Journalists' hostility toward public relations: An historical analysis

Public Relations Review

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 99-124

  DeLorme, Denise E ^a   Fedler, Fred ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038473998     PISSN: 03638111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0363-8111(03)00019-5     Document Type: Article

References (215)

1. Ed Williams, You don't owe PR people anything, The American Editor (August 1999), p. 19.
2. Everette E. Dennis, Challenge: public relations manipulates the news, in: Everette E. Dennis, John C. Merrill (Eds.), Media Debates: Issues in Mass Communication, Longman Publishers, New York, 1991, p. 201.
3. Kopenhaver Lillian Lodge Local journalists teach PR students about news ethics Journalism Educator 393 1984-18
4. Bruce L. Berg, Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 2001, p. 211.
5. Lucarelli SusanThe newspaper industry's campaign against spacegrabbers, 1917-1921 Journalism Quarterly 704 1983 883-889
6. Stegall Sandra KrugerSanders Keith P.Coorientation of PR practitioners and news personnel in education news Journalism Quarterly 632 1986-341
7. Kopenhaver Lillian LodgeMartinson David L.Ryan MichaelHow public relations practitioners and editors in Florida view each other Journalism Quarterly 614 1984-884.
8. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, Patricia A. Curtin, Public relations and the production of news: a critical review and theoretical framework, in: Brant R. Burleson (Ed.), Communication Yearbook, Vol. 20, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1997, pp. 111-155.
9. Ibid, pp. 111-115.
10. Ibid, pp. 111-115.
11. Sallot Lynne M.Steinfatt Thomas M.Salwen Michael B.Journalists' and public relations practitioners' news values: perceptions and cross-perceptions Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 752 1998 73.
12. Turk Judy VanSlykePublic relations' influence on the news Newspaper Research Journal 74 1986 25-26.
13. Charron JeanRelations between journalists and public relations practitioners: cooperation, conflict, and negotiation Canadian Journal of Communications 142 1989 41-54
14. David H. Weaver, G. Cleveland Wilhoit, A Portrait of US News People and Their Work, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1991, p. 20.
15. Nayman OguzMcKee Blaine K.Lattimore Dan L.PR personnel and print journalists: a comparison of professionalism Journalism Quarterly 543 1977-497
16. Fedler FredBuhr TomTaylor DianeJournalists who leave the news media seem happier, find better jobs Newspaper Research Journal 92 1988 20-22
17. Louis Peck, Anger in the newsroom, Washington Journalism Review (December 1991), pp. 22-27.
18. Sheryl Oring, Pete Danko, Kissing the newsroom goodbye, American Journalism Review (June 1995), pp. 31-35, 43.
19. Rebecca Ross Albers, The best and brightest: burnt out? Presstime (October 1993), p. 24
20. Fawn Germer, Starting over, American Journalism Review (May 1996), pp. 16-24.
21. Pease Ted Newsroom 2000: not my kid! Journalists Leery of industry future Newspaper Research Journal 131/2 1992 38-39.
22. A call to leadership, conference and research report presented to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Reston, VA, 2000, p. 50.
23. Bruce L. Berg, op. cit., pp. 210-211.
24. Belk Russell W.Moving possessions: an analysis based on personal documents from the 1847 to 1869 Mormon migration Journal of Consumer Research 19 1992 339-361.
25. Ibid, pp. 339-361.
26. Bruce L. Berg, op. cit., p. 216.
27. Annotated bibliographies the authors consulted included William David Sloan, American Journalism History: An Annotated Bibliography, Greenwood Press, New York, 1989
28. Warren C. Price, Calder M. Pickett, An Annotated Journalism Bibliography 1958-1968, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, 1970
29. Roland E. Wolseley, Isabel Wolseley, The Journalist's Bookshelf: An Annotated and Selected Bibliography of United States Print Journalism, R.J. Berg & Company, Publishers, Indianapolis, IN, 1985. Books written by and about early journalists and PR practitioners use words that, today, are considered sexist: "newsman," "newspaperman," and "public relations man," for example. Other early titles also end in the words "boy" and "man." This paper never changes those words, nor other male nouns and pronouns, when they appear in direct quotations. Elsewhere, this paper uses non-sexist and more modern terms, especially "reporter," "journalist," "publicist," and "PR practitioner."
30. Bruce Berg, op. cit., p. 216.
31. The American Reporter, The Journalist (October 8, 1892), p. 11.
32. Charles T. Congdon, Reminiscences of a Journalist, James R. Osgood and Company, Boston, 1880, pp. 309-313.
