The geographical distribution of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases in the UK: What can we learn from it?

Statistical Methods in Medical Research

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 235-246

  Cousens, Simon ^a   Everington, Dawn ^b   Ward, Hester J T ^b   Huillard, Jerome ^a   Will, Robert G ^b   Smith, Peter G ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b WESTERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE; DIET; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ECOLOGY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PROCESSING; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEAT; PLANT; POPULATION EXPOSURE; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRION; REGIONALIZATION; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; UNITED KINGDOM; VARIANT CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

CAUSALITY; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GEOGRAPHY; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE;

EID: 0038718672     PISSN: 09622802     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1191/0962280203sm332ra     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, Cousens SN, Estibeiro K, Alperovitch A, Poser S, Pocchiari M, Hofman A, Smith PG. A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK. Lancet 1996; 347: 921-25.
2. Wells GAH, Scott AC, Johnson CT, Gunning RF, Hancock RD, Jeffrey M, Dawson M, Bradley R. A novel progressive spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. The Veterinary Record 1987; 121: 419-20.
3. Collinge J, Sidle KCL, Meads J, Ironside J, Hill AF. Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of 'new variant' CJD. Nature 1996; 383: 685-90.
4. Bruce ME, Will RG, Ironside JW, McConnell I, Drummond D, Suttie A, McCardle L, Chree A, Hope J, Birkett C, Cousens S, Fraser H, Bostock CJ. Transmissions to mice indicate that 'new variant' CJD is caused by the BSE agent. Nature 1997; 389: 498-501.
5. Cooper JD, Bird SM. UK dietary exposure to BSE in head meat: By birth cohort and gender. Journal of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 2002; 7 (2): 71-83.
6. Cooper JD, Bird SM. UK dietary exposure to BSE in beef mechanically recovered meat: By birth cohort and gender. Journal of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 2002; 7 (2): 59-70.
7. Cooper JD, Bird SM. UK bovine carcass meat consumed as burgers, sausages and other meat products: By birth cohort and gender. Journal of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 2002; 7 (2): 49-57.
8. National CJD Surveillance Unit. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance in the UK. Tenth Annual Report 2001. Edinburgh, 2002; www.cjd.ed.ac.uk/rep2001.html
9. Wilesmith JW, Wells GAH, Cranwell MP, Ryan JBM. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:epidemiological studies. The Veterinary Record 1988; 123: 638-44.
10. Young R. New claims link CJD to water supply. The Times 26 August 1997.
11. Watkins A. BSE waste sprayed on land. The Guardian 11 June 1996.
12. Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Atkinson MJ. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy:epidemiological studies on the origin. Veterinary Record 1991; 128: 199-203.
13. Mantel N, Bailar JC III. A class of permutational and multinomial tests arising in epidemiological research. Biometrics 1970; 26: 687-700.
14. Cuzick J, Edwards R. Clustering methods based on κ-nearest neighbour distributions. In: Alexander FE, Boyle P, eds. Methods for Investigating Localized Clustering of Disease. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1996, pp 53-67.
15. Tango T. A test for spatial disease clustering adjusted for multiple testing. Statistics in Medicine 2000; 19: 191-204.
16. Kulldorff M, Nagarwalla N. Spatial disease clusters: Detection and inference. Statistics in Medicine 1995; 14: 799-810.
17. Besag JE, Newell JN. The detection of clusters in rare diseases. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 1991; 154: 143-55.
18. Kulldorff M, Feuer EJ, Miller BA, Freedman LS. Breast cancer clusters in the Northeast United States: A geographic analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997; 146: 161-70.
19. National CJD Surveillance Unit. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance in the UK. Eight Annual Report 1999. Edinburgh, 2000.
20. Cousens SN, Smith PG, Ward H, Everington D, Knight RSG, Zeidler M, Stewart G, Smith-Bathgate EAB, Macleod M-A, Mackenzie J, Will RG. Geographical distribution of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Great Britain, 1994-2000. Lancet 2001; 357: 1002-1007.
21. Gregory J, Foster K, Tyler H, Wiseman M. Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. London: HMSO, 1990.
22. National Food Survey Committee. Household Food Consumption and Expenditure: 1988. London: HMSO, 1989.
23. SaTScan v.3.0: Software for the spatial and space-time scan statistics [program]. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2002; http://srab.cancer.gov/satscan/
24. Newell JN, Besag JE. The detection of small-area database anomalies. In: Alexander FE, Boyle P, eds. Methods for Investigating Localized Clustering of Disease, 135th edn. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1996, pp 88-100.
25. Bryant GMC, Monk PN. Final report of an investigation into the north Leicestershire cluster of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Leicestershire Health Authority, 2001; www.leics-ha.org.uk/
26. Kulldorff M. Commentary: Geographical distribution of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 31: 495-96.
27. Cousens SN, Linsell L, Smith PG, Chandrakumar M, Wilesmith JW, Knight RSG, Zeidler M, Stewart G, Will RG. Geographical distribution of variant CJD in the UK (excluding Northern Ireland). Lancet 1999; 353: 18-21.
28. Erigel-Unaltuna N, Peoc'h K, Komurcu E, Acuner TT, Issever H, Laplanche J-L. Distribution of the M129V polymorphism of the prion protein gene in a Turkish population suggests a high risk for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. European Journal of Human Genetics 2001; 9: 965-68.