The neural mechanisms of moral cognition: A multiple-aspect approach to moral judgment and decision-making

Biology and Philosophy

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 169-194

  Casebeer, William D ^a   Churchland, Patricia S ^b  

^a UNITED STATES AIR FORCE ACADEMY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Affect; Amygdala; Ethics; Evolution; Hippocampus; Moral cognition; Moral psychology; Naturalization; Neurobiology; Neuroscience; Prefrontal cortex; Theory of mind

Indexed keywords

NEUROLOGY;

EID: 0038661785     PISSN: 01693867     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1023380907603     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Adolphs, R.: 2002, 'Trust in the Brain', Nature Neuroscience 5(3), March, 192-193.
2. Adolphs, R., Tranel, D. and Damasio, A.R.: 1998, 'The Human Amygdala in Social Hudgment', Nature 393, June 4, 470-474.
3. Anderson, S.W., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D. and Damasió, A.R.: 1999, 'Impairment of Social and Moral Behavior Related to Early Damage in Human Prefrontal Cortex', Nature Neuroscience 2(11), November, 1032-1037.
4. Anscombe, G.E.M.: 1958, 'Modern Moral Philosophy', Philosophy 33 (reprinted in (1997), R. Crisp and M. Slote (eds), Virtue Ethics: Oxford Readings in Philosophy, Oxford University Press, New York.
5. Baxter, M.G. and Murray, E.A.: 2002, 'The Amygdala and Reward', Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 3, July, 563-573.
6. Bechara, A., Damasio, A.R., Damasio, H. and Anderson, S.W.: 1994, 'Insensitivity to Future Consequences Following Damage to Human Prefrontal Cortex', Cognition 50, 7-15.
7. Bechara, A.: 2002, 'The Neurology of Social Cognition', Brain 125, 1673-1675.
8. Berthoz, S., Armony, J.L., Blair, R.J.R. and Dolan, R.J.: 2002, 'An fMRI Study of Intentional and Unintentional (Embarrassing) Violations of Social Norms', Brain 125, 1696-1708.
9. Brothers, L.: 1997, Friday's Footprint: How Society Shapes the Human Mind, Oxford University Press, New York.
10. Bunge, S.A., Ochsner, K.N., Desmond, J.E., Glover, G.H. and Gabireli, J.D.E.: 2001, 'Prefrontal Regions Involved in Keeping Information In and Out of Mind', Brain 124(10), October, 2074-2086.
11. Call, J.: 2001, 'Chimpanzee Social Cognition', Trends in Cognitive Science 5, 388-393.
12. Canessa, N., Gorinin, A., Perani, D., Danna, M., Scifo, P., Cappa, S.F., Piattelli Palmarinin, M. and Fazio, F.: 2002, 'Social Cognition and Reasoning: Neuroimaging Evidence', NeuroImage Human Brain Mapping 2002 Meeting, abstract #1025.
13. Casebeer, W.D.: forthcoming, Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
14. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T.E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I.W., Taylor, A. and Poulton, R.: 2002, 'Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children', Science 297, 851-854.
15. Churchland, P.S.: 2002, Brain-Wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
16. Churchland, P.S.: 1995, 'Feeling Reasons', in A.R. Damasio, H. Damasio and Y. Christen (eds), Decision-Making and the Brain, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
17. Churchland, P.S.: 1986, Neurophilosophy: Towards a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
18. Churchland, P.: 1998, 'Towards a Cognitive Neurobiology of the Moral Virtues', Topoi 17, 83-96.
19. Coolidge, F.L. and Wynn, T.: 2001, 'Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens', Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, 2.
20. Cytowic, R.E.: 1996, The Neurological Side of Neuropsychology, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
21. Damasio, A.R.: 1994, Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, G. P. Putnam and Sons, New York.
22. Damasio, A.R.: forthcoming, Looking for Spinoza, G. P. Putnam and Sons, New York.
23. Dolan, R.J.: 1999, 'On the Neurology of Morals', Nature neuroscience 2(11), November 1999, 927-929.
24. The Economist: 2002, 'The Ethics of Brain Science: Open Your Mind'. May 23.
25. Fantz, R.L.: 1961, 'The Origins of Form Perception', Scientific American 204, 66-72.
