Cooperite and braggite from the Bushveld Complex: Implications for the miscibility gap and identification

Mineralium Deposita

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 381-388

  Merkle, Roland K W ^a   Verryn, Sabine M C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Braggite; Bushveld; Cooperite; Miscibility gap; Pt Pd Ni S; South Africa

Indexed keywords

BRAGGITE; COOPERITE; GEOCHEMISTRY; NICKEL; PALLADIUM; PLATINUM; SULFIDE;

BUSHVELD COMPLEX; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0038669245     PISSN: 00264598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00126-003-0347-2     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Augé T, Legendre O (1992) Pt-Fe nuggets from alluvial deposits in eastern Madagascar. Can Mineral 30:983-1004
2. Augé T, Maurizot P (1995) Stratiform and alluvial platinum mineralization in the New Caledonia ophiolite complex. Can Mineral 33:1023-1045
3. Augé T, Legendre O, Maurizot P (1998) The distribution of Pt and Ru-Os-Ir minerals in the New Caledonia ophiolite. In: Laverov NP, Distler VV (eds) International platinum. Theophrastus St. Petersburg, Athens, pp 141-154
4. Ballhaus C, Ryan CG (1995) Platinum-group elements in the Merensky Reef: 1. PGE in solid solution in base metal sulphides and the down-temperature equilibrium history of Merensky ores. Contrib Mineral Petrol 122:122-241
5. Ballhaus CG, Stumpil EF (1986) Sulfide and platinum mineralisation in the Merensky Reef: evidence from hydrous silicates and fluid inclusions. Contrib Mineral Petrol 94:193-204
6. H2. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:4881-4888
7. Bannister FA, Hey MH (1932) Determination of minerals in platinum concentrates from the Transvaal by X-ray methods. Mineral Mag 23:188-206
8. Barkov AY, Lednev AI (1993) A rhenium-molybdenum-copper sulfide from the Lukkulaisvaara layered intrusion, northern Karelia, Russia. Eur J Mineral 5:1227-1233
9. Barkov AY, Pakhomovskii YA, Menshikov YP (1995) Zoning in the platinum-group sulfide minerals from the Lukkulaisvaara and Imandrovsky layered intrusions, Russia. Neues Jahrb Mineral Abhand 169:97-117
10. Boudreau AE, Mathez EA, McCallum IS (1986) Halogen geochemistry of the Stillwater and Bushveld Complexes: evidence for transport of the platinum-group elements by CI-rich fluids. J Petrol 27:967-986
11. Bowles JFW (2000) Prassoite, vysotskite and keithconnite from the Freetown Layered Complex, Sierra Leone. Mineral Petrol 68:75-84
12. Brynard HJ, DeVilliers JPR, Viljoen EA (1976) A mineralogical investigation of the Merensky Reef at the Western Platinum Mine, near Marikana, South Africa. Econ Geol 71:1299-1307
13. Cabri LJ, Laflamme JHG (1997) Platinum-group minerals from the Konder Massif, Russian Far East. Mineral Record 28:97-106
14. Cabri LJ, Laflamme JHG, Stewart JM, Turner K. Skinner BJ (1978) On cooperite, braggite and vysotskite. Am Mineral 63:832-839
15. Cabri LJ, Harris DC, Weiser TW (1996) Mineralogy and distribution of platinum-group mineral (PGM) placer deposits of the world. Exp Min Geol 5:73-167
16. Coghill BM, Wilson AH (1993) Platinum-group minerals in the Selukwe Subchamber. Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: implications for PGE collection mechanisms and post-formational redistribution. Mineral Mag 57:613-633
17. Corrivaux L, Laflamme JHG (1990) Minéralogie des éléments du groupe du platine dans les chromitites de l'ophiolite de Thetford Mines, Québec. Can Mineral 28:579-595
18. Cousins CA, Kinloch ED (1976) Some observations on textures and inclusions in alluvial platinoids. Econ Geol 71:1377-1398
