Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba infections

Microbial Pathogenesis

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 277-285

  Khan, Naveed Ahmed ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acanthamoeba; Encephalitis; Naegleria fowleri; Nausea; Photophobia

Indexed keywords

ACANTHAMOEBA; ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CONTACT LENS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FATALITY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ACANTHAMOEBA; NAEGLERIA FOWLERI;

EID: 0038699576     PISSN: 08824010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0882-4010(03)00061-5     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Khan N.A., Paget T.A. Molecular tools for speciation and epidemiological studies of Acanthamoeba. Curr Microbiol. 44:2002;444-449.
2. De Jonckheere J.F. Ecology of Acanthamoeba. Rev Infect Dis. 13:1991;S385-S387.
3. Kilvington S., White D.G. Acanthamoeba: biology, ecology and human disease. Rev Med Microbiol. 5:1994;12-20.
4. Ma P., Visvesvara G.S., Martinez A.J., Theodore F.H., Daggett P.M., Sawyer T.K. Naegleria and Acanthamoeba infections: review. Rev Infect Dis. 12:1990;490-513.
5. Ferrante A. Free-living amoebae: pathogenicity and immunity. Parasite Immunol. 13:1991;31-47.
6. Chappell C.L., Wright J.A., Coletta M., Newsome A.L. Standardized method of measuring Acanthamoeba antibodies in sera from healthy human subjects. Clin Diag Lab Immunol. 8:2001;724-730.
7. Byers T.J. Growth, reproduction, and differentiation in Acanthamoeba. Int Rev Cytol - A Survey of Cell Biology. 61:1979;283-338.
8. Byers T.J., Kim B.G., King L.E., Hugo E.R. Molecular aspects of the cell cycle and encystment of Acanthamoeba. Rev Infect Dis. 13:1991;S378-S384.
9. Stothard D.R., Schroeder-D J.M., Awwad M.H., Gast R.J., Ledee D.R., Rodriguez-Zaragoza S., Dean C.L., Fuerst P.A., Byers T.J. The evolutionary history of the genus Acanthamoeba and the identification of eight new 18S rNA gene sequence types. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 45:1998;45-54.
10. Gast R.J. Development of an Acanthamoeba-specific reverse dot-blot and the discovery of a new ribotype. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 48:2001;609-615.
11. Khan N.A., Jarroll E.L., Paget T.A. Molecular and physiological differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Acanthamoeba. Curr Microbiol. 45:(3):2002;197-202.
12. Walochnik J., Haller-Schober E., Kolli H., Picher O., Obwaller A., Aspock H. Discrimination between clinically relevant and nonrelevant Acanthamoeba strains isolated from contact lens-wearing keratitis patients in Austria. J Clin Microbiol. 38:2000;3932-3936.
13. Walochnik J., Obwaller A., Aspock H. Correlations between morphological, molecular biological, and physiological characteristics in clinical and nonclinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66:2000;4408-4413.
14. Badenoch P.R., Adams M., Coster D.J. Corneal virulence, cytopathic effect on human keratocytes and genetic characterization of Acanthamoeba. Int J Parasitol. 25:1994;229-239.
15. Auran J.D., Starr M.B., Jakobiec F.A. Acanthamoeba keratitis. A review of the literature. Cornea. 6:1987;2-26.
16. Di Gregorio C., Rivasi F., Mongiardo N., De Rienzo B., Wallace S., Visvesvara G.S. Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in an AIDS patient: first report from Europe. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 116:1992;1363-1365.
17. Friedland L.R., Raphael S.A., Deutsch E.S., Johal J., Martyn L.J., Visvesvara G.S., Lischner H. Disseminated Acanthamoeba infection in a child with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 11:1992;404-407.
18. Stehr-Green J.K., Baily T.M., Visvesvara G.S. The epidemiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol. 107:1989;331-336.
19. Mathers W.D., Sutphin J.E., Folberg R., Meier P.A., Wenzel R.P., Elgin R.G. Outbreak of keratitis presumed to be caused by Acanthamoeba. Am J Ophthalmol. 121:1996;129-142.
20. Martinez A.J. Free-living amebas and the immune deficient host. IX International Meeting on the Biology and Pathogenicity of Free-living Amoebae Proceedings. 2001;1-12.
21. Butt C.G. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis. N Engl J Med. 274:1966;1473-1476.
22. Valenzela G., Lopez-Corella E., De Jonckheere J.F. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis in a young male from northwestern Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 78:1984;558-559.
