First excavation of intact Middle Stone Age layers at Ysterfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa: Implications for Middle Stone Age ecology

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 30, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 955-971

  Halkett, David ^a   Hart, Timothy ^a   Yates, Royden ^b   Volman, Thomas P ^c   Parkington, John E ^a   Orton, Jayson ^a   Klein, Richard G ^d   Cruz Uribe, Kathryn ^e   Avery, Graham ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b IZIKO SOUTH AFRICAN MUSEUM   (South Africa)

^c Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^d STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

African Middle Stone Age; Prehistoric coastal exploitation; Stone age ecology

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; PALEOECOLOGY; PREHISTORIC; TYPOLOGY;

SOUTH AFRICA; WESTERN CAPE; YSTERFONTEIN;

EID: 0038607707     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00273-X     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. T.H. van Andel, Late Pleistocene sea levels and the human exploitation of the shore and shelf of southern South Africa. Journal of Field Archaeology 16 (1989) 133 155.
2. G. Avery, Coastal birds and prehistory in the Western Cape, in: J.E. Parkington, M. Hall (Eds.), Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa, British Archaeological Reports International Series 332, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, 1987, pp. 164 191.
3. G. Avery, Avian fauna, palaeoenvironments and palaeoecology in the late quaternary of the Western and Southern Cape, South Africa, PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 1990.
4. G. Avery, L.G. Underhill, Seasonal exploitation of seabirds by Late Holocene coastal foragers: analysis of modern and archaeological data from the western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 13 (1986) 339 360.
5. R.N.E. Barton, A.P. Currant, Y. Fernandez-Jalvo, J.C. Finlayson, P. Goldberg, R. Macphail, P.B. Pettitt, C.B. Stringer, Gibraltar Neanderthals and results of recent excavations in Gorham's, Vanguard and Ibex Caves, Antiquity 73 (1999) 13 23.
6. L.R. Berger, J.E. Parkington, A new Pleistocene hominid-bearing locality at Hoedjiespunt, South Africa, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 98 (1995) 601 609.
7. M. Branch, G. Branch, A. Bannister, The Living Shores of Southern Africa, C. Struik, Cape Town, 1981.
8. G.M. Branch, C.L. Griffiths, M.L. Branch, L.E. Beckley, Two Oceans: A Guide to the Marine Life of Southern Africa, David Philip, Cape Town/Johannesburg, 1994.
9. W.F. Buchanan, Middens and mussels: an archaeological enquiry, South African Journal of Science 81 (1985) 15 16.
10. W.F. Buchanan, Shellfish in Prehistoric Diet: Elands Bay, S. W. Cape Coast, South Africa, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, 1988.
11. W.F. Buchanan, S.L. Hall, J. Henderson, A. Olivier, J.M. Pettigrew, J.E. Parkington, P.T. Robertshaw, Coastal shell middens in the Paternoster area. southwestern Cape, South African Archaeological Bulletin 33 (1978) 89 93.
12. W.F. Buchanan, J.E. Parkington, T.S. Robey, J.C. Vogel, Shell-fish, subsistence and settlement: some western Cape Holocene observations, in: M. Hall, G. Avery, D.M. Avery, M.L. Wilson, A.J.B. Humphreys (Eds.), Frontiers: Southern African Archaeology Today, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, 1984, pp. 121 130.
13. K. Cruz-Uribe, R.G. Klein, G. Avery, D.M. Avery, D. Halkett, T. Hart, R.G. Milo, C.G. Sampson, T.P. Volman, Excavation of buried late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science 30 (2003) 559 575.
14. H.J. Deacon, Southern Africa and modern human origins, in: M.J. Aitken, C.B. Stringer, P.A. Mellars (Eds.), The Origins of Modern Humans and the Impact of Chronometric Dating. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993, pp. 104 117.
15. H.J. Deacon, J. Deacon, Human Beginnings in South Africa: Uncovering the Secrets of the Stone Age, David Philip, Cape Town, 1999.
16. H.J. Deacon, J.F. Thackeray, Late Pleistocene environmental changes and implications for the archaeological record in southern Africa, in: J.C. Vogel (Ed.), Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1984, pp. 375 390.