19. Cowden A, Ruddok R, Reay A, Nicolson P, Waterman P, Banks MJ (1990) Platinum mineralisation potential of the Longwood Igneous Complex, New Zealand. Mineral Petrol 42:181-195
20. Criddle AJ, Stanley CJ (1985) Characteristic optical data for cooperite, braggite and vysotskite. Can Mineral 23:149-162
21. Distler VV, Sluzhenikin SF, Cabri LJ, Krivolutskaya NA, Turovtsev DM, Golovanova TA, Mokhov AV, Oleshkevich OI (1999) Platinum ores of the Noril'sk layered intrusions: magmatic and fluid concentration of noble metals. Geol Ore Deposits 41:214-237
22. Eliopoulos DG, Economou-Eliopoulos M (2000) Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Fe-Ni- and bauxitic-laterite deposits of Greece. Ore Geol Rev 16:41-58
23. Fuchs WA, Rose AW (1974) The geochemical behaviour of platinum and palladium in the weathering cycle in the Stillwater Complex, Montana. Econ Geol 69:332-346
24. 2SO4 solutions at 300 °C. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:3881-3894
25. Genkin AD, Evstigneeva TL (1986) Associations of platinum-group minerals of the Noril'sk copper-nickel sulfide ores. Econ Geol 81:1203-1212
26. Genkin AD, Zvyagintsev OE (1962) Vysotskite, a new sulphide of palladium and nickel. (in Russian). Zapiski Vses Mineral Obshchest 91:718-725
27. Gornostayev SS, Crocket JH, Mochalov AG, Laajoki KVO (1999) The platinum-group minerals of the Baimka placer deposits, Aluchin horst, Russian Far East. Can Mineral 37:1117-1129
28. Gray DJ, Schorin KH, Butt CRM (1996) Mineral associations of platinum and palladium in lateritic regolith, Ora Banda Sill, Western Australia. J Geochem Explor 57:245-255
29. Grimbeek JC (1996) The effect of the Vaalkop replacement pegmatoid on the sulphide mineralogy at Western Platinum mine in the Mooinooi district. MSc Thesis, University of Pretoria, 111 pp
30. Halkoaho TAA (1989) Ala-Penikan Platinametalli-Mineralisaatiot Penikkain Kerrosintruusiossa. Peräpohjan Platinaprojekti, Raportti no 2. Oulun Yliopisto, Oulu, 221 pp
31. Hey PV (1999) The effects of weathering on the UG2 chromitite reef of the Bushveld Complex, with special reference to the platinum-group minerals. S Afr J Geol 102:251-260
32. Hiemstra SA (1985) The distribution of some platinum-group elements in the UG-2 chromitite layer of the Bushveld Complex. Econ Geol 80:944-957
33. Hiemstra SA (1986) The distribution of chalcophile and platinum-group elements in the UG-2 chromitite layer of the Bushveld Complex. Econ Geol 81:1080-1086
34. Johan Z, Ohnenstetter M, Slansky E, Barron LM, Suppel D (1989) Platinum mineralization in the Alaskan-type intrusive complexes near Fifield, New South Wales, Australia. Part 1. Platinum-group minerals in clinopyroxenites of the Kelvin Grove prospect, Owendale intrusion. Mineral Petrol 40:289-309
35. Kingston GA, El-Dosuky BT (1982) A contribution on the platinum-group mineralogy of the Merensky Reef at the Rustenburg platinum mine. Econ Geol 77:1367-1384
36. Kinloch ED (1982) Regional trends in the platinum-group mineralogy of the Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Econ Geol 77:1328-1347
37. Laputina IP, Genkin AD (1975) Minerals of the braggite-vysotskite series (in Russian). Izomorphizm v mineralakh. Nauka, Moscow, pp 146-150
38. Legendre O, Augé T (1992) Alluvial platinum-group minerals from the Manampotsy area, east Madagascar. Aust J Earth Sci 39:389-404
39. Makovicky E, Karup-Møller S (1995) The system Pd-Fe-Ni-S at 900 and 725 °C. Mineral Mag 59:685-702
40. Makovicky E, Karup-Møller S, Makovicky M, Rose-Hansen J (1990) Experimental studies on the phase systems Fe-Ni-Pd-S and Fe-Pt-Pd-As-S applied to PGE deposits. Mineral Petrol 42:307-319
41. McCandless TE, Ruiz J, Adair I, Freydier C (1999) Re-Os isotope and Pd/Ru variations in chromitites from the Critical Zone, Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:911-923