23. Morton L.D., McLaughlin G.L., Whiteley H.E. Effect of temperature, amebic strain and carbohydrates on Acanthamoeba adherence to corneal epithelium in vitro. Infect Immun. 59:1991;3819-3822.
24. Yang Z.T., Cao Z.Y., Panjwani N. Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis: carbohydrate-mediated host parasite interactions. Infect Immun. 65:1997;439-445.
25. McCoy J.J., Mann B.J., Petri W.A. Adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica or how lectins let parasites stick around. Infect Immun. 62:1994;3045-3050.
26. Cao Z., Jefferson M.D., Panjwani N. Role of carbohydrate-mediated adherence in cytopathogenic mechanisms of Acanthamoeba. J Biol Chem. 273:1998;15838-15845.
27. Leher H., Silvany R., Alizadeh H., Huang J., Niederkorn J.Y. Mannose induces the release of cytopathic factors from Acanthamoeba castellanii. Infect Immun. 66:1998;5-10.
28. Khan N.A. Pathogenicity, morphology and differentiation of Acanthamoeba. Curr Microbiol. 43:2001;391-395.
29. Alizadeh H., Pidherney M.S., McCulley J.P., Niederkorn J.Y. Apoptosis as a mechanism of cytolysis of tumor cells by a pathogenic free-living amoeba. Infect Immun. 62:1994;1298-1303.
30. Cursons R.T., Brown T.J., Keys E.A., Moriarty K.M., Till D. Immunity to pathogenic free-living amoebae: role of humoral antibody. Infect Immun. 29:1980;401-407.
31. Leher H., Zaragoza F., Taherzadeh S., Alizadeh H., Niederkorn J.Y. Role of mucosal IgA in the resistance to Acanthamoeba keratitis. Exp Eye Res. 69:1999;75-84.
32. Toney D.M., Marciano-Cabral F. Resistance of Acanthamoeba species to complement lysis. J Parasitol. 84:1998;338-344.
33. Walochnik J., Obwaller A., Haller-Schober E.M., Aspock H. Differences in immunoreactivities and capacities to bind human complement subcomponent C1q between a pathogenic and a non-pathogenic Acanthamoeba strain. IX International Meeting on the Biology and Pathogenicity of Free-living Amoebae Proceedings. 2001;59-65.
34. Niederkorn J.Y., Alizadeh H., Leher H., McCulley J.P. The pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Microbes Infect. 1:1999;437-443.
35. Kennett M.J., Hook R.R., Franklin C.L., Riley L.K. Acanthamoeba castellanii: characterization of an adhesion molecule. Exp Parasitol. 92:1999;161-169.
36. Avery S.V., Harwood J.L., Lloyd D. Low temperature-induced adaptations in fatty acid metabolism of Acanthamoeba castellanii cultures of different ages: relationship to changes in cell division, oxygen uptake and phagocytosis. Microbiology. 140:1994;2423-2431.
37. Avery S.V., Harwood J.L., Lloyd D. Quantification and characterization of phagocytosis in the soil ameba Acanthamoeba castellanii by flow cytometry. Appl Environ Microbiol. 61:1995;1124-1132.
38. Korn E.D., Wright P.L. Macromolecular composition of an amoeba plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 248:1973;439-447.
39. Bowers B., Olszewski T.E. Acanthamoeba discriminates internally between digestible and indigestible particles. J Cell Biol. 97:1983;317-322.
40. Allen P.G., Dawidowicz E.A. Phagocytosis in Acanthamoeba: II. Soluble and insoluble mannose-rich ligands stimulate phosphoinositide metabolism. J Cell Physiol. 145:1990;514-521.
41. Allen P.G., Dawidowicz E.A. Phagocytosis in Acanthamoeba: I. A mannose receptor is responsible for the binding and phagocytosis of yeast. J Cell Physiol. 145:1990;508-513.
42. John D.T., Cole T.B. Jr., Bruner R.A. Amebostomes of Naegleria fowleri. J Protozool. 32:1985;12-19.
43. Gonzalez-Robles A., Martinez-Palomo A. Scanning electron microscopy of attached trophozoites of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. J Protozool. 30:1983;692-700.
44. Lushbaugh W.B., Hofbauer A.F., Pittman F.E., Pittman J.C. Surface ultrastructure of Entamoeba histolytica: a study by a high voltage transmission electron microscopy (HVTEM) and scanning electron microscopy. Arch Invest Med. 9:1978;191-202.
45. Martinez-Palomo A., Martinez-Baez M. Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. X. Amebiasis. Rev Infect Dis. 5:1983;1093-1102.
