The scandal of George Scalise: A case study in the rise of labor racketeering in the 1930s

Journal of Social History

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Witwer, David ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038826148     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2003.0121     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, in Thomas E. Dewey Scrapbooks [Microfilm Edition], v. 3-4, roll 2, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, (hereafter Dewey Scrapbooks).
2. Quoted headline is from, Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, examples of the general newspaper coverage containing both the District Attorney's explanation of the charges and the term "Peglerized," see also: Citizen-Cushing, [Cushing, Oklahoma] April 22, 1940; Philadelphia Record, April 28, 1940; Los Angeles News, April 22, 1940; in Thomas E. Dewey Scrapbooks [Microfilm Edition], v. 3-4, roll 2, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, (hereafter Dewey Scrapbooks). Time Magazine, May 6, 1940, pp. 20-21.
3. Quoted headline is from, Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, examples of the general newspaper coverage containing both the District Attorney's explanation of the charges and the term "Peglerized," see also: Citizen-Cushing, [Cushing, Oklahoma] April 22, 1940; Philadelphia Record, April 28, 1940; Los Angeles News, April 22, 1940; in Thomas E. Dewey Scrapbooks [Microfilm Edition], v. 3-4, roll 2, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, (hereafter Dewey Scrapbooks). Time Magazine, May 6, 1940, pp. 20-21.
4. Quoted headline is from, Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, examples of the general newspaper coverage containing both the District Attorney's explanation of the charges and the term "Peglerized," see also: Citizen-Cushing, [Cushing, Oklahoma] April 22, 1940; Philadelphia Record, April 28, 1940; Los Angeles News, April 22, 1940; in Thomas E. Dewey Scrapbooks [Microfilm Edition], v. 3-4, roll 2, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, (hereafter Dewey Scrapbooks). Time Magazine, May 6, 1940, pp. 20-21.
5. Quoted headline is from, Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, examples of the general newspaper coverage containing both the District Attorney's explanation of the charges and the term "Peglerized," see also: Citizen-Cushing, [Cushing, Oklahoma] April 22, 1940; Philadelphia Record, April 28, 1940; Los Angeles News, April 22, 1940; in Thomas E. Dewey Scrapbooks [Microfilm Edition], v. 3-4, roll 2, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, (hereafter Dewey Scrapbooks). Time Magazine, May 6, 1940, pp. 20-21.
6. Quoted headline is from, Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, examples of the general newspaper coverage containing both the District Attorney's explanation of the charges and the term "Peglerized," see also: Citizen-Cushing, [Cushing, Oklahoma] April 22, 1940; Philadelphia Record, April 28, 1940; Los Angeles News, April 22, 1940; in Thomas E. Dewey Scrapbooks [Microfilm Edition], v. 3-4, roll 2, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, (hereafter Dewey Scrapbooks). Time Magazine, May 6, 1940, pp. 20-21.
7. Quoted headline is from, Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, examples of the general newspaper coverage containing both the District Attorney's explanation of the charges and the term "Peglerized," see also: Citizen-Cushing, [Cushing, Oklahoma] April 22, 1940; Philadelphia Record, April 28, 1940; Los Angeles News, April 22, 1940; in Thomas E. Dewey Scrapbooks [Microfilm Edition], v. 3-4, roll 2, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, (hereafter Dewey Scrapbooks). Time Magazine, May 6, 1940, pp. 20-21.
8. New York Times, October 8, 1940, p. 1.
9. Pegler for instance carefully linked Scalise to a well known Brooklyn racketeer, Frank Yale. "Since the repeal of Prohibition, he [Yale] and other hoodlums of the same type in Brooklyn and New York have gone into the labor movement." Westbrook Pegler, "Fair Enough," January 19, 1940, Box 120, (James) Westbrook Pegler Papers, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, Iowa.
10. Contemporary accounts of the growing problem of organized crime involvement in labor unions and the phenomenon of labor racketeering include: Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931); Harold Seidman, Labor Czars: A History of Labor Racketeering (New York, 1938); Frank Dalton O'Sullivan, Enemies of Industry (Chicago, 1933); Gordon L. Hostetter and Thomas Quinn Beesley, It's a Racket (Chicago, 1929); Edward Dean Sullivan, This Labor Union Racket (New York, 1936); Walter Chambers, Labor Unions and the Public (New York, 1936): Malcolm Johnson, Crime on the Labor Front (New York, 1950).
11. Contemporary accounts of the growing problem of organized crime involvement in labor unions and the phenomenon of labor racketeering include: Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931); Harold Seidman, Labor Czars: A History of Labor Racketeering (New York, 1938); Frank Dalton O'Sullivan, Enemies of Industry (Chicago, 1933); Gordon L. Hostetter and Thomas Quinn Beesley, It's a Racket (Chicago, 1929); Edward Dean Sullivan, This Labor Union Racket (New York, 1936); Walter Chambers, Labor Unions and the Public (New York, 1936): Malcolm Johnson, Crime on the Labor Front (New York, 1950).