42. McLaren CH (1978) The UG-2 layer of Bushveld Complex comes under scrutiny. Met Mineral Processing 1:19-27
43. McLaren CH, De Villiers JPR (1982) The platinum group chemistry and mineralogy of the UG-2 chromitite layer of the Bushveld Complex. Econ Geol 77:1348-1366
44. Merkle RKW (1988) The effects of metasomatising fluids on the PGE-content of the UG-1 chromitite layer. In: Prichard HM, Potts PJ, Bowles JFW, Cribb SJ (eds) Proc Conf Geoplatinum 87, Milton Keynes, 22-23 April 1987. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 359-360
45. Merkle RKW (1992) Platinum-group minerals in the middle group of chromitite layers at Marikana, western Bushveld Complex: indications for collection mechanisms and postmagmatic modification. Can J Earth Sci 29:209-221
46. Merkle RKW, Verryn SMC (1991) Coexisting cooperite and braggite-new data. In: Proc Int Congr on Applied Mineralogy, ICAM '91, Mineralogical Association of South Africa, Pretoria. Rep 2, Chapter 61, pp 1-16
47. Merkle RKW, Pikl R, Verryn SMC, De Waal D (1997) A Raman spectroscopic investigation of synthetic "cooperite", (Pt,Pd,Ni)S. Neues Jahrb Mineral Monatsh 11:518-528
48. Merkle RKW, Pikl R, Verryn SMC, De Waal D (1999) Raman spectra of synthetic "braggite", (Pd,Pt,Ni)S. Mineral Mag 63:363-367
49. Mitrofanov FP, Balabonin NL, Korehagin AU, Bayanova TB, Latypov RM, Goncharov YV, Osokin AS, Gritsai AL (1998) PGE mineralization of the Fedorova-Pansky intrusion (Kola Peninsula, Russia). In: Laverov NP, Distler VV (eds) International platinum. Theophrastus, St. Petersburg, Athens, pp 62-70
50. Mostert AB, Hofmeyr PK, Potgieter GA (1982) The platinum group mineralogy of the Merensky Reef at the Impala platinum mines, Bophuthatswana. Econ Geol 77:1385-1394
51. Naldrett AJ, Lehmann J (1988) Spinel non-stoichiometry as the explanation for Ni-, Cu- and PGE-enriched sulfides in chromitites, In: Prichard HM, Potts PJ, Bowles JFW, Cribb SJ (eds) Proc Conf Geoplatinum '87. Milton Keynes, 22-23 April 1987. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 93-109
52. Penberthy CJ, Merkle RKW (1999) Lateral variations in the platinum-group element content and mineralogy of the UG-2 chromitite layer, Bushveld Complex. S Afr J Geol 102:240-250
53. Penberthy CJ, Oosthuyzen EJ, Merkle RKW (2000) The recovery of platinum-group elements from the UG-2 chromitite, Bushveld Complex-a mineralogical perspective. Mineral Petrol 68:213-222
54. Prichard HM, Lord RA (1994) Evidence for differential mobility of platinum-group elements in the secondary environment in Shetland Ophiolite Complex. Trans Inst Min Metall Sect B Appl 103:B79-B86
55. Rudshevsky NS, Knauf VV, Krasnova NI, Rudashevsky VN (1995) The first description of gold and platinum group minerals in ores and carbonatites of alkaline-ultramafic complex (Kovdorsky Massif, Russia) (in Russian). Zapiski Vses Mineral Obshchest 124:1-14
56. Schiffries CM, Rye DM (1990) Stable isotopic systematics of the Bushveld Complex: II. Constraints on hydrothermal processes in layered intrusions. Am J Sci 290:209-245
57. Schiffries CM, Skinner BJ (1987) The Bushveld hydrothermal system: field and petrologic evidence. Am J Sci 287:566-595
58. Schwellnus JSJ, Hiemstra SA, Gasparrini E (1976) The Merensky Reef at the Atok platinum mine and its environs. Econ Geol 71:249-260
59. Scheka SA, Vrzhosek AA, Sapin VI, Kiryukhina NI (1991) Transformation of platinum group minerals from placers of Primorye (in Russian with English summary). Mineral Zhur 13:31-40
60. Stumpfl EF (1962) Some aspects of the genesis of the platinum deposits. Econ Geol 57:619-623