33. Warner Charles Dudley The American newspaper Journal of Social Science 14 1881 61-62.
34. Charles T. Congdon, op. cit., pp. 218-219.
35. Charles Clayton, Little Mack: Joseph B. McCullagh of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, 1969
36. Allan Nevins, The Evening Post, Boni and Liveright Publishers, New York, 1932, p. 355.
37. Niver W. Beaman, Fat Man in a Phone Booth, Cloud Inc., Chicago, 1947, pp. 60-61.
38. Cornelius Vanderbilt, Personal Experiences of a Cub Reporter, Beekman Publishers Inc., New York, 1974, pp. 53-54.
39. Ibid, p. 165; Rollin Lynde Hartt, Choosing a life work: the profession of journalism, Lippincotts 96 (1915), p. 81.
40. Robert Hardy Andrews, A Corner of Chicago, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1963, pp. 114-117.
41. Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1947, pp. 434-435.
42. Earnest Elmo Calkins, Knats and camels: the newspaper's dilemma, The Atlantic Monthly (January 1927), p. 8.
43. Cooper Kent Corporation publicity: the press-agent and the associated press The Century Magazine 117 1928-178
44. Paul Lancaster, Gentleman of the Press: The Life and Times of an Early Reporter, Julian Ralph of the Sun, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 1992, pp. 232-233.
45. Candice Jacobson Fuhrman, Publicity Stunt! Great Staged Events That Made the News, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1989, p. 23.
46. Jalbert Shaw, The opportunity of the publicist in relation to efforts for social betterment, Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction 36 1909 318-332
47. L. Ames Brown, President Wilson and publicity, Harper's Weekly (November 1, 1913), pp. 19-21.
48. Louis D. Brandeis, What publicity can do, Harper's Weekly (December 20, 1913), pp. 10-13.
49. Alison Alexander, Jarice Hanson, Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Mass Media and Society, McGraw-Hill/Dushkin, Guilford, CT, 2001, p. 308.
50. Kent Cooper, op. cit., p. 180.
51. Earnest Elmo Calkins, op. cit., p. 8.
52. Kent Cooper, op. cit., p. 180.
53. Samuel G. Blythe, Pro bono publicity, The Saturday Evening Post (August 4, 1923), p. 20
54. Willard Cooper, Journalistic poison, The Independent 116 (March 20, 1926), p. 329
55. Oscar Lewis, News and the press agent, The Independent 118 (January 8, 1927), p. 45.
56. Edward L. Bernays, This business of propaganda, The Independent 121 (4083) (September 1, 1928), pp. 198-199.
57. Samuel G. Blythe, op. cit., pp. 20-21
58. Charles T. Heaslip, The gentle art of publicity, Colliers 45 (17) (May 7, 1910), p. 17
59. J.J. Dickinson, Theodore Roosevelt: press-agent, Harper's Weekly (September 28, 1907), p. 1410.
60. Oscar Lewis, op. cit., p. 46.
61. Stanley Walker, City Editor, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1999, pp. 137-138.
62. Fred Fedler, Actions of early journalists often unethical, even illegal, paper presented to the American Journalism Historians Association, London, Canada, October 1996, pp. 3-4.
63. Bernard Weisberger, Reporters for the Union, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1953, p. 42.
64. Henry W. Blake, Reporters: traditional, actual, ideal, The Writer (October 1887), p. 136.
65. Cornelius Vanderbilt, op. cit., pp. 59-60.
66. Webb Miller, I Found No Peace, Victor Gollancz Ltd., London, 1937, pp. 131-132.
67. Morton Sontheimer, Newspaperman: A Book About the Business, Whittlesey House, New York, 1941, p. 65.
68. Evelyn Wells, Fremont Older, D. Appleton-Century Company Inc., New York, 1936, pp. 112, 126.
69. Ralph Katz, Stag film back when-stops a midnight crowd, in: George Britt (Ed.), Shoeleather and Printers' Ink, Quadrangle, New York, 1974, p. 59.
70. A.F. Hill, Secrets of the Sanctum: An Inside View of an Editor's Life, Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, Philadelphia, 1875, pp. 140-141.
71. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit., pp. 94-95.
72. Fred W. Allsopp, Little Adventures in Newspaperdom, Arkansas Writer Publishing Co., Little Rock, AR, 1922, p. 34.
73. Oscar Lewis, op. cit., p. 45.
74. M.R. Werner, Barnum, Garden City Publishing Co., Inc., Garden City, NY, 1926, p. 55.
75. Frank Edwards, Strangest of All, The Citadel Press, New York, 1956, pp. 106-107.
76. P.T. Barnum, Struggles and Triumphs; Forty Years' Recollections, The Courier Company, Buffalo, NY, 1875.
77. Harold Cary, Deadbeating the editors, Collier's (November 15, 1924), p. 21.
78. Maurice Zolotow, The great bamboozler, Saturday Evening Post (December 10, 1949), p. 22
79. John D. Green, Crazy like a fox, American Magazine 130 (September 1940), p. 57.
80. Frederick C. Othman, The zaniest man I know, Advertising & Selling (June 1948), p. 37.