12. Contemporary accounts of the growing problem of organized crime involvement in labor unions and the phenomenon of labor racketeering include: Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931); Harold Seidman, Labor Czars: A History of Labor Racketeering (New York, 1938); Frank Dalton O'Sullivan, Enemies of Industry (Chicago, 1933); Gordon L. Hostetter and Thomas Quinn Beesley, It's a Racket (Chicago, 1929); Edward Dean Sullivan, This Labor Union Racket (New York, 1936); Walter Chambers, Labor Unions and the Public (New York, 1936): Malcolm Johnson, Crime on the Labor Front (New York, 1950).
13. Contemporary accounts of the growing problem of organized crime involvement in labor unions and the phenomenon of labor racketeering include: Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931); Harold Seidman, Labor Czars: A History of Labor Racketeering (New York, 1938); Frank Dalton O'Sullivan, Enemies of Industry (Chicago, 1933); Gordon L. Hostetter and Thomas Quinn Beesley, It's a Racket (Chicago, 1929); Edward Dean Sullivan, This Labor Union Racket (New York, 1936); Walter Chambers, Labor Unions and the Public (New York, 1936): Malcolm Johnson, Crime on the Labor Front (New York, 1950).
14. Contemporary accounts of the growing problem of organized crime involvement in labor unions and the phenomenon of labor racketeering include: Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931); Harold Seidman, Labor Czars: A History of Labor Racketeering (New York, 1938); Frank Dalton O'Sullivan, Enemies of Industry (Chicago, 1933); Gordon L. Hostetter and Thomas Quinn Beesley, It's a Racket (Chicago, 1929); Edward Dean Sullivan, This Labor Union Racket (New York, 1936); Walter Chambers, Labor Unions and the Public (New York, 1936): Malcolm Johnson, Crime on the Labor Front (New York, 1950).
15. Contemporary accounts of the growing problem of organized crime involvement in labor unions and the phenomenon of labor racketeering include: Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931); Harold Seidman, Labor Czars: A History of Labor Racketeering (New York, 1938); Frank Dalton O'Sullivan, Enemies of Industry (Chicago, 1933); Gordon L. Hostetter and Thomas Quinn Beesley, It's a Racket (Chicago, 1929); Edward Dean Sullivan, This Labor Union Racket (New York, 1936); Walter Chambers, Labor Unions and the Public (New York, 1936): Malcolm Johnson, Crime on the Labor Front (New York, 1950).
16. Contemporary accounts of the growing problem of organized crime involvement in labor unions and the phenomenon of labor racketeering include: Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931); Harold Seidman, Labor Czars: A History of Labor Racketeering (New York, 1938); Frank Dalton O'Sullivan, Enemies of Industry (Chicago, 1933); Gordon L. Hostetter and Thomas Quinn Beesley, It's a Racket (Chicago, 1929); Edward Dean Sullivan, This Labor Union Racket (New York, 1936); Walter Chambers, Labor Unions and the Public (New York, 1936): Malcolm Johnson, Crime on the Labor Front (New York, 1950).
17. In his popular history of the Teamsters Union, journalist Steven Brill focused on the 1930s as the pivotal decade, when organized crime gained a hold on that union. "It was during these hard, violent times that many of the big-city Teamsters locals and joint councils made their first alliances with local gangsters." Using more dramatic language, but offering no further specifics the President's Commission on Organized Crime similarly described the 1930s as the crucial decade. Stephen Fox, on the other hand, does offer an explanation. He cites the role of the depression and the end of prohibition. The depression, he argues, made businesses and employees more pliant and prohibition's repeal motivated gangsters to find a new source of income. Drawing on secondary sources, however, Fox supplies little in the way direct evidence, nor does he provide a description of how organized crime groups expanded their influence. Steven Brill, The Teamsters (New York, 1978), p. 360; President's Commission on Organized Crime, The Edge: Organized Crime, Business, and Labor Unions (Washington, D.C., 1986), p. 4; Stephen Fox, Blood and Power: Organized Crime in Twentieth Century America (New York, 1989), pp. 174-79.
18. In his popular history of the Teamsters Union, journalist Steven Brill focused on the 1930s as the pivotal decade, when organized crime gained a hold on that union. "It was during these hard, violent times that many of the big-city Teamsters locals and joint councils made their first alliances with local gangsters." Using more dramatic language, but offering no further specifics the President's Commission on Organized Crime similarly described the 1930s as the crucial decade. Stephen Fox, on the other hand, does offer an explanation. He cites the role of the depression and the end of prohibition. The depression, he argues, made businesses and employees more pliant and prohibition's repeal motivated gangsters to find a new source of income. Drawing on secondary sources, however, Fox supplies little in the way direct evidence, nor does he provide a description of how organized crime groups expanded their influence. Steven Brill, The Teamsters (New York, 1978), p. 360; President's Commission on Organized Crime, The Edge: Organized Crime, Business, and Labor Unions (Washington, D.C., 1986), p. 4; Stephen Fox, Blood and Power: Organized Crime in Twentieth Century America (New York, 1989), pp. 174-79.