61. Stumpfl EF (1974) The genesis of platinum deposits: further thoughts. Mineral Sci Eng 6:120-141
62. Stumpfl EF, Ballhaus CG (1986) Stratiform platinum deposits: new data and concepts. Fortschr Min 64:205-214
63. Stumpfl EF, Rucklidge JC (1982) The platiniferous dunite pipes of the eastern Bushveld. Econ Geol 77:1419-1431
64. Stumpfl EF, Tarkian M (1976) Platinum genesis: new mineralogical evidence. Econ Geol 71:1451-1460
65. Talkington RW, Watkinson DH (1984) Trends in the distribution of the precious metals in the Lac-des-lles Complex, northwestern Ontario. Can Mineral 22:125-136
66. Tarkian M (1987) Compositional variations and reflectance of the common platinum-group minerals. Mineral Petrol 36:169-190
67. Todd SG, Keith DW, LeRoy LW, Schissel DJ, Mann EL, Irvine TN (1982) The J-M platinum-palladium reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. I. Stratigraphy and petrology. Econ Geol 77:1454-1480
68. Tolstykh ND, Krivenko AP (1997) Platinum group minerals in the Inagli placer. Russian Geol Geophys 38:808-817
69. Tolstykh ND, Lapukhov AS, Krivenko AP, Lazareva EV (1999) Platinum-group minerals in gold placers in northwestern Salair. Russian Geol Geophys 40:900-910
70. Toma SA, Murphy S (1978) Exsolution of gold from detrital platinum-group metal grains in the Witwatersrand auriferous conglomerates. Can Mineral 16:641-650
71. Verryn SMC, Merkle RKW (1994) Compositional variation of cooperite, braggite, and vysotskite from the Bushveld Complex. Mineral Mag 58:223-234
72. Verryn SMC, Merkle RKW (2000) Stability fields and Ni-content in synthetic "cooperite", "braggite" and "vysotskite" between 1,200 °C and 700 °C. In: Rammlmair D, Mederer J, Oberthür T, Heimann RB, Pentinghaus H (eds) Applied mineralogy in research, economy, technology, ecology and culture. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 451-454
73. Verryn SMC, Merkle RKW (2002) The system PtS-PdS-NiS between 1,200 °C and 700 °C. Can Mineral 40:571-584
74. Viljoen MJ, Hieber R (1986) The Rustenburg Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited, with reference to the Merensky Reef. In: Anhaeusser CR, Maske S (eds) Mineral deposits of southern Africa. Geol Soc S Afr 2:1107-1134
75. Viljoen MJ, De Klerk WJ, Coetzer PM, Hatch NP, Kinloch E, Peyerl W (1986) The Union Section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited with reference to the Merensky Reef. In: Anhaeusser CR, Maske S (eds) Mineral deposits of southern Africa. Geol Soc S Afr 2:1061-1090
76. Volborth A, Tarkian M, Stumpfl EF, Housley RM (1986) A survey of the Pt-Pd mineralization along a 35-km strike of the J-M Reef, Stillwater Complex, Montana. Can Mineral 24:329-346
77. Von Gruenewaldt G, Hatton CJ, Merkle RKW, Gain SB (1986) Platinum-group element-chromitite associations in the Bushveld Complex. Econ Geol 81:1067-1079
78. Vuorelainen Y, Häkli TA, Hänninen E, Papunen H, Reino J, Törnroos R (1982) Isomertieite and other platinum-group minerals from the Konttijärvi layered mafic intrusion, northern Finland. Econ Geol 77:1511-1518
79. Watkinson DH, Dunning G (1979) Geology and platinum-group mineralization, Lac-des-lles Complex, northwestern Ontario. Can Mineral 17:453-462
80. Weiser T, Schmidt-Thomé M (1993) Platinum-group minerals from the Santiago River, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. Can Mineral 31:61-73
81. Wood SA, Vlassopoulos D (1990) The dispersion of Pt, Pd and Au in surficial media about two PGE-Cu-Ni prospects in Quebec. Can Mineral 28:649-663
82. Wood SA, Mountain BW, Pan P (1992) The aqueous geochemistry of platinum, palladium and gold: recent experimental constraints and a re-evaluation of theoretical predictions. Can Mineral 30:955-982