Development assistance on the brink

Third World Quarterly

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 21-38

  Thérien, Jean Philippe ^a   Lloyd, Carolyn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AID POLICY; DEVELOPMENT AID; INTERNATIONAL AID; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 0038502632     PISSN: 01436597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01436590013206     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. The two scenarios are respectively discussed in R Riddell, Aid in the 21st Century, New York: United Nations Development Programme Office of Development Studies, 1996, p 14;
2. and Institut français des relations internationales (edited by T de Montbrial & P Jacquet), Rapport Annuel Mondial sur le Système Economique et les Stratégies 1998, Paris: Dunod, 1997, pp 221-244.
3. See J K Boyce & M Pastor Jr, 'Aid for peace: can international financial institutions help prevent conflict?', World Policy Journal, 15 (2), 1998, pp 42-49;
4. R Miller (ed), Aid as Peacemaker; Canadian Development Assistance and Third World Conflict, Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1992;
5. and P Pinstrup-Andersen, 'Changing approaches to development aid: the effect on international stability', Global Governance, 4 (4), 1998, pp 381-394.
6. S Y Ma, 'Third World studies, development studies and post-communist studies: definitions, distance and dynamism', Third World Quarterly, 19 (3), 1998, p 340.
7. R Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987, p 304.
8. Ma, 'Third World studies, development studies and post-communist studies', p 340.
9. S Zamora, 'Economic relations and development', in C C Joyner (ed), The United Nations and International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p 264.
10. See, for instance, T Hayter & C Watson, Aid: Rhetoric and Reality, London: Pluto Press, 1985.
11. R Cassen & associates, Does Aid Work? Report to an Intergovernmental Task Force, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, p 9.
12. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1997, New York: United Nations, 1997, p 24.
13. World Bank, Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Countries 1997, Washington: World Bank, 1997, p 3.
14. M Stern, Development Aid: What the Public Thinks, New York: United Nations Development Programme Office of Development Studies, 1998, p 4.
15. H Helmich, 'International development co-operation in transition: the challenge to increase public support and change public attitudes', unpublished manuscript, OECD Development Centre, March 1998, p 7.
16. For an example of how public support for development was analysed 30 years ago, see L B Pearson, Partners in Development. Report of the Commission on International Development, New York: Praeger, 1969, p 4.
17. M Power, quoted in I Smillie, 'At sea in a sieve: trends and issues in the relationship between Northern NGOs and Northern governments', paper presented at the Conference on Stakeholders for Development: Government-NGO Dialogue on the 21st Century Partnership Strategy, Paris, OECD, 13-14 January 1998, p 37.
18. For a detailed look at aid evaluations, see J Carlsson, G Köhlin & A Ekbom, The Political Economy of Evaluation: International Aid Agencies and the Effectiveness of Aid, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994.
19. J W Sewell, 'Foreword', in C Gwin & J M Nelson (eds), Perspectives on Aid and Development, Policy Essay No 22, Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, 1997, p vii.
20. A similar viewpoint was recently formulated by James Michel in his last report as chair of the DAC. See OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, Paris: OECD, 1999, p 1.
21. R H Green & M Faber (eds), 'The structural adjustment of structural adjustment: Sub-Saharan Africa 1980-93', IDS Bulletin, 25 (3), July 1994.
22. United Nations, Agenda for Development, New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1997, p 22.
23. J Clark, Democratising Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1991, pp 4-5.
24. Eurostep ICVA (edited by J Randel & T German), The Reality of Aid 1997/8: An Independent Review of Development Cooperation, London: Earthscan Publications, 1997, p 16.
25. OECD-DAC, Shaping the 21st Century: The Contribution of Development Co-operation, Paris: OECD, 1996.
26. G-7, Birmingham Summit: Final Communiqué, Sunday 17 May 1998.
27. A systematic analysis of the impact of Shaping the 21st Century on donor policies is presented in Eurostep ICVA (edited by J Randel and T German), The Reality of Aid 1998/9: An Independent Review of Poverty Reduction and Development Assistance, London: Earthscan Publications, 1998, pp 222-223.
28. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1997 Report, Paris: OECD, 1998, p 1.
29. See OECD-DAC, Shaping the 21st Century, pp 9-11.
30. Shaping the 21st Century, Ibid, p 1.
31. These indicators were refined in 1998 in consultation with the UN and the World Bank. For an update, see OECD, Measuring Development Progress. A Working Set of Core Indicators, Paris: OECD, 1998.
32. This viewpoint was formalised in OECD, Participatory Development and Good Governance, Development Co-operation Guideline Series, Paris: OECD, 1995.