19. In his popular history of the Teamsters Union, journalist Steven Brill focused on the 1930s as the pivotal decade, when organized crime gained a hold on that union. "It was during these hard, violent times that many of the big-city Teamsters locals and joint councils made their first alliances with local gangsters." Using more dramatic language, but offering no further specifics the President's Commission on Organized Crime similarly described the 1930s as the crucial decade. Stephen Fox, on the other hand, does offer an explanation. He cites the role of the depression and the end of prohibition. The depression, he argues, made businesses and employees more pliant and prohibition's repeal motivated gangsters to find a new source of income. Drawing on secondary sources, however, Fox supplies little in the way direct evidence, nor does he provide a description of how organized crime groups expanded their influence. Steven Brill, The Teamsters (New York, 1978), p. 360; President's Commission on Organized Crime, The Edge: Organized Crime, Business, and Labor Unions (Washington, D.C., 1986), p. 4; Stephen Fox, Blood and Power: Organized Crime in Twentieth Century America (New York, 1989), pp. 174-79.
20. John Hutchinson, The Imperfect Union: A History of Corruption in American Trade Unions (New York, 1970), p. 68.
21. Ibid., p. 117.
22. Two more theoretical studies of union corruption do address the nature of the corrupt arrangements that emerged, but these authors base their functional explanations of corruption on broad overviews and do little to trace the process the historical change in particular unions that resulted in a growing role for organized crime. See: Philip Taft, Corruption and Racketeering in the Labor Movement (Ithaca, New York, 1958); and Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (Glencoe, Illinois, 1960).
23. Two more theoretical studies of union corruption do address the nature of the corrupt arrangements that emerged, but these authors base their functional explanations of corruption on broad overviews and do little to trace the process the historical change in particular unions that resulted in a growing role for organized crime. See: Philip Taft, Corruption and Racketeering in the Labor Movement (Ithaca, New York, 1958); and Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (Glencoe, Illinois, 1960).
24. Jack Alexander, "He's Against," The Saturday Evening Post, v. 213, (September 14, 1940), p. 10.
25. "Fair Enough," January 3, 1939, Box 119, Pegler Papers.
26. Jack Alexander, "He's Against," The Saturday Evening Post, v. 213, (September 14, 1940), p. 10.
27. Westbrook Pegler, "Fair Enough," August 15, 1939, Box 119, Pegler Papers.
28. New York Times, November 21, 1964, p. 29.
29. Roy W. Howard to G.B. Parker, April 12, 1940, Executive Correspondence, City File Washington, D.C., George B. Parker Folder, Box 169; Roy W. Howard to G.B. Parker, October 26, 1941, Executive Correspondence, City File Washington, D.C., George B. Parker Folder, Box 180, Roy W. Howard Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
30. William J. Puette, Through Jaundiced Eyes: How the Media View Organized Labor (Ithaca, New York, 1992), p. 59.
31. Westbrook Pegler, "Fair Enough," January 19, 1940, Box 120 Pegler Papers.
32. New York Times, January 28, 1940, p. 29; "A Frank Statement from George Scalise," The Building Service Employee, v. 1, no. 4 (May 1940), pp. 6-7.
33. New York Times, January 28, 1940, p. 29; "A Frank Statement from George Scalise," The Building Service Employee, v. 1, no. 4 (May 1940), pp. 6-7.
34. New York Times, January 28, 1940, p. 29; "A Frank Statement from George Scalise."
35. Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Council, American Federation of Labor, Hotel Everglades, Miami, Florida, January 29-February 9, 1940, pp. 67-73, George Meany Memorial Archives, AFL-CIO, Silver Spring, Maryland.
36. Joseph A. Padway to George Scalise, January 21, 1940, enclosed with Beth Pitt to Westbrook Pegler, June 18, 1944, Box 82, Folder: Building Service Employees International Union, 1944, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
37. New York Times, February 10, 1940, p. 16.
38. Criminal Record, Police Department, City of New York, George Scalise, May 24, 1940, Box 2566, Papers of the New York County District Attorney's Office, New York City Municipal Archives, New York, New York, (hereafter NYDA Papers).
39. Westbrook Pegler, "Fair Enough," February 1, 1940, Box 120, Pegler Papers.
40. Westbrook Pegler, "Fair Enough," February 6, 1940, Box 120, Pegler Papers.
41. Record on Appeal, People of the State of New York Against George Scalise, (1940) Appellant Division, First Department, v. 7991, pp. 232-33.
42. "Racketeer Scalise," Time, v. 35, (May 6, 1940), pp. 20-21; Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, roll 2.
43. "Racketeer Scalise," Time, v. 35, (May 6, 1940), pp. 20-21; Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, roll 2.
44. "Columnist Pegler Puts the Finger of the Law on a New York Union Leader," Life, v. 8, (May 6, 1940), p. 35.
