Hairy cell leukemia: An update

Current Opinion in Hematology

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 258-266

  Goodman, Grant R ^a   Bethel, Kelly J ^a   Saven, Alan ^a  

^a SCRIPPS CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Biology; Clinical features; Hairy cell leukemia; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ALPHA2A INTERFERON; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; BL 22 IMMUNOTOXIN; CD103 ANTIGEN; CD19 ANTIGEN; CD20 ANTIGEN; CD22 ANTIGEN; CHLORAMBUCIL; CLADRIBINE; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FLUDARABINE; GLYCOPROTEIN P 15095; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOTOXIN; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR; ISOPROTEIN; LYMPHOCYTE MEMBRANE IMMUNOGLOBULIN; PARACETAMOL; PENTOSTATIN; RITUXIMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANEMIA; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; B LYMPHOCYTE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BONE MARROW; CELL ACTIVITY; CELL POPULATION; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOCHEMISTRY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SCREENING; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE REARRANGEMENT; HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; LEUKOCYTOSIS; LYMPHADENOPATHY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MALAISE; MORPHOLOGY; MYALGIA; MYCOSIS; NAUSEA; NEUTROPENIA; ONTOGENY; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RECURRENT INFECTION; REVIEW; RIGOR; SIDE EFFECT; SPLENECTOMY; SPLENOMEGALY; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TACHYPHYLAXIS; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS INFECTION; VOMITING;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CELL LINEAGE; HUMANS; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; LEUKEMIA, HAIRY CELL; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0038647305     PISSN: 10656251     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00062752-200307000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Ewald O: Die leukämische reticuloendotheliose. Deutsches Arch Kiln Med 1923, 142:222-228.
2. Bouroncle BA, Wiseman BK, Doan CA: Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Blood 1958, 13:609-630.
3. Schrek R, Donnelly J: Hairy cells in blood lymphoreticular neoplastic disease and 'flagellated' cells of normal lymph nodes. Blood 1966, 27:199.
4. Wylis RF, Greene MH, Palretke M, et al.: Hairy cell leukemia in three siblings: An apparent HLA-linked disease. Cancer 1982, 49:538-542.
5. Egli FL, Koller B, Furrer J: Hairy cell leukemia and glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase deficiency in two brothers (Letter). N Engl J Med 1990, 322:1159.
6. Colovic MD, Jankovic GM, Wiernik PH: Hairy cell leukemia in first cousins and review of the literature. Eur J Haematol 2001, 67:185-188.
7. Sambani C, Trafalis DT, Mitsoulis-Mentzikoff C, et al.: Clonal chromosome rearrangements in hairy cell leukemia: personal experience and review of literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2001, 129:138-144.
8. Villianatou K, Brito-Babapulle V, Matutes E, et al.: p53 gene deletion and trisomy 12 in hairy cell leukemia and its variant. Leuk Res 1999, 23:1041-1045.
9. Konig EA, Kusser WC, Day C, et al.: p53 mutations in hairy cell leukemia. Leukemia 2000, 14:706-711.
10. Capello D, Vitolo U, Pasqualucci L, et al.: Distribution and pattern of BCL-6 mutations throughout the spectrum of B-cell neoplasia. Blood 2000, 95:651-659.
11. Farcet JP, Gourdin MF, Testa U, et al.: Expression of an accessory cell phenotype by hairy cells during lymphocyte colony formation in agar culture. Leuk Res 1983, 7:87-95.
12. Petty HR, Ware BR, Liebes LF, et al.: Electrophoretic mobility distributions distinguish hairy cells from other mononuclear blood cells and provide evidence for the heterogeneity of normal monocytes. Blood 1981, 57;250-255.
13. Burthem J, Zuzel M, Cawley JC: What is the nature of the hairy cell and why should we be interested? Br J Haematol 1997, 97:511-514.
14. Korsmeyer SJ, Greene WC, Cossman J, et al.: Rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin genes and expression of Tac antigen in hairy cell leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983, 80:4522.
15. Golomb HM, Davis S, Wilson C, et al.: Surface immunoglobulins on hairy cells of 55 patients with hairy cell leukemia. Am J Hematol 1982, 12:397-401.
16. Burns GF, Cawley JC, Worman CP, et al.: Multiple heavy chain isotypes on the surface of the cells of hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1978, 52:1132-1147.
17. Kluin-Nelemans HC, Krouwels MM, Jansen JH, et al.: Hairy cell leukemia preferentially expresses the IgG3-subclass. Blood 1990, 75:972-975.
18. Forconi F, Sahota SS, Raspadori D, et al.: Tumor cells of hairy cell leukemia express multiple clonally related immunoglobulin isotypes via RNA splicing. Blood 2001, 98:1174-1181. This article provides data regarding lymphocyte ontogeny, specifically hairy cell leukemia.
19. Burke JS, Sheibani K: Hairy cells and monocytoid B lymphocytes: are they related? Leukemia 1987, 1:298-300.
20. Stroup R, Sheibani K: Antigenic phenotypes of hairy cell leukemia and monocytoid B-cell lymphoma: an immunohistochemical evaluation of 66 cases. Hum Pathol 1982, 23:172-177.
21. Lynch SA, Brugge JS, Fromowitz F, et al.: Increased expression of the src proto-oncogene in hairy cell leukemia and a subgroup of B-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 1993, 7:1416-1422.
22. Anderson KC, Boyd AW, Fisher DC, et al.: Hairy cell leukemia: a tumor of pre-plasma cells. Blood 1985, 65:620-629.
23. MacLennan IC: Germinal centers. Annu Rev Immunol 1994, 12:117-139.
24. Traweek ST, Sheibani K, Winberg CD, et al.: Monocytoid B-cell lymphoma: its evolution and relationship to other low-grade B-cell neoplasms. Blood 1989, 73:573-578.
25. Plank L, Hansmann ML, Fischer R: The cytological spectrum of the monocytoid B-cell reaction: recognition of its large cell type. Histopathology 1993, 23:425-431.
26. Posnett DN, Wang CY, Chiorazzi N, et al.: An antigen characteristic of hairy cell leukemia cells is expressed on certain activated B cells. J Immunol 1984, 133:1635-1640.
27. Visser L, Shaw A, Slupsky J, et al.: Monoclonal antibodies reactive with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1989, 74:320-325.
28. Robinson DS, Posnett DN, Zola H, et al.: Normal counterparts of hairy cells and B-prolymphocytes in the peripheral blood. An ultrastructural study with monoclonal antibodies and the immunogold method. Leuk Res 1985, 9:335-348.
29. Machii T, Yamaguchi M, Inoue R, et al.: Polyclonal B-cell lymphocytosis with features resembling hairy cell leukemia-Japanese variant. Blood 1997, 89:2008-2014.
30. Liu YJ, Zhang J, Lane PJ, et al.: Sites of specific B cell activation in primary and secondary responses to T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens. Eur J Immunol 1991, 21:2951-2962.
31. Renshaw BR, Fanslow WC: 3, Armitage RJ, et al. Humeral immune responses in CD40 ligand-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1994, 180:1889-1900.
32. Turner A, Kjeldsberg CR: Hairy cell leukemia: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1978, 57:477-499.
33. Kraut EH, Neff JC, Bouroncle BA, et al.: Immunosuppressive effects of pentostatin. J Clin Oncol 1990, 8:848-855.
34. Katayama I, Finkel HE: Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. A clinicopathologic study with review of the literature. Am J Med 1974, 57:115.
35. Golomb HM: Hairy cell leukemia. An unusual lymphoproliferative disease: A study of 24 patients. Cancer 1978, 42:946.
36. Hakimian D, Tallman MS, Hogan DK, et al.: Prospective evaluation of internal adenopathy in a cohort of 43 patients with hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1994, 12:268-272.
37. Mercieca J, Matutes E, Moskovic E: MassiVe abdominal lymphadenopathy in hairy cell leukaemia: A report of 12 cases. Br J Haematol 1992, 82:547.
38. Bartl R, Frisch B, Hill W: Bone marrow histology in hairy cell leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1983, 79:531-545.
39. Katayama I: Bone marrow in hairy cell leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1988, 2:585-602.
40. Burke JS: The value of the bone-marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Pathol 1978, 70:876-884.
41. Golomb HM, Vardiman JW: Response to splenectomy in 65 patients with hairy cell leukemia: An evaluation of spleen weight and bone marrow involvement. Blood 1983, 61:349-352.
42. Nanba K, Soban EJ, Bowling MC, et al.: Splenic pseudosinuses and hepatic angiomatous lesions: Distinctive features of hairy cell leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1977, 67:415-426.
