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 44, 39-42; and Sulston, J. and Ferry, G. (2002) The Common Thread: A Story of Science, Politics, Ethics and the Human Genome, Bantam Press
27. Although research at the LMB began in the mid-1960s, among the earliest publications were Brenner, S. (1973) The genetics of behaviour. Br. Med. Bull. 29, 269-271; Brenner, S. (1974) The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77, 71-94; Sulston, J.E. and Brenner, S. (1974) The DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77, 95-104
28. Although research at the LMB began in the mid-1960s, among the earliest publications were Brenner, S. (1973) The genetics of behaviour. Br. Med. Bull. 29, 269-271; Brenner, S. (1974) The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77, 71-94; Sulston, J.E. and Brenner, S. (1974) The DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77, 95-104
29. Although research at the LMB began in the mid-1960s, among the earliest publications were Brenner, S. (1973) The genetics of behaviour. Br. Med. Bull. 29, 269-271; Brenner, S. (1974) The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77, 71-94; Sulston, J.E. and Brenner, S. (1974) The DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77, 95-104
30. Sulston, J.E. (1976) Post-embryonic development in the ventral cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 275, 287-297; Sulston, J.E. and Horvitz, H.R. (1977) Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 56, 110-156; Sulston, J.E. et al. (1983) The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 100, 4-119; White, J.G. et al. (1986) The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: the mind of a worm. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 314, 1-340
31. Sulston, J.E. (1976) Post-embryonic development in the ventral cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 275, 287-297; Sulston, J.E. and Horvitz, H.R. (1977) Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 56, 110-156; Sulston, J.E. et al. (1983) The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 100, 4-119; White, J.G. et al. (1986) The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: the mind of a worm. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 314, 1-340
32. Sulston, J.E. (1976) Post-embryonic development in the ventral cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 275, 287-297; Sulston, J.E. and Horvitz, H.R. (1977) Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 56, 110-156; Sulston, J.E. et al. (1983) The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 100, 4-119; White, J.G. et al. (1986) The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: the mind of a worm. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 314, 1-340
33. Sulston, J.E. (1976) Post-embryonic development in the ventral cord of Caenorhabditis elegans. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 275, 287-297; Sulston, J.E. and Horvitz, H.R. (1977) Post-embryonic cell lineages of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 56, 110-156; Sulston, J.E. et al. (1983) The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev. Biol. 100, 4-119; White, J.G. et al. (1986) The structure of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: the mind of a worm. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 314, 1-340
34. Sanger, F. et al. (1977) Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage ΦX174. Nature 265, 678-695; Sanger, F. and Coulson, A.R. (1975) A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448
35. Sanger, F. et al. (1977) Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage ΦX174. Nature 265, 678-695; Sanger, F. and Coulson, A.R. (1975) A rapid method for determining sequences in DNA by primed synthesis with DNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448
36. Maxam, A.M. and Gilbert, W. (1977) A new method of sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 560-564; Sanger, F. et al. (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 546-547
37. Maxam, A.M. and Gilbert, W. (1977) A new method of sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 560-564; Sanger, F. et al. (1977) DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 546-547
38. The following account draws on Cook-Deegan, R.M. (1994) The Gene Wars: Science, Politics, and the Human Genome, W.W. Norton; Olson, M.V. (2002) The Human Genome Project: a player's perspective. J. Mol. Biol. 319, 931-942; Roberts, L. (2001) Controversial from the start. Science, 291, 1182-1188
39. The following account draws on Cook-Deegan, R.M. (1994) The Gene Wars: Science, Politics, and the Human Genome, W.W. Norton; Olson, M.V. (2002) The Human Genome Project: a player's perspective. J. Mol. Biol. 319, 931-942; Roberts, L. (2001) Controversial from the start. Science, 291, 1182-1188
40. The following account draws on Cook-Deegan, R.M. (1994) The Gene Wars: Science, Politics, and the Human Genome, W.W. Norton; Olson, M.V. (2002) The Human Genome Project: a player's perspective. J. Mol. Biol. 319, 931-942; Roberts, L. (2001) Controversial from the start. Science, 291, 1182-1188
41. See Cook-Deegan, ibid. Sinsheimer, R. (1989) The Santa Cruz Workshop - May 1985. Genomics 5, 954-956
42. See Cook-Deegan, ibid. Sinsheimer, R. (1989) The Santa Cruz Workshop - May 1985. Genomics 5, 954-956
43. Coulson, A. et al. (1986) Toward a physical map of the genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83, 7821-7825; Waterston, R. et al. (1993) The genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 58, 367-376
44. Coulson, A. et al. (1986) Toward a physical map of the genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83, 7821-7825; Waterston, R. et al. (1993) The genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 58, 367-376
45. National Research Council Committee on Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome (1988) Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome, National Academy Press
46. Lewin, R. (1990) A worm at the heart of the genome project. New Scientist 127 (1731), 38-42
47. On the Bermuda protocol, see Sulston and Ferry, op cit.; http:/Avww.gene.ucl.ac.uk/hugo/bermuda.htm; see also Adams, M. and Venter, J.C. (1996) Should non-peer-reviewed raw DNA sequence data release be forced on the scientific community? Science 274, 534-536; Anonymous (2000) In-gene-uous: British and American support of the Human Genome Project release of information. The Economist, 18 March, p. 24; Marshall, E. (2001) Bermuda rules: community spirit, with teeth. Science 291, 1192
48. On the Bermuda protocol, see Sulston and Ferry, op cit.; http:/Avww.gene.ucl.ac.uk/hugo/bermuda.htm; see also Adams, M. and Venter, J.C. (1996) Should non-peer-reviewed raw DNA sequence data release be forced on the scientific community? Science 274, 534-536; Anonymous (2000) In-gene-uous: British and American support of the Human Genome Project release of information. The Economist, 18 March, p. 24; Marshall, E. (2001) Bermuda rules: community spirit, with teeth. Science 291, 1192
49. On the Bermuda protocol, see Sulston and Ferry, op cit.; http:/Avww.gene.ucl.ac.uk/hugo/bermuda.htm; see also Adams, M. and Venter, J.C. (1996) Should non-peer-reviewed raw DNA sequence data release be forced on the scientific community? Science 274, 534-536; Anonymous (2000) In-gene-uous: British and American support of the Human Genome Project release of information. The Economist, 18 March, p. 24; Marshall, E. (2001) Bermuda rules: community spirit, with teeth. Science 291, 1192
50. On the Bermuda protocol, see Sulston and Ferry, op cit.; http:/Avww.gene.ucl.ac.uk/hugo/bermuda.htm; see also Adams, M. and Venter, J.C. (1996) Should non-peer-reviewed raw DNA sequence data release be forced on the scientific community? Science 274, 534-536; Anonymous (2000) In-gene-uous: British and American support of the Human Genome Project release of information. The Economist, 18 March, p. 24; Marshall, E. (2001) Bermuda rules: community spirit, with teeth. Science 291, 1192
51. Venter's plans were heavily reported. For example, see Wade, N. (1998) Scientist's plan: map all DNA within 3 years. New York Times 10 May, p. A1; Wadman, M. (1998) Company aims to beat NIH human genome efforts. Nature 393, 101; Larkin, M. (1999) J. Craig Venter: sequencing genomes his way. Lancet 353, 2218; also see Cook-Deegan, op cit. and Sulston and Ferry, op cit