45. Memorandum to Chief Investigator, from Thomas M. Fay, Jr., May 3, 1940, Box 2566, Papers of the New York County District Attorney's Office, New York City Municipal Archives, New York, New York, (hereafter NYDA Papers); "A Frank Statement from George Scalise."
46. Record on Appeal, People of the State of New York Against George Scalise, (1940) Appellant Division, First Department, v. 7991, p. 310
47. George Scalise to Jerry Horan, July 29, 1935; George Scalise to Charles Hardy, August 19, 1938; Paul B. David to George Scalise, August 22, 1938; George Scalise to Charles Hardy, August 29, 1938, all in Box 2567, NYDA Papers.
48. George Scalise to Paul David, December 27, 1938, Box 2567, NYDA Papers.
49. Exceptions include: Andrew Wender Cohen, "The Struggle for Order: Law, Labor, and Resistance to the Corporate Ideal in Chicago, 1900-1940 (Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999); John B. Jentz, "Unions, Cartels, and the Political Economy of the American Cities: the Chicago Flat Janitors' Union in the Progressive Era and 1920s," Studies in American Political Development, v. 14 (Spring 2000), pp. 51-71; Colin Gordon, "The Lost City of Solidarity: Metropolitan Unionism in Historical Perspective," Politics and Society, v. 27 (1999), pp. 564-68, 573; Barbara Wayne Newell, Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930s (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), pp. 209-25.
50. Exceptions include: Andrew Wender Cohen, "The Struggle for Order: Law, Labor, and Resistance to the Corporate Ideal in Chicago, 1900-1940 (Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999); John B. Jentz, "Unions, Cartels, and the Political Economy of the American Cities: the Chicago Flat Janitors' Union in the Progressive Era and 1920s," Studies in American Political Development, v. 14 (Spring 2000), pp. 51-71; Colin Gordon, "The Lost City of Solidarity: Metropolitan Unionism in Historical Perspective," Politics and Society, v. 27 (1999), pp. 564-68, 573; Barbara Wayne Newell, Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930s (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), pp. 209-25.
51. Exceptions include: Andrew Wender Cohen, "The Struggle for Order: Law, Labor, and Resistance to the Corporate Ideal in Chicago, 1900-1940 (Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999); John B. Jentz, "Unions, Cartels, and the Political Economy of the American Cities: the Chicago Flat Janitors' Union in the Progressive Era and 1920s," Studies in American Political Development, v. 14 (Spring 2000), pp. 51-71; Colin Gordon, "The Lost City of Solidarity: Metropolitan Unionism in Historical Perspective," Politics and Society, v. 27 (1999), pp. 564-68, 573; Barbara Wayne Newell, Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930s (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), pp. 209-25.
52. Exceptions include: Andrew Wender Cohen, "The Struggle for Order: Law, Labor, and Resistance to the Corporate Ideal in Chicago, 1900-1940 (Dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999); John B. Jentz, "Unions, Cartels, and the Political Economy of the American Cities: the Chicago Flat Janitors' Union in the Progressive Era and 1920s," Studies in American Political Development, v. 14 (Spring 2000), pp. 51-71; Colin Gordon, "The Lost City of Solidarity: Metropolitan Unionism in Historical Perspective," Politics and Society, v. 27 (1999), pp. 564-68, 573; Barbara Wayne Newell, Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930s (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), pp. 209-25.
53. People v. Scalise, p. 1005; New York Times, October 8, 1940, p. 1; September 26, 1959, p. 1; September 27, 1959, p. 1; October 7, 1959, p. 37; Peter Maas, The Valachi Papers, (New York, 1986; reprint, New York, 1968), p. 124 & 203.
54. People v. Scalise, p. 1005; New York Times, October 8, 1940, p. 1; September 26, 1959, p. 1; September 27, 1959, p. 1; October 7, 1959, p. 37; Peter Maas, The Valachi Papers, (New York, 1986; reprint, New York, 1968), p. 124 & 203.
55. People v. Scalise, p. 1005; New York Times, October 8, 1940, p. 1; September 26, 1959, p. 1; September 27, 1959, p. 1; October 7, 1959, p. 37; Peter Maas, The Valachi Papers, (New York, 1986; reprint, New York, 1968), p. 124 & 203.
56. People v. Scalise, p. 1005, 1030.
57. New York Times, October 8, 1940, p.1; Memo to Mr. Dreiband from A. Robertson, June 14, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers; Alan Block, East Side-West Side: Organizing Crime in New York, 1930-1950 (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1983), pp. 225-6; James J. Bambrick, The Building Service Story (New York, 1948), pp. 20-21.
58. New York Times, October 8, 1940, p.1; Memo to Mr. Dreiband from A. Robertson, June 14, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers; Alan Block, East Side-West Side: Organizing Crime in New York, 1930-1950 (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1983), pp. 225-6; James J. Bambrick, The Building Service Story (New York, 1948), pp. 20-21.