46. Pettit D.A., Williamson J., Carbal G.A., Maciano-Carbal F. In vitro destruction of nerve cell cultures by Acanthamoeba spp.: a transmission and scanning electron microscopy study. J Parasitol. 82:1996;769-777.
47. Keene W.E., Petitt M.G., Allen S., McKerrow J.H. The major neutral proteinase of Entamoeba histolytica. J Exp Med. 163:1986;536-549.
48. Keene W.E., Hidalgo M.E., Orozco E., McKerrow J.H. Entamoeba histolytica: correlation of the cytopathic effect of virulent trophozoites with secretion of a cysteine proteinase. Exp Parasitol. 71:1990;199-206.
49. Arroyo R., Alderete J.F. Trichomonas vaginalis surface proteinase activity is necessary for parasite adherence to epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 57:1989;2991-2997.
50. Alfieri S.C., Shaw E., Zilberfarb V., Rabinovitch M. Leishmania amazonensis: involvement of cysteine proteinases in the killing of isolated amastigotes by L-leucine methyl ester. Exp Parasitol. 68:1989;423-431.
51. Bouvier J., Etges R., Bordier C. Identification of the promastigote surface protease in seven species of Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 24:1987;73-79.
52. Bontempi E., Martinez J., Cazzulo J.J. Subcellular localization of a cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 33:1989;43-47.
53. Kornblatt M.J., Mpimbaza G.W., Lonsdale-Eccles J.D. Characterization of an endopeptidase of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Arch Biochem Biophys. 293:1992;25-31.
54. Souto-Padron T., Campetella O.E., Cazzulo J.J., de Souza W. Cysteine proteinase in Trypanosoma cruzi: immunocytochemical localization and involvement in parasite-host cell interaction. J Cell Sci. 96:1990;485-490.
55. Bernard F., Schrevel J. Purification of a Plasmodium berghei neutral endopeptidase and its localization in merozoite. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 26:1987;167-173.
56. Chan V.L., Lee P.Y. Host-cell specific proteolytic enzymes in Plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 5:1974;447-449.
57. Dluzewski A.R., Rangachari K., Wilson R.J., Gratzer W.B. Plasmodium falciparum: protease inhibitors and inhibition of erythrocyte invasion. Exp Parasitol. 62:1986;416-422.
58. Hadas E., Mazur T. Biochemical markers of pathogenicity and virulence of Acanthamoeba sp. strains. Trop Med Parasitol. 44:1993;197-200.
59. Aifieri S.C., Correia C.E.B., Motegi S.A., Pral E.M.F. Proteinase activities in total extracts and in medium conditioned by Acanthamoeba polyphaga trophozoites. J Parasitol. 86:2000;220-227.
60. Kong H.H., Kim T.H., Chung D.I. Purification and characterization of a secretory proteinase of Acanthamoeba healyi isolates from GAE. J Parasitol. 86:2000;12-17.
61. Khan N.A., Jarroll E.L., Panjwani N., Cao Z., Paget T.A. Proteases as markers of differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Acanthamoeba. J Clin Microbiol. 38:2000;2858-2861.
62. Ferrante A., Bates E.J. Elastase in the pathogenic free-living amoebae, Naegleria and Acanthamoeba spp. Infect Immun. 56:1988;3320-3321.
63. Cursons R.T.M., Brown T.J., Keys E.A. Virulence of pathogenic free-living amoebae. J Parasitol. 64:1978;744-745.
64. He Y.G., Neiderkorn J.Y., McCulley J.P., Stewart G.L., Meyer D.R., Silvany R., Doughtery J. In vivo and in vitro collagenolytic activity of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 31:1990;2235-2240.
65. Mattana A., Bennardini F., Usai S., Fiori P.L., Franconi F., Cappuccinelli P. Acanthamoeba castellanii metabolites increase the intracellular calcium level and cause cytotoxicity in Wish cells. Microb Pathog. 23:1997;85-93.
66. Taylor W.M., Pidherney M.S., Alizadeh H., Niederkorn J.Y. In vitro characterization of Acanthamoeba castellanii cytopathic effect. J Parasitol. 81:1995;603-609.
67. De Jonckheere J.F. Growth characteristics, cytopathic effect in cell culture and virulence in mice of 36 type strains belonging to 19 different Acanthamoeba spp. Appl Environ Microbiol. 39:1983;681-685.
68. Khan N.A., Jarroll E.L., Paget T.A. Acanthamoeba can be differentiated clinically by the polymerase chain reaction and simple plating assays. Curr Microbiol. 43:2001;204-208.