52. Venter's plans were heavily reported. For example, see Wade, N. (1998) Scientist's plan: map all DNA within 3 years. New York Times 10 May, p. A1; Wadman, M. (1998) Company aims to beat NIH human genome efforts. Nature 393, 101; Larkin, M. (1999) J. Craig Venter: sequencing genomes his way. Lancet 353, 2218; also see Cook-Deegan, op cit. and Sulston and Ferry, op cit
53. Venter's plans were heavily reported. For example, see Wade, N. (1998) Scientist's plan: map all DNA within 3 years. New York Times 10 May, p. A1; Wadman, M. (1998) Company aims to beat NIH human genome efforts. Nature 393, 101; Larkin, M. (1999) J. Craig Venter: sequencing genomes his way. Lancet 353, 2218; also see Cook-Deegan, op cit. and Sulston and Ferry, op cit
54. Venter's plans were heavily reported. For example, see Wade, N. (1998) Scientist's plan: map all DNA within 3 years. New York Times 10 May, p. A1; Wadman, M. (1998) Company aims to beat NIH human genome efforts. Nature 393, 101; Larkin, M. (1999) J. Craig Venter: sequencing genomes his way. Lancet 353, 2218; also see Cook-Deegan, op cit. and Sulston and Ferry, op cit
55. Venter's plans were heavily reported. For example, see Wade, N. (1998) Scientist's plan: map all DNA within 3 years. New York Times 10 May, p. A1; Wadman, M. (1998) Company aims to beat NIH human genome efforts. Nature 393, 101; Larkin, M. (1999) J. Craig Venter: sequencing genomes his way. Lancet 353, 2218; also see Cook-Deegan, op cit. and Sulston and Ferry, op cit
56. Weber, J.L. and Myers, E.W. (1997) Human whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Genome Res. 7, 401-409; for objections to this strategy, see the accompanying article by Green, P. (1997) Against a whole-genome shotgun. Genome Res. 7, 410-417. A lay explanation of the technique is available in Venter, J.C. (2002) Whole-genome shotgun sequencing. In The Genomic Revolution: Unveiling the Unity of Life (Yudell, M. and DeSalle, R., eds), pp. 48-63, Joseph Henry Press
57. Weber, J.L. and Myers, E.W. (1997) Human whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Genome Res. 7, 401-409; for objections to this strategy, see the accompanying article by Green, P. (1997) Against a whole-genome shotgun. Genome Res. 7, 410-417. A lay explanation of the technique is available in Venter, J.C. (2002) Whole-genome shotgun sequencing. In The Genomic Revolution: Unveiling the Unity of Life (Yudell, M. and DeSalle, R., eds), pp. 48-63, Joseph Henry Press
58. Weber, J.L. and Myers, E.W. (1997) Human whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Genome Res. 7, 401-409; for objections to this strategy, see the accompanying article by Green, P. (1997) Against a whole-genome shotgun. Genome Res. 7, 410-417. A lay explanation of the technique is available in Venter, J.C. (2002) Whole-genome shotgun sequencing. In The Genomic Revolution: Unveiling the Unity of Life (Yudell, M. and DeSalle, R., eds), pp. 48-63, Joseph Henry Press
59. Fleishmann, R.D. et al. (1995) Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd, Science 269, 496-512
60. Angier, N. (2000) Reading the book of life: the context; a pearl and a hodgepodge: human DNA. The New York Times, 27 June, p. A1
61. For example, see Macilwain, C.F. (2000) World leaders heap praise on human genome landmark. Nature, 405, 983-986; cf. popular coverage, such as Derbyshire, D. (2000) Vietnam veteran makes peace with exhippie. The Daily Telegraph, 17 June
62. For example, see Macilwain, C.F. (2000) World leaders heap praise on human genome landmark. Nature, 405, 983-986; cf. popular coverage, such as Derbyshire, D. (2000) Vietnam veteran makes peace with exhippie. The Daily Telegraph, 17 June
63. Venter, J.C. et al. (2001) The sequence of the human genome, Science, 291, 1304-1351; International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409, 860-921; note even the phrasing of the respective authorship attributions
64. Venter, J.C. et al. (2001) The sequence of the human genome, Science, 291, 1304-1351; International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409, 860-921; note even the phrasing of the respective authorship attributions