17. A. Debénath, F. Sbihi-Alaoui, Découverte de deux nouveaux gisements préhistoriques prés de Rabat (Maroc), Bulletin de la Société préhistorique Frančise 76 (1979) 11 12.
18. A.W. Fairall, A.W. Young, J.L. Erickson, University of Washington dates IV. Radiocarbon 18 (1976) 221 239.
19. J.K. Feathers, D.A. Bush, Luminescence dating of Middle Stone Age deposits at Die Kelders, Journal of Human Evolution 38 (2000) 91 119.
20. D.A.E. Garrod, L.H.D. Buxton, G.E. Smith, D.M.A. Bate, Excavation of a Mousterian rock-shelter at Devil's Tower Gibraltar. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 58 (1928) 33 113.
21. F.E. Grine, R.G. Klein, Late Pleistocene human remains from the Sea Harvest site, Saldanha Bay, South Africa, South African Journal of Science 89 (1993) 145 152.
22. F.E. Grine, R.G. Klein, T.P. Volman, Dating, archaeology, and human fossils from the Middle Stone Age levels of Die Kelders, South Africa, Journal of Human Evolution 21 (1991) 363 395.
23. T. Hart, D. Halkett, Excavations at Boegoeberg 1 and 2: unpublished field notes, 1996.
24. C.S. Henshilwood, F. d'Errico, C.W. Marean, R.G. Milo, R.J. Yates. An early bone tool industry from the Middle Stone Age of Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origins of modern human behaviour, symbolism and language. Journal of Human Evolution 41 (2001) 631 678.
25. C.S. Henshilwood, J.C. Sealy, R.J. Yates, K. Cruz-Uribe, P. Goldberg, F.E. Grine, R.G. Klein, C. Poggenpoel, K.L. Van Niekerk, I. Watts, Blombos Cave, southern Cape, South Africa: Preliminary report on the 1992 1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels, Journal of Archaeological Science 28 (2001) 421 448.
26. C.S. Henshilwood, F. d'Errico, R.J. Yates, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribola, G.A.T. Duller, N. Mercier, J.C. Sealy, H. Valladas, I. Watts, A.G. Wintle, Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa, Science 295 (2002) 1278 1280.
27. B. Howe, The Palaeolithic of Tangier, Morocco: excavations at Cape Ashakar, 1939 1947, Bulletin of the American School of Prehistoric Research 22 (1967) 1 200.
28. A. Jerardino, Changes in shellfish species composition and mean shell size from a late-Holocene record of the west coast of southern Africa, Journal of Archaeological Science 24 (1997) 1031 1044.
29. A. Jerardino, Excavations at Pancho's Kitchen Midden, Western Cape coast, South Africa: further observations into the mega-midden period, South African Archaeological Bulletin 53 (1998) 16 25.
30. R.G. Klein, Middle Stone Age man-animal relationships in southern Africa: evidence from Die Kelders and Klasies River Mouth, Science 190 (1975) 265 267.
31. R.G. Klein, Palaeoenvironmental implications of Quaternary large mammals in the Fynbos Biome, South African National Scientific Programmes Reports 75 (1983) 116 138.
32. R.G. Klein, Size variation in the Cape dune molerat (Bathyergus suillus) and late Quaternary climatic change in the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Research 36 (1991) 243 256.
33. R.G. Klein, Southern Africa and modern human origins, Journal of Anthropological Research 67 (2001) 1 16.
34. R.G. Klein, K. Cruz-Uribe, Stone age population numbers and average tortoise size at Byneskranskop Cave 1 and Die Kelders Cave 1, southern Cape Province, South Africa, South African Archaeological Bulletin 38 (1983) 26 30.
35. R.G. Klein, K. Cruz-Uribe, Middle and Later Stone Age large mammal and tortoise remains from Die Kelders Cave 1, Western Cape Province, South Africa, Journal of Human Evolution 38 (2000) 168 195.
36. R.G. Klein, G. Avery, K. Cruz-Uribe, D. Halkett, T. Hart, R.G. Milo, T.P. Volman, Duinefontein 2: an Acheulean site in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, Journal of Human Evolution 37 (1999) 153 190.
37. R.G. Klein, K. Cruz-Uribe, D. Halkett, T. Hart, J.E. Parkington, Paleoenvironmental and human behavioral implications of the Boegoeberg 1 late Pleistocene hyena den, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, Quaternary Research 52 (1999) 393-403.
38. C.B.M. McBurney, The Haua Fteah (Cyrenaica) and the Stone Age of the South-East Mediterranean, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1967.
39. J. Orton, Patterns in stone: the lithic assemblage from Dunefield Midden, Western Cape, South Africa, South African Archaeological Bulletin 57 (2002) 31-37.