59. New York Times, October 8, 1940, p.1; Memo to Mr. Dreiband from A. Robertson, June 14, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers; Alan Block, East Side-West Side: Organizing Crime in New York, 1930-1950 (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1983), pp. 225-6; James J. Bambrick, The Building Service Story (New York, 1948), pp. 20-21.
60. New York Times, October 8, 1940, p.1; Memo to Mr. Dreiband from A. Robertson, June 14, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers; Alan Block, East Side-West Side: Organizing Crime in New York, 1930-1950 (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1983), pp. 225-6; James J. Bambrick, The Building Service Story (New York, 1948), pp. 20-21.
61. John F. O'Connell to Mr. Dreiband, June 14, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers.
62. Memo to Alex Dreiband from J. Barst, June 18, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers.
63. Memo to Alex Dreiband from J. Barst, June 19, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers.
64. Peter Reuter, Jonathan Rubinstein, and Simon Wynn, Racketeering in Legitimate Industries: Two Case Studies (Washington, D.C., 1983), pp. 12-14; Peter Reuter, Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983), pp. 150-73; Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime (Chicago, 1994), pp. 294-99; New York State Organized Crime Task Force, Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry (New York, 1990), pp. 75-79.
65. Peter Reuter, Jonathan Rubinstein, and Simon Wynn, Racketeering in Legitimate Industries: Two Case Studies (Washington, D.C., 1983), pp. 12-14; Peter Reuter, Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983), pp. 150-73; Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime (Chicago, 1994), pp. 294-99; New York State Organized Crime Task Force, Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry (New York, 1990), pp. 75-79.
66. Peter Reuter, Jonathan Rubinstein, and Simon Wynn, Racketeering in Legitimate Industries: Two Case Studies (Washington, D.C., 1983), pp. 12-14; Peter Reuter, Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983), pp. 150-73; Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime (Chicago, 1994), pp. 294-99; New York State Organized Crime Task Force, Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry (New York, 1990), pp. 75-79.
67. Peter Reuter, Jonathan Rubinstein, and Simon Wynn, Racketeering in Legitimate Industries: Two Case Studies (Washington, D.C., 1983), pp. 12-14; Peter Reuter, Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1983), pp. 150-73; Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime (Chicago, 1994), pp. 294-99; New York State Organized Crime Task Force, Corruption and Racketeering in the New York City Construction Industry (New York, 1990), pp. 75-79.
68. Statement of Louis Marcus to Alfred J. Scotti, June 6, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers.
69. Thomas Hughes to J.L. Devring, November 10, 1919, and J.L. Devring to Thomas L. Hughes, November 14, 1919, both in Box 24, Series I, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, and Warehousemen Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, (hereafter IBT Papers); Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931), pp. 19-23; writing about such organizations, Pegler notes that they were "known as an ice-pick or razor blade union because it was noticed that the tires of cars which were parked in non-union garages came down of ice pick punctures in their tires and of razor slashes in their upholstery." Westbrook Pegler, "Fair Enough," April 29, 1940, Box 120, Pegler Papers.
70. Thomas Hughes to J.L. Devring, November 10, 1919, and J.L. Devring to Thomas L. Hughes, November 14, 1919, both in Box 24, Series I, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, and Warehousemen Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, (hereafter IBT Papers); Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931), pp. 19-23; writing about such organizations, Pegler notes that they were "known as an ice-pick or razor blade union because it was noticed that the tires of cars which were parked in non-union garages came down of ice pick punctures in their tires and of razor slashes in their upholstery." Westbrook Pegler, "Fair Enough," April 29, 1940, Box 120, Pegler Papers.
71. Thomas Hughes to J.L. Devring, November 10, 1919, and J.L. Devring to Thomas L. Hughes, November 14, 1919, both in Box 24, Series I, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, and Warehousemen Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, (hereafter IBT Papers); Fred D. Pasley, Muscling In (New York, 1931), pp. 19-23; writing about such organizations, Pegler notes that they were "known as an ice-pick or razor blade union because it was noticed that the tires of cars which were parked in non-union garages came down of ice pick punctures in their tires and of razor slashes in their upholstery." Westbrook Pegler, "Fair Enough," April 29, 1940, Box 120, Pegler Papers.
72. In 1940, Dewey's staff gathered together police and prosecutor's reports made in 1932-33 on Local 272 and its activities. These reports are gathered together and annotated, in the following investigative memorandum: Memo to Mr. Gurfein from Mr. Mertens, April 30, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers.
73. I b i d.
74. Signed, "8,000 Member's" to President Green, A.F. of L., July 22, 1935, Reel 37, American Federation of Labor Records: The William Green Era, Microfilm Edition, Reel 37.
75. nd edition), pp. 27-291; Melvyn Dubofsky, "Not so Turbulent Years': A New Look at the 1930s," Charles Stephenson, ed. Life and Labor: Dimensions of American Working Class History (Albany, New York, 1986), pp. 205-223; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), pp. 102-103.
76. nd edition), pp. 27-291; Melvyn Dubofsky, "Not so Turbulent Years': A New Look at the 1930s," Charles Stephenson, ed. Life and Labor: Dimensions of American Working Class History (Albany, New York, 1986), pp. 205-223; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), pp. 102-103.
77. nd edition), pp. 27-291; Melvyn Dubofsky, "Not so Turbulent Years': A New Look at the 1930s," Charles Stephenson, ed. Life and Labor: Dimensions of American Working Class History (Albany, New York, 1986), pp. 205-223; David Brody, Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle (New York, 1980), pp. 102-103.
78. Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor and Politics in America, 1920-1935 (New York, 1994), pp. 87-127; Barbara Wayne Newell, Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930s (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), pp. 209-25; Donald Garnel, The Rise of Teamster Power in the West (Los Angeles, 1972), pp. 68-73; Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (Boston, 1970), pp. 84-89.
79. Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor and Politics in America, 1920-1935 (New York, 1994), pp. 87-127; Barbara Wayne Newell, Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930s (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), pp. 209-25; Donald Garnel, The Rise of Teamster Power in the West (Los Angeles, 1972), pp. 68-73; Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (Boston, 1970), pp. 84-89.
80. Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor and Politics in America, 1920-1935 (New York, 1994), pp. 87-127; Barbara Wayne Newell, Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930s (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), pp. 209-25; Donald Garnel, The Rise of Teamster Power in the West (Los Angeles, 1972), pp. 68-73; Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (Boston, 1970), pp. 84-89.
81. Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor and Politics in America, 1920-1935 (New York, 1994), pp. 87-127; Barbara Wayne Newell, Chicago and the Labor Movement: Metropolitan Unionism in the 1930s (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), pp. 209-25; Donald Garnel, The Rise of Teamster Power in the West (Los Angeles, 1972), pp. 68-73; Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941 (Boston, 1970), pp. 84-89.
82. Statement of Louis Marcus to Alfred J. Scotti.
83. People v. Scalise, p. 448.
84. People v. Scalise, pp. 992-1001; Statement by Sol Berkowitz, September 20, 1935, Box 2569, NYDA Papers.
85. People v. Scalise, pp. 992-1001; Statement by Sol Berkowitz, September 20, 1935, Box 2569, NYDA Papers.
86. People v. Scalise, p. 996.
87. John B. Jentz, "Unions, Cartels, and the Political Economy of American Cities: The Chicago Flat Janitors' Union in the Progressive Era and the 1920s," Studies in American Political Development, v. 14 (Spring 2000), pp. 51-71. See also, John B. Jentz, "Citizenship, Self-Respect, and Political Power: Chicago's Flat Janitors Trailblaze the Service Employees International Union, 1912-1921," Labor's Heritage, v. 9, no. 1 (Summer 1997), pp. 4-23.
88. John B. Jentz, "Unions, Cartels, and the Political Economy of American Cities: The Chicago Flat Janitors' Union in the Progressive Era and the 1920s," Studies in American Political Development, v. 14 (Spring 2000), pp. 51-71. See also, John B. Jentz, "Citizenship, Self-Respect, and Political Power: Chicago's Flat Janitors Trailblaze the Service Employees International Union, 1912-1921," Labor's Heritage, v. 9, no. 1 (Summer 1997), pp. 4-23.
89. Douglas Bukowski, Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image (Chicago, 1998), pp. 186-87, 222-23; Roger Biles, Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago (DeKalb, Illinois, 1984), p. 103.
90. Douglas Bukowski, Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image (Chicago, 1998), pp. 186-87, 222-23; Roger Biles, Big City Boss in Depression and War: Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago (DeKalb, Illinois, 1984), p. 103.
91. Roger Touhy with Ray Brennan, The Stolen Years (Cleveland, 1959), pp. 83-86.
92. Daniel Tobin to Michael Casey, February 20, 1930; Daniel Tobin to Michael Casey, February 21, 1930; Daniel Tobin to Michael Casey, February 28, 1930, all in Box 16, Series I, Teamster Papers.
93. Minutes of General Executive Board Meeting, January 15, 1930, in Twelfth Convention, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen and Helpers of America, Held in the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, Commencing September 8, 1930, Reports of Officers, p. 149.
94. Daniel Tobin to Michael Casey, March 29, 1932, Box 16, Series I, Teamster Papers.
95. Chicago Tribune, March 23, 1943, p. 2.
96. Chicago Tribune, March 24, 1943, p. 2.
97. Among the Teamsters this list would include: Ely H. Orr, Secretary-Treasurer of Local 706, Chicago Newspaper Drivers, shot to death by men firing from a passing automobile, July 25, 1931; Timothy Lynch, head of a suburban Chicago Teamsters local, murdered by men waiting in the bushes outside his house, on November 9, 1931; Patrick Berrell, a Vice President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the union's top representative in Chicago, gunned down, July 21, 1932 in the parking lot of a Wisconsin roadhouse; Michael J. Galvin, leader or an independent Teamster union in Chicago, killed by shots fired from a passing automobile, November 23, 1936; Chicago Tribune, July 26, 1931, p. 1; November 10, 1931, p. 1; July 22, 1932, p. 1; November 24, 1936. The list in other unions would include: William Rooney, a leader in the Sheetmetal Workers union and also in the Chicago Flat Janitors, killed March 19, 1931; Louis Alterie, leader of the Chicago Office, Theater, and Amusement Janitors' Union, shot to death as he left his home in the morning, July 18, 1935; Thomas Maloy, killed by shots fired from a passing automobile, February 4, 1935; Dennis Zeigler, leader of a local of Operating Engineers, shot while walking to his home, February 24, 1933; Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1931, p. 5; February 5, 1935, p. 1, July 19, 1935, p. 1; March 26, 1943.
98. Among the Teamsters this list would include: Ely H. Orr, Secretary-Treasurer of Local 706, Chicago Newspaper Drivers, shot to death by men firing from a passing automobile, July 25, 1931; Timothy Lynch, head of a suburban Chicago Teamsters local, murdered by men waiting in the bushes outside his house, on November 9, 1931; Patrick Berrell, a Vice President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the union's top representative in Chicago, gunned down, July 21, 1932 in the parking lot of a Wisconsin roadhouse; Michael J. Galvin, leader or an independent Teamster union in Chicago, killed by shots fired from a passing automobile, November 23, 1936; Chicago Tribune, July 26, 1931, p. 1; November 10, 1931, p. 1; July 22, 1932, p. 1; November 24, 1936. The list in other unions would include: William Rooney, a leader in the Sheetmetal Workers union and also in the Chicago Flat Janitors, killed March 19, 1931; Louis Alterie, leader of the Chicago Office, Theater, and Amusement Janitors' Union, shot to death as he left his home in the morning, July 18, 1935; Thomas Maloy, killed by shots fired from a passing automobile, February 4, 1935; Dennis Zeigler, leader of a local of Operating Engineers, shot while walking to his home, February 24, 1933; Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1931, p. 5; February 5, 1935, p. 1, July 19, 1935, p. 1; March 26, 1943.
99. Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1931, p. 5; March 21, 1931, p. 2; Chicago American, March 8, 1950, p.1; March 11, 1950, p. 1.
100. Chicago Tribune, March 20, 1931, p. 5; March 21, 1931, p. 2; Chicago American, March 8, 1950, p.1; March 11, 1950, p. 1.
101. Testimony of Roger Touhy, Transcript of Proceedings, pp. 271-2, in United States of America, ex rel, Roger Touhy vs. Joseph E. Ragen, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois, 48 C 448, Box No. 1500, National Archives, Chicago, Illinois.
102. Memorandum for Mr. Clegg, March 22, 1934; M.H. Purvis to Director, Division of Investigation, March 23, 1934, Section 1, FBI Files, 7-HQ-759, Box 92, RG 65, National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
103. News reports of Scalise's sentencing hearing refer to a probation report that reviewed the history of how Jerry Horan was forced by the Chicago "Syndicate" to take orders from them sometime in 1931 or 1932, and in this way the group acquired control over the BSEIU. This report was not included in the official trial transcript. New York Times, Octobers, 1940, p. 1.
104. Trial Transcript, U.S. v. Louis Campagna, et. al., U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Case No. 19456, p. 141, Box 5808, Record Group 276, National Archives, New York, New York.
105. Hutchinson, Imperfect Union, p. 372.
106. People v. Scalise, pp. 994-1005.
107. People v. Scalise, pp. 1010-12.
108. People v. Scalise, pp. 1013-1022; Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1940, clipping in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2, Dewey Papers; "Nelson Named in Inquiry on Scalise Union," Chicago Tribune, n.d., Folder: BSEIU 1935-1940, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
109. People v. Scalise, pp. 1013-1022; Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1940, clipping in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2, Dewey Papers; "Nelson Named in Inquiry on Scalise Union," Chicago Tribune, n.d., Folder: BSEIU 1935-1940, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
110. People v. Scalise, pp. 1013-1022; Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1940, clipping in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2, Dewey Papers; "Nelson Named in Inquiry on Scalise Union," Chicago Tribune, n.d., Folder: BSEIU 1935-1940, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
111. U.S. v. Campagna, p. 141.
112. People v. Scalise, pp. 177-80, 1027-9, 1031-4, 1162-4, 2373-8, 2590-1; New York Journal-American, September 27, 1945, clipping in Folder: BSEIU 1945-47, Box 82, Pegler Papers; Chicago American, May 5, 1940; Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1940, both in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2, Dewey Papers.
113. People v. Scalise, pp. 177-80, 1027-9, 1031-4, 1162-4, 2373-8, 2590-1; New York Journal-American, September 27, 1945, clipping in Folder: BSEIU 1945-47, Box 82, Pegler Papers; Chicago American, May 5, 1940; Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1940, both in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2, Dewey Papers.