33. OECD-DAC, Shaping the 21st Century, p 7.
34. This optimistic view still prevails; see for instance OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, p 17-18.
35. OECD, 'Financial flows to developing countries in 1998: rise in aid; sharp fall in private flows', News Release, 10 June 1999, Paris.
36. T Luke, 'The rise and fall of OPEC aid', in S W Hook (ed), Foreign Aid Toward the Millennium, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996, pp 125-137.
37. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, Statistical Annex, p A86.
38. Riddell, Aid in the 21st Century, p 14.
39. R Wood, 'Rethinking economic aid', in Hook, Foreign Aid Toward the Millennium, p 24.
40. OECD, Economic Outlook, no 64, Paris: OECD, 1998, Statistical Annex, Table 30, p 220.
41. M J Frankman, 'International taxation: the trajectory of an idea from Lorimer to Brandt', World Development, 24 (5), 1996, p 814.
42. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, Statistical Annex, p A2.
43. OECD, 'Aid and private flows fell in 1997', News Release, 18 June 1998, Paris.
44. OECD, Twenty-five Years of Development Co-operation. A Review, Paris: OECD, 1985, p 93;
45. and OECD, 'Financial flows to developing countries in 1998'.
46. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1997 Report, Statistical Annex, p A8;
47. and OECD, 'Financial flows to developing countries in 1998'.
48. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, Statistical Annex, p A14.
49. See R Culpeper, Titans or Behemoths? Vol 5, The Multilateral Development Banks, Boulder, CO-Ottawa: Lynne Rienner-North-South Institute, 1997, p 163;
50. and C Gwin, US Relations with the World Bank, 1945-92, Washington: Brookings Institution, 1994, p 85.
51. A Rix, 'Japan's emergence as a foreign-aid superpower', in Hook, Foreign Aid Toward the Millennium, p 75.
52. OECD, 'Financial flows to developing countries in 1998'.
53. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, p 118.
54. Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, Ibid, pp A59, A66.
55. A comparable argument is made in K Hirata, 'New challenges to Japan's aid: an analysis of aid policy-making', Pacific Affairs, 71 (3), 1998, p 313.
56. Rix, 'Japan's emergence', p 81.
57. M Curtis, 'Development co-operation in a changing world', in Eurostep ICVA, The Reality of Aid 1997/8, p 4.
58. I Smillie, 'Optical and other illusions: trends and issues in public thinking about development co-operation', paper presented at the Conference on Stakeholders for Development: Government-NGO Dialogue on the 21st Century Partnership Strategy, Paris, OECD, 13-14 January 1998, p 5.
59. International Research Associates (INRA), The Way Europeans Perceive Developing Countries in 1995, Euro-barometre 44.1, Report for the European Commission, Brussels: INRA European Coordination Office, March 1996.
60. Eurostep ICVA, The Reality of Aid 1997/8, p 266.
61. Cassen & associates, Does Aid Work?, p 1 (emphasis in original).
62. Riddell, Aid in the 21st Century, p vi.
63. C Gwin & J M Nelson, 'Development and aid: new evidence and new issues', in Gwin & Nelson, Perspectives on Aid and Development, p 11.
64. T M Tsikata, Aid Effectiveness: A Survey of the Recent Empirical Literature, Geneva: Policy Development and Review Department of the International Monetary Fund, March 1998, p 26.
65. L Demery & M Walton, 'Are poverty and social targets for the 21st century attainable?', paper presented at the Forum on Key Elements for Poverty Reduction Strategies jointly organised by the Development Assistance Committee and the Development Centre, Paris, OECD, 4-5 December 1997, p 1.
66. World Bank, Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn't, and Why, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
67. UNDP, Human Development Report 1997, New York: United Nations, 1997, p 113.
68. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, Statistical Annex, p A46.
69. B Deacon (with M Hulse & P Stubbs), Global Social Policy. International Organizations and the Future of Welfare, London: Sage, 1997, p 87.
70. A Cox & J Healey, 'Poverty reduction: a review of donor strategies and practices', paper presented at the Forum on Key Elements for Poverty Reduction Strategies jointly organised by the Development Assistance Committee and the Development Centre, Paris, OECD, 4-5 December 1997, p v.
71. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, Statistical Annex, p A66.
72. See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, The Least Developed Countries 1995 Report: Mid-Term Review of the Programme of Action, New York: United Nations, 1995, p 91.
73. G J Schmitz, 'The verdict on aid effectiveness: why the jury stays out', International Journal, 51 (2), 1996, p 290.
74. See also G Hancock, Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989.
75. See Cox & Healey, Poverty Reduction, p 13.
76. See F Jean, 'Le triomphe ambigu de l'aide humanitaire', Revue Tiers Monde, 38 (151), 1997, pp 641-657.
77. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), Advancing the Social Agenda: Two Years After Copenhagen, Geneva: UNRISD, 1997, p 19.
78. See for instance P Hoy, Players and Issues in International Aid, West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998, pp 102-104.
79. D Rieff, 'Charity on the rampage: the business of foreign aid', Foreign Affairs, 76 (1), 1997, p 134.
80. Smillie, 'At sea in a sieve', p 30.
81. Centre Tricontinental, Les ONG: Instruments du Néo-libéralisme ou Alternatives Populaires?, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998.
82. Demery & Walton, 'Are Poverty and Social Targets for the 21st Century attainable?' See footnote 53.
83. R D McKinlay, 'The aid relationship: a foreign policy model and interpretation of official bilateral economic aid of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, 1960-1970', Comparative Political Studies, 11 (4), 1979, p 452.
84. P Schraeder, S Hook & B Taylor, 'Clarifying the foreign aid puzzle: a comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish aid flows', World Politics 50 (2), 1998, p 319.
85. See, for instance, D H Lumsdaine, Moral Vision in International Politics: The Foreign Aid Regime 1949-1989, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993, pp 31-32.
86. S W Hook, National Interest and Foreign Aid, Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1995, p 16.
87. As of 1 January 1997 Israel was transferred from Part I to Part II of the DAC List of Aid Recipients. This transfer is a major factor explaining the decline of US official development assistance in recent years.
88. T German & J Randel, 'Trends in aid and development cooperation', in Eurostep ICVA, The Reality of Aid 1997/8, p 249.
89. OECD, Development Co-operation: 1998 Report, Statistical Annex, p A37.
90. German & Randel, 'Trends in aid and development cooperation', p 251.
91. The same tendency is underlined in O Stokke, 'Foreign aid: what now?', in O Stokke (ed), Foreign Aid Towards the Year 2000: Experiences and Challenges, London: Frank Cass, 1996, p 107.
92. UNDP, Human Development Report 1992, New York: United Nations, 1992, p 67.
93. World Trade Organization (WTO), The High-Level Meeting on Integrated Initiatives for Least-Developed Countries' Trade Development. Outcome and Follow-up. Report of the Director-General, Geneva: WTO, 28 April 1998.
94. This issue was on the agenda of a symposium co-sponsored by the government of Canada and the DAC in 1997. See OECD-Government of Canada, Military Expenditure in Developing Countries: Security and Development, Report of the Ottawa Symposium, March 1997, p 22.
95. The notion was developed in C Pratt (ed), Internationalism Under Strain: The North-South Policies of Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989;
96. and O Stokke (ed), Western Middle Power and Global Poverty. The Determinants of the Aid Policies of Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden, Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies and Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1989.
97. This is one of the main arguments made in M Maren, The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid and International Charity, New York: Free Press, 1997.
98. W Sachs, 'Introduction', in W Sachs (ed), The Development Dictionary. A Guide to Knowledge as Power, London: Zed Books, 1992, p 3.
99. D Simon & K Dodds, 'Introduction: rethinking geographies of North-South development', Third World Quarterly, 19 (4), 1998, p 597.
100. On the growing consensus regarding economic conditionality and structural adjustment, see G K Helleiner, 'From adjustment to development in Sub-Saharan Africa: consensus and continuing conflict', in G A Cornia & G K Helleiner (eds), From Adjustment to Development in Africa: Conflict, Controversy, Convergence, Consensus?, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1994, pp 11-14.
101. See J-P Thérien, 'Beyond the North-South divide: the two tales of world poverty', Third World Quarterly, 20 (4), 1999, pp 723-742;
102. and Norman Girvan, 'Counter-Globalization', South Letter, 33, 1999, pp 23-24.
103. UNRISD, States of Disarray: The Social Effects of Globalization, Geneva: UNRISD, 1995, p 169.
104. Stokke, 'Foreign aid: what now?', p 88.
105. For a systematic discussion of political conditionality, see O Stokke, 'Aid and political conditionality: core issues and state of the art', in O Stokke (ed), Aid and Political Conditionality, London: Frank Cass, 1995, pp 1-87.
106. R Clayton & J Pontusson, 'Welfare-state retrenchment revisited: entitlement cuts, public sector restructuring, and inegalitarian trends in advanced capitalist societies', World Politics, 51 (1), 1998, pp 67-98.
107. A Noël & J-P Thérien, 'From domestic to international justice: the welfare state and foreign aid', International Organization, 49 (3), 1995, pp 523-553.
108. H Helmich, 'International development co-operation in transition', Development, 40 (4), 1997, p 70.
109. Smillie, Optical and other illusions', p 23.