43. Yam LT, Janckila A J, Li CY, et al.: Cytochemistry of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase: Fifteen years' experience. Leukemia 1987, 1:285-288.
44. Li CY, Yam LT, Lam KW: Studies of acid phosphatase isoenzymes in human leukocytes: Demonstration of isoenzyme specificity. J Histochem Cytochem 1970, 18:901-910.
45. Hsu S, Yang K, Jaffe ES: Hairy cell leukemia: A B-cell neoplasm with a unique antigenic phenotype. Am J Clin Pathol 1983, 80:421-428.
46. Falini B, Schwarting R, Erber W, et al.: The differential diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Am J Clin Pathol 1985, 83:289-300.
47. Robbins BA, Ellison DJ, Spinosa JC, et al.: Diagnostic application of two-color flow cytometry in 161 cases of hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1993, 82:1277-1287.
48. Tytherleigh L, Taparia M, Leahy MF: Detection of hairy cell leukaemia in blood and bone marrow using multidimensional flow cytemetry with CD45-PECy5 and SS gating. Clin Lab Haematol 2001, 23:385-390.
49. Thaler J, Denz H, Dietze O, et al.: Immunohistological assessment of bone marrow biopsies from patients with hairy cell leukemia: Changes following treatment with alpha-2-interferon and deoxycoformycin. Leuk Res 1989, 13:377-383.
50. Stroup R, Sheibani K: Antigenic phenotypes of hairy cell leukemia and monocytoid B-cell lymphoma. An immunohistochemical evaluation of 66 cases. Hum Pathol 1992, 23:172-177.
51. al Saati T, Caspar S, Brousset P, et al.: Production of anti-B monoclonal antibodies (DBB.42, DBA.44, DNA.7, and DND.53) reactive on paraffin-embedded tissues with a new B-lymphoma cell line grafted into athymic nude mice. Blood 1989, 74:2476-2485.
52. Hounieu H, Chittal SM, al Saati T, et al.: Hairy cell leukemia. Diagnosis of bone marrow involvement in paraffin-embedded sections with monoclonal antibody DBA.44. Am J Clin Pathol 1992, 98:26-33.
53. Walsh P, Sifton DW, Conner EP, et al. Leustatin® (cladribine). Physicians' Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 2002: 2495-2498.
54. Saven A, Burian C, Koziol JA, et al.: Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after cladribine treatment. Blood 1998, 92:1918-1926.
55. Beutler E: Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine). Lancet 1992, 340:952-956.
56. Saven A, Piro L: 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine: A newer purine analogue active in the treatment of indolent lymphoid malignancies. Ann Intern Med 1994, 120:784-791.
57. Goodman GR, Burian C, Koziol JA, et al.: Extended follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with cladribine. J Clin Oncol 2003, 21:891-896. This article reports on the 7-year follow up of hairy cell leukemia patients who were treated with cladribine from a large, single institution cohort. The article also analyzes second malignancies.
58. Ries LAG, Miller BA, Hankey BF, et al.: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1991: Tables and Graphs, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health Publication Number 94-2789; 1994.
59. Gillis S, Amir G, Bennett M, et al.: Unexpectedly high incidence of hypoplastic/aplastic foci in bone marrow biopsies of hairy cell leukemia patients in remission following 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine therapy. Eur J Haematol 2001, 66:7-10.
60. Riscoe MK, Brouns MC, Fitchen JH: Purine metabolism as a target for leukemia chemotherapy. Blood Rev 1989, 3:162-173.
61. Spiers ASD, Parekh SJ, Bishop MB: Hairy cell leukemia: Induction of complete remission with pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin). J Clin Oncol 1984, 2:1336-1342.
62. Johnston JB, Glazer RI, Pugh L, et al.: The treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Br J Haematol 1986, 63:525-534.
63. Cassileth PA, Cheuvant B, Spiers ASD, et al.: Pentostatin induces durable remissions in hairy cell leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1991, 9:243-246.
64. He AD, Thaler J, Stryckmans P, et al.: Pentostatin in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A phase II trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990, 82:1416-1420.
65. Spiers ASD, Parekh SJ: Complete remission in hairy cell leukemia achieved with pentostatin. Lancet 1984, 1:1080-1081.
66. Flinn IW, Kopecky KJ, Foucar MK, et al.: Long-term follow-up of remission duration, mortality, and second malignancies in hairy cell leukemia patients treated with pentostatin. Blood 2000, 96:2981-2986.