114. People v. Scalise, pp. 177-80, 1027-9, 1031-4, 1162-4, 2373-8, 2590-1; New York Journal-American, September 27, 1945, clipping in Folder: BSEIU 1945-47, Box 82, Pegler Papers; Chicago American, May 5, 1940; Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1940, both in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2, Dewey Papers.
115. People v. Scalise, pp. 177-80, 1027-9, 1031-4, 1162-4, 2373-8, 2590-1; New York Journal-American, September 27, 1945, clipping in Folder: BSEIU 1945-47, Box 82, Pegler Papers; Chicago American, May 5, 1940; Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1940, both in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2, Dewey Papers.
116. People v. Scalise, pp. 232-3, 1308, 1352-3; Bambrick, Building Service Story, pp. 2-4, 7-19, 22-28, 37-40, Edward B. Bell to Westbrook Pegler, March 6, 1942, Folder: BSEIU, 1941-43, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
117. People v. Scalise, pp. 232-3, 1308, 1352-3; Bambrick, Building Service Story, pp. 2-4, 7-19, 22-28, 37-40, Edward B. Bell to Westbrook Pegler, March 6, 1942, Folder: BSEIU, 1941-43, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
118. New York Times, October 8, 1940, p.1; Memorandum, A. Robertson to Mr. Gurfein, May 22, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers; Bambrick, Building Service Story, p. 13.
119. New York Times, October 8, 1940, p.1; Memorandum, A. Robertson to Mr. Gurfein, May 22, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers; Bambrick, Building Service Story, p. 13.
120. New York Times, October 8, 1940, p.1; Memorandum, A. Robertson to Mr. Gurfein, May 22, 1940, Box 2566, NYDA Papers; Bambrick, Building Service Story, p. 13.
121. Bambrick, Building Service Story, pp. 29 & 42; New York Times, April 14, 1944, p. 21; August 23, 1944, p. 20; August 29, 1944, p. 19; Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, Dewey Scrapbook, v.3-4, Roll 2; New York Journal American, September 27, 1945, news clipping, Folder: BSEIU, 1945-47, Box 82, Pegler Papers; Memo on Local 32B and David Sullivan, undated, unsigned, Folder BSEIU, undated, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
122. Bambrick, Building Service Story, pp. 29 & 42; New York Times, April 14, 1944, p. 21; August 23, 1944, p. 20; August 29, 1944, p. 19; Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, Dewey Scrapbook, v.3-4, Roll 2; New York Journal American, September 27, 1945, news clipping, Folder: BSEIU, 1945-47, Box 82, Pegler Papers; Memo on Local 32B and David Sullivan, undated, unsigned, Folder BSEIU, undated, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
123. Bambrick, Building Service Story, pp. 29 & 42; New York Times, April 14, 1944, p. 21; August 23, 1944, p. 20; August 29, 1944, p. 19; Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, Dewey Scrapbook, v.3-4, Roll 2; New York Journal American, September 27, 1945, news clipping, Folder: BSEIU, 1945-47, Box 82, Pegler Papers; Memo on Local 32B and David Sullivan, undated, unsigned, Folder BSEIU, undated, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
124. Bambrick, Building Service Story, pp. 29 & 42; New York Times, April 14, 1944, p. 21; August 23, 1944, p. 20; August 29, 1944, p. 19; Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1940, Dewey Scrapbook, v.3-4, Roll 2; New York Journal American, September 27, 1945, news clipping, Folder: BSEIU, 1945-47, Box 82, Pegler Papers; Memo on Local 32B and David Sullivan, undated, unsigned, Folder BSEIU, undated, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
125. Memorandum entitled, "Bowling and Billiard Academy Employees Union Local 94, B.S.E.I.U.," no date, no author, Box 2566, NYDA Papers.
126. An example of the way of some employers in New York's hotel industry turned to Scalise to avoid the possibility of a more militant form of labor union is described in Edward B. Bell to Westbrook Pegler, March 6, 1942, Folder Building Service Employees International Union, 1941-43, Box 82, Pegler Papers.
127. New York Times, April 22, 1940, p. 1.
128. Chicago Tribune, April 22, 1940; Chicago American, April 22, 1940, both in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2.
129. Chicago Tribune, April 22, 1940; Chicago American, April 22, 1940, both in Dewey Scrapbook, v. 3-4, Roll 2.
130. New York Times, April 22, 1940, p. 1.
131. New York Times, May 30, 1940, p. 19; October 8, 1940, p. 1.
132. New York Times, February 19, 1941, p. 22; February 22, 1941, p. 32; February 26, 1941, p. 23.
133. New York Times, April 27, 1940, p. 1; Anonymous to Mr. Dewey, March 17, 1940; One of the National Help to District Attorney, March 5, 1940, both in Box 2566, NYDA Papers.
134. Marie H. to Westbrook Pegler, January 29, 1942, Folder: BSEIU 1935-1940, Box 82. Pegler Papers.