69. Odom A., Del Poeta M., Perfect J., Heitman J. The immunosuppressant FK506 and its nonimmunosuppressive analog L-685,818 are toxic to Cryptococcus neoformans by inhibition of a common target protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 41:1997;156-161.
70. Odom A., Muir S., Lim E., Toffaletti D.L., Perfect J., Heitman J. Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. EMBO J. 16:1997;2576-2589.
71. Davis D., Edwards J.E., Mitchell A.P., Ibrahim A.S. Candida albicans RIM101 pH response pathway is required for host pathogen interactions. Infect Immun. 68:2000;5953-5959.
72. De Bernardis F., Muhlschlegel F.A., Cassone A., Fonzi W.A. The pH of the host niche controls gene expression in and virulence of Candida albicans. Infect Immun. 66:1998;3317-3325.
73. Cordingley J.S., Wills R.A., Villemez C.L. Osmolarity is an independent trigger of Acanthamoeba castellanii differentiation. J Cell Biochem. 61:1996;167-171.
74. Turner N.A., Russell A.D., Furr J.R., Lloyd D. Emergence of resistance to biocides during differentiation of Acanthamoeba castellanii. J Antimicrob Chemother. 46:2000;27-34.
75. Weisman R.A. Differentiation in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Ann Rev Microbiol. 30:1976;189-219.
76. Mazur T., Hadas E., Iwanicka I. The duration of the cyst stage and the viability and virulence of Acanthamoeba isolates. Trop Med Parasitol. 46:1995;106-108.
77. Cohen E.J., Parlato C.J., Arentsen J.J., Genvert G.I., Eagle R.C., Wieland M.R., Laibson P.R. Medical and surgical treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 103:1987;615-625.
78. Hay J., Kirkness C.M., Seal D.V., Wright P. Drug resistance and Acanthamoeba keratitis: the quest for alternative protozoal chemotherapy. Eye. 8:1994;555-563.
79. Larkin D.F.P., Kilvington S., Dart J.K.G. Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis with polyhexamethylene biguanide. Ophthalmology. 99:1992;185-191.
80. Lim L., Coster D.J., Badenoch P.R. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 19 Australian corneal isolates of Acanthamoeba. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 28:2000;119-124.
81. Lloyd D., Turner N.A., Khunkitti W., Hann A.C., Furr J.R., Russell A.D. Encystation in Acanthamoeba castellanii: development of biocide resistance. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 48:2001;11-16.
82. Moore M.B., McCulley J.P. Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with contact lenses: six consecutive cases of successful management. Br J Ophthalmol. 73:1989;271-275.
83. Murdoch D., Gray T.B., Cursons R., Parr D. Acanthamoeba keratitis in New Zealand, including two cases with in vivo resistance to polyhexamethylene biguanide. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 26:1998;231-236.
84. Russell A.D., Chopra I. Understanding antibacterial action and resistance. 2nd ed. 1996;Ellis Horwood, London. p. 113-118.
85. Seal D.V., Hay J., Kirkness C.M. Chlorhexidine or polyhexamethylene biguanide for Acanthamoeba keratitis. Lancet. 345:(8942):1995;136.
86. Wright P., Warhurst D., Jones B.R. Acanthamoeba keratitis successfully treated medically. Br J Ophthalmol. 69:1985;778-782.
87. Perrine D., Chenu J.P., Georges P., Lancelot J.C., Saturnino C., Robba M. Amoebicidal efficiencies of various diamidines against two strains of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 39:1995;339-342.
88. Duguid I.G., Dart J.K., Morlet N., Allan B.D., Matheson M., Ficker L., Tuft S. Outcome of Acanthamoeba keratitis treated with polyhexamethyl biguanide and propamidine. Ophthalmology. 104:1997;1587-1592.
89. Ficker L., Seal D., Warhurst D., Wright P. Acanthamoeba keratitis: resistance to medical therapy. Eye. 4:1990;835-838.
90. Walochnik J., Duchene M., Seifert K., Obwaller A., Hottkowitz T., Wiedermann G., Eibl H., Aspock H. Cytotoxic activities of alkylphosphocholines against clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 46:2002;695-701.
91. Kotting J., Berger M.R., Unger C., Eibl H. Alkylphosphocholines: influence of structural variations on biodistribution of antineoplastically active concentrations. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 30:1992;105-112.
92. Harrington K.A., Hormaeche C.E. Expression of the innate resistance gene Ity in mouse Kupffer cells infected with Salmonella typhimurium in vitro. Microb Pathog. 1:1986;269-274.