67. Kraut EH, Grever MR, Bouroncle BA: Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Blood 1994, 84:4061-4063.
68. Saven A, Piro LD: Complete remissions in hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine after failure with 2′-deoxycoformycin. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:278-283.
69. Grever M, Kopecky K, Foucar MK, et al.: Randomized comparison of pentostatin versus interferon alfa-2a in previously untreated patients with hairy cell leukemia: An Intergroup Study. J Clin Oncol 1995, 13:974-982.
70. Juliusson G, Lenkei R, Liliemark J: Flow cytometry of blood and bone marrow cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia: Phenotype of hairy cells and lymphocyte subsets after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Blood 1994, 83:3672-3681.
71. Seymour JF, Estey EH, Keating MJ, et al.: Response to interferon-α in patients with hairy cell leukemia relapsing after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine. Leukemia 1995, 9:929-932.
72. Baker PK, Pettitt AR, Slupsky JR, et al.: Response of hairy cells to IFN-alpha involves induction of apoptosis through autocrine TNF-alpha and protection by adhesion. Blood 2002, 100:647-653. This article provides one mechanism by which interferon-alpha induces responses in hairy cell leukemia.
73. Ratain MJ, Golomb HM, Vardiman JW, et al.: Relapse after interferon alpha-2b therapy for hairy cell leukemia: Analysis of diagnostic variables. J Clin Oncol 1988, 6:1714-1721.
74. Kampmeier P, Spielberger R, Dickstein J, et al.: Increased incidence of secend neoplasms in patients treated with interferon alpha-2b for hairy cell leukemia: A clinicopathologic assessment. Blood 1994, 83:2931-2938.
75. Federico M, Zinzani PL, Frassoldati A, et al.: Risk of second cancer in patients with hairy cell leukemia: long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:638-646.
76. Mintz U, Golomb HM: Splenectomy as initial therapy in twenty-six patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (hairy cell leukemia). Cancer Res 1979, 39:2366-2370.
77. Jansen J, Hermans J: Splenectomy in hairy cell leukemia: A retrospective multicenter analysis. Cancer 1981, 47:2066-2076.
78. Andrey J, Saven A: Therapeutic advances in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Leuk Res 2001, 25:361-368. This is a comprehensive review of the treatment of hairy cell leukemia.
79. Thomas DA, O'Brien S, Cortes J, et al.: Pilot study of rituximab in refractory or relapsed hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Blood 2000, 94:705a.
80. Nieva J, Bethel K, Baker T, et al.: Phase II study of rituximab in the treatment of cladribine-failed patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 2001, 98:964a. This is an early report on the efficacy of rituximab (mabthera) in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia.
81. Hagberg H, Lundholm L: Rituximab, a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2001, 115:609-611. This is an early report on the efficacy of rituximab (mabthera) in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia.
82. Kreitman RJ, Wilson WH, Bergeron K, et al.: Efficacy of the anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin BL22 in chemotherapy-resistant hairy cell leukemia. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:241-247. This is an early report on the efficacy of, and the adverse events from, BL-22 in the treatment of hairy cell leukemia.
83. Nishii K, Katayama N, Maeda H, et al.: Successful treatment with low-dose splenic irradiation for massive splenomegaly in an elderly patient with hairy cell leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2001, 67:255-257.
84. Juliusson G, Liliemark J: Rapid recovery from cytopenia in hairy cell leukemia after treatment with 2-chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine (CdA): Relation to opportunistic infections. Blood 1992, 79:888-894.
85. Hoffman MA, Jansen D, Rose E, et al.: Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with cladribine: Response, toxicity and long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol 1997, 15:1138-1142.
86. Estey EM, Kurzrock R, Kantarjian HM, et al.: Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA). Blood 1992, 79:882-887.
87. Cheson BD, Vena DA, Montello MJ, et al.: Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine via the Group C Protocol Mechanism of the National Cancer Institute: A report of 979 patients. J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:3007-3015.
88. Tallman MS, Hakimian D, Rademaker AW, et al.: Relapse of hairy cell leukemia after 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine: Long-term follow-up of the Northwestern University experience. Blood 1996, 88:1954-1959.
89. Dearden CE, Matutes E, Hilditch BL, et al.: Long-term follow-up of patients with hairy cell leukemia after treatment with pentostatin or cladribine. Br J Haematol 1999, 106:515-519.