40. J.E. Parkington, The effects of environmental change on the scheduling of visits to the Elands Bay Cave, Cape Province, S. A, in: I. Hodder, G.L. Isaac, N. Hammond (Eds.), Patterns of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981, pp. 341-359.
41. J.E. Parkington, The Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Western Cape, South Africa, observations from Verlorenvlei, in: J. Bower, D. Lubell (Eds.), Prehistoric Cultures and Environments in the Late Quaternary of Africa, British Archaeological Reports International Series 405, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, 1988, pp. 197-206.
42. J.E. Parkington, From sequence to history: excavations at Elands Bay Cave in context, in: J.E. Parkington, (Ed.), Elands Bay Cave: A View of the Past University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, in press.
43. J.E. Parkington, A. Jerardino, Shellfish gathering, in: J.E. Parkington, (Ed.), Elands Bay Cave: A View of the Past University of Cape Town Press, Cape Town, in press.
44. J.E. Parkington, P. Nilssen, C. Vermuelen, C. Henshilwood, Making sense of space at Dunefield Midden campsite, western Cape, South Africa, South African Journal of Field Archaeology 1 (1992) 63-70.
45. J.E. Parkington, C. Poggenpoel, B. Buchanan, T. Robey, T. Manhire, J. Sealy, Holocene coastal settlement patterns in the Western Cape, in: G. Bailey, J.E. Parkington (Eds.), The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, pp. 22-41.
46. T.S. Robey, Burrows and bedding: site taphonomy and spatial archaeology at Tortoise Cave, MA Thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 1984.
47. J. Roche, J.-P. Texier, Découverte des restes humains dans un niveau atérien supérieur de la grotte des Contrebandiers, a Témara (Maroc), Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Science, Paris Série D 282 (1976) 45-47.
48. F.-E. Roubet, Le niveau atérien dans le stratigraphie côtière à l'Ouest d'Alger, Palaeoecology of Africa 4 (1969) 124-129.
49. H.P. Schwarcz, W.J. Rink, ESR dating of the Die Kelders Cave 1 site, South Africa, Journal of Human Evolution 38 (2000) 121-128.
50. F.R. Schweitzer, Excavations at Die Kelders, Cape Province, South Africa: the Holocene deposits, Annals of the South African Museum 78 (1979) 101-233.
51. W.R. Siegfried, Mussel-dropping behavoir of kelp gulls, South African Journal of Science 73 (1977) 337-341.
52. R. Singer, J.J. Wymer, The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1982.
53. A.B. Smith, K. Sadr, J. Gribble, R. Yates, Excavations in the south-western Cape, South Africa, and the archaeological identity of prehistoric hunter gatherers within the last 2000 years, South African Archaeological Bulletin 46 (1991) 71-91.
54. J.D. Speth, E. Tchernov, Middle Paleolithic tortoise use at Kebara Cave (Israel), Journal of Archaeological Science 29 (2002) 471-483.
55. M.C. Stiner, Honor Among Thieves: A Zooarcheological Study of Neandertal Ecology, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1994.
56. M.C. Stiner, N.D. Munro, T.A. Surovell, E. Tchernov, O. Bar-Yosef, Paleolithic population growth pulses evidenced by small animal exploitation, Science 283 (1999) 190-194.
57. D.D. Stynder, J. Moggi-Cecchi, L.R. Berger, J.E. Parkington, Human mandibular incisors from the late Middle Pleistocene locality of Hoedjiespunt 1, South Africa, Journal of Human Evolution 41 (2001) 369-383.
58. A.I. Thackeray, Middle Stone Age artefacts from the 1993 and 1995 excavations of Die Kelders Cave 1, South Africa, Journal of Human Evolution 38 (2000) 147-168.
59. P.F. Velleman, Data Desk Version 6.0. Statistics Guide Vol. 3, Data Description, Inc., Ithaca, NY, 1997.
60. T.P. Volman, Early archaeological evidence for shellfish collecting, Science 201 (1978) 911-913.
61. J.D.A. Waechter, The excavation of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, 1951-54, Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology 4 (1964) 189-213.
62. S. Wurz, The Howiesons Poort backed artefacts from Klasies River: an argument for symbolic behavior. South African Archaeological Bulletin 54 (1999) 38-50.
63. R.J. Yates, A Phase 2 archaeological investigation of site 1 on Farm 1062 (previously 967). Paternoster, Western Cape, South African Museum, Cape Town, 1998.
64. W. Zucchini, P. Adamson, L. McNeill, A model of southern African rainfall, South African Journal of Science 88 (1992) 103-109.