26. Fantz, R.L.: 1965, 'Visual Perception from Birth as Shown by Pattern Selectivity', Annals of the New York Academy of Science 118, 793-814.
27. Fincham, J.M., Carter, C.S., van Veen, V., Stenger, V.A. and Anderson, J.R.: 2002, 'Neural Mechanisms of Planning: A Computational Analysis Using Event-related fMRI', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(5), March 5, 3346-3351.
28. Fleischman, J.: 2002, Phineas Gage: A Gruesome but True Story About Brain Science, Houghton Mifflin Co.
29. Fuster, J.M.: 1995, Memory in the Cerebral Cortex: An Empirical Approach to Neural Networks in the Human and Nonhuman Primate, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
30. Gehring, W.J. and Willoughby, A.R.: 2002, 'The Medial Frontal Cortex and the Rapid Processing of Monetary Gains and Losses', Science 295, March 22, 2279-2282.
31. Goodenough, O.R.: 2001, 'Mapping Cortical Areas Associated With Legal Reasoning and Moral Intuition', Jurimetrics 41, Summer, J. 429.
32. Goldman-Rakie, P.S.: 1987, 'Circuitry of the Pre-Frontal Cortex and the Regulation of Behavior by Representational Memory', in F. Plum and V. Mountcastle (eds), Higher Cortical Function: Handbook of Physiology, American Physiological Society, pp. 373-417.
33. Gopnik, A.: 1999, 'Theory of Mind', in R.A. Wilson and F.C. Keil (eds), The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 838-841.
34. Greene, J.D., Sommerville, R.B., Nystrom, L.E., Darley, J.M. and Cohen, J.D.: 2001, 'An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment', Science 293, September 14.
35. Hamann, S.B., Ely, T.D., Hoffman, J.M. and Kilts, C.D.: 2002, 'Ecstasy and Agony: Activation of the Human Amygdala in Positive and Negative Emotion', Psychological Science 13(2), March.
36. Hobson, A. and Pace-Schott, E.F.: 2002, 'The Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep: Neuronal Systems, Consciousness, and Learning', Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 3, 679-693.
37. Houde, O., Zago, L., Crivello, F., Moutier, S., Pineau, A., Mazoyer, B. and Tzourio-Mazoyer, N.: 2001, 'Access to Deductive Logic Depends on a Right Ventromedial Prefrontal Area Devoted to Emotion and Feeling: Evidence from a Training Paradigm', NeuroImage 14, 1486-1492.
38. Johnson, M.H. and Morton, J.: 1991, Biology and Cognitive Development: The Case of Face Recognition, Blackwell, New York.
39. Johnson, S.C., Baxter, L.C., Wilder, L.S., Pipe, J.G., Heiserman, J.E. and Prigatano, G.P.: 2002, 'Neural Correlates of Self-reflection', Brain 125(8), 1808-1814.
40. Kahn, D., Pace-Schott, E. and Hobson, J.A.: 2002, 'Emotion and Cognition: Feeling and Character Identification in Dreaming', Consciousness and Cognition 11, 34-50.
41. Laakso, M.P., Vaurio, O., Koivisto, E., Savolainen, L., Eronen, M., Aronen, H.J., Hakola, P., Repo, E., Soininen, H. and Tiihonen, J.: 2001, 'Psychopathy and the Posterior Hippocampus', Behavioural Brain Research 118, 187-193.
42. MacDonald, A.W. III, Cohen, J.D., Stenger, V.A. and Carter, C.S.: 2000, 'Dissociating the Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Cognitive Control', Science 288, June 9, 1835-1838.
43. Macmillan, M.: 2000, An Odd Kind of Fame; Stories of Phineas Gage, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
44. Manes, F., Sahakian, B., Clark, L., Rogers, R., Antoun, N., Aitken, M. and Robbins, T.: 2002, 'Decision-making Processes Following Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex', Brain 125(3), March, 624-639.
45. McCabe, K., Houser, D., Ryan, L., Smith, V. and Trouard, T.: 2001, 'A Functional Imaging Study of Cooperation in Two-person Reciprocal Exchange', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(20), September 25, 11832-11835.
46. Miller, G.: 2002, 'Gene's Effect Seen in Brain's Fear Response', Science 297, July 19.
47. Miller, G.: 2002, 'The Good, the Bad, and the Anterior Cingulate', Science 295, March 22, 2193-2194.
48. Moll, J., Slinger, P.J. and de Oliveira-Souza, R.: 2001, 'Front Polar and Anterior Temporal Cortex Activation in a Moral Judgment Task', Arm. Neuropsiquiatry 59(3-B), 657-664.
49. Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Eslinger, P.J., Bramati, I.E., Mourao-Miranda, J., Andreiuolo, P.A. and Pessoa, L.: 2002, 'The Neural Correlates of Moral Sensitivity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Basic and Moral Emotions', The Journal of Neuroscience 22(7), April 1, 2730-2736.
50. Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Bramati, I.E. and Grafman, J.: 2002, 'Functional Networks in Emotional Moral and Non-Moral Social Judgments', unpublished manuscript.
51. Montague, P.R., Berns, G.S., Cohen, J.D., McClure, S.M., Pagnoni, G., Dhamala, M., Wiest, M.C., Karpov, I., King, R.D., Apple, N. and Fisher, R.E.: 2002, 'Hyperscanning: Simultaneous fMRI during Linked Social Interactions', NeuroImage 16(4), August 1, 1159-1164.
52. Nichols, S.: 2002, 'Norms with Feeling: Towards a Psychological Account of Moral Judgment', Cognition 84, 221-236.
53. Oliveira-Souza, R. and Moll, J.: 2000, 'The Moral Brain: A Functional MRI Study of Moral Judgment', Neurology 2000 54(7), A104.
54. Pare, D., Collins, D.R. and Pelletier, J.G.: 2002, 'Amygdala Oscillations and the Consolidation of Emotional Memories', Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6(7), July, 306-314.
55. Paulus, M.P., Hozack, N., Zauscher, B., McDowell, J.E., Frank, L., Brown, G.S. and Braff, D.L.: 2001, 'Prefrontal, Parietal, and Temporal Cortex Networks Underlie Decision-Making in the Presence of Uncertainty', NeuroImage 13, 91-100.
56. Peoples, L.L.: 2002, 'Will, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, and Addiction', Science 296(31), May, 1623-1624.
57. Preston, S.D. and de Waal, F.B.M.: forthcoming, 'Empathy: Its Ultimate and Proximate Bases', Behavioral and Brain Sciences (available as a preprint at http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/Preston/Referees/)
58. Reider, L.: 1998, 'Toward a New Test for the Insanity Defense: Incorporating the Discoveries of Neuroscience into Moral and Legal Theories', UCLA Law Review 46, 289.
59. Rilling, J.K., Gutman, D.A., Zeh, T.R., Pagnoni, G., Berns, G.D. and Kilts, C.D.: 2002, 'A Neural Basis for Social Cooperation', Neuron 35, 395-405.
60. Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L. and Gallese V., 2001, 'Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying the Understanding and Imitation of Action', Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 2, 661-670.
61. Shidara, M. and Richmond, B.J.: 2002, 'Anterior Cingulate: Single Neuronal Signals Related to Degree of Reward Expectancy', Science 296, 31 May, 1709-1711.
62. Stich, S.: 1993, 'Moral Philosophy and Mental Representation', in M. Hechter, L. Nadel and R.E. Michod (eds), The Origin of Values, Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp. 215-228.
63. Stone, V.E., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Kroll, N. and Knight, R.T.: 2002, 'Selective Impairment of Reasoning about Social Exchange in a Patient with Bilateral Limbic System Damage', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(17), August 20, 11531-11536.
64. Van Veen, V. and Carter, C.S.: 2002, 'The Timing of Action-Monitoring Processes in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex', Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 593-602.
65. Van Veen, V., Cohen, J.D., Botvinick, M.M., Stenger, V.A. and Carter, C.S.: 2001, 'Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Conflict Monitoring, and Levels of Processing', NeuroImage 14(6), December, 1302-1308.
66. Waldbauer, J.R. and Gazzaniga, M.S.: 2001, 'The Divergence of Neoroscience and Law', Jurimetric J. 41, Spring, 357.
67. Wallis, J.D., Anderson, K.C. and Miller, E.K.: 2001, 'Single Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex Encode Abstract Rules', Nature 411, June 21, 953-956.
68. Winston, J.S., Strange, B.A., O'Doherty, J. and Dolan, R.J.: 2002, 'Automatic and Intentional Brain Responses during Evaluation of Trustworthiness of Faces', Nature Neuroscience 5(3), March, 277-283.
69. Yamasaki, H., LaBar, K.S. and McCarthy, G.: 'Dissociable Prefrontal Brain Systems for Attention and Emotion', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99(17), August 20, 11447-11451.