81. H. Allen Smith, The Compleat Practical Joker, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY, 1953.
82. J. Henderson, Negative connotations in the use of the term 'public relations' in the print media, Public Relations Review 24 (1) (Spring 1998), pp. 45-54.
83. Willard Cooper, op. cit., p. 329.
84. Alfred McClung Lee, op. cit., p. 432.
85. Kent Cooper, op. cit., p. 81.
86. Edward McKernon, New fakers, The Outlook 149 (May 28, 1928), pp. 130-131.
87. Willard Cooper, op. cit., p. 339; Stanley Walker, op. cit., p. 47.
88. Stanley Walker, op. cit., p. 47.
89. George H. Lyon, Mob with violin cases at wedding not a machine gun in the swarm, in: George Britt (Ed.), Shoeleather and Printers' Ink, Quadrangle, New York, 1974, pp. 228-229.
90. Stanley Walker, op. cit., p. 109
91. Agness Underwood, Newspaperwoman, Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, 1949, p. 267.
92. Theodore Prager, Donald D. McLennan, Police Reporter, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York, 1957, pp. 79-80.
93. Charles Clayton, op. cit., p. 108
94. Charles Diehl, The Staff Correspondent, The Clegg Company, San Antonio, TX, 1931, p. 45
95. Homer King, Pulitzer's Prize Editor, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1965, pp. 71-72, 132
96. Moses Koenigsberg, King News, Books for Libraries Press, Freeport, NY, 1941, p. 207.
97. James W. Markham, Bovard of the Post-Dispatch, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1954, pp. 66-67.
98. Cornelius Vanderbilt, op. cit., pp. 10-11.
99. D.G. Croly, What a newspaper should be, Putnam's Magazine (March 1868), p. 829.
100. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit., p. 155
101. J.W. Markham, op. cit., p. 67.
102. A.A. Dornfeld, Behind the Front Page, Academy Chicago, Chicago, 1983, p. ix
103. Clayton C. op. cit., pp. 91-95.
104. The clannishness of the profession, The Journalist (October 25, 1900), p. 8.
105. Stanley Walker, op. cit., pp. 140-141.
106. Louis B. Seltzer, The Years were Good, The World Publishing Company, Cleveland, 1956, p. 113.
107. Paul Lancaster, op. cit., p. 77.
108. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit. p. 322
109. Morehouse, Ward Just the Other Day, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1953, p. 68.
110. Cornelius Vanderbilt, op. cit., p. 10.
111. Robert St. John, This was My World, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY, 1953, p. 310.
112. Samuel G. Blythe, The Making of a Newspaper Man, Henry Altemus Company, Philadelphia, 1912, pp. 216-218.
113. Blythe, op. cit., pp. 216-218.
114. Allen Churchill, Park Row, Greenwood Press, Publishers, Westport, CT, 1958, pp. 54, 79.
115. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit., p. 322.
116. John Livingston Wright, Reporters and oversupply, Arena (November/December), p. 614.
117. Web Miller, op. cit., p. 21.
118. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit., p. 64.
119. William Salisbury called himself "a messenger of death." While working in Kansas City, Salisbury had to tell a woman that her husband had been killed in a train wreck, and he felt like a criminal. "This was not the kind of work I had dreamed of doing," Salisbury said; William Salisbury, The Career of a Journalist, B.W. Dodge & Company, New York, 1908, pp. 50-51.
120. A.A. Dornfeld, op. cit., p. 87.
121. Stanley Walker, op. cit., pp. 47-48.
122. Louis B. Seltzer, op. cit., pp. 166-167.
123. Homer King, op. cit., p. 243.
124. T. Campbell Copeland, The ladder of journalism: how to climb it, The Journalist (July 13, 1889), p. 13.
125. J.W. Keller, Journalism as a career, Forum (August 1893), pp. 693-694.
126. Paul Lancaster, op. cit., pp. 147-148
127. Allen Churchill, op. cit., p. 224.
128. Stanley, Walker Decline of the newspaper souse, American Mercury 46 (1937), p. 449
129. Churchill, Park Row, p. 54
130. James Drawbell, The Sun within Us, Collins, London, 1963, p. 163
131. Paul Lancaster, op. cit., p. 149.
132. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit., p. 318.
133. A.A. Dornfeld, op. cit., p. 199.
134. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit., p. 94.
135. Bill Doherty, Crime Reporter, Exposition Press, New York, 1964, p. 15.
136. Blythe, op. cit., pp. 42-43
137. Leon Nelson Flint, The Conscience of the Newspaper, D. Appleton-Century Company, New York, 1925, pp. 40-41.
138. Louis Kirby, Fourscore Breathless Years, Meador Publishing Co., Boston, 1951, pp. 57-58.
139. Paul Lancaster, op. cit., p. 136.
140. A.A. Dornfeld, op. cit., p. 139
141. Bill Doherty, op. cit., p. 64.
142. Edward Doherty, Gall and Honey, Sheed & Ward, New York, 1941, p. 46
143. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit., p. 292.
144. George Murray, The Madhouse on Madison Street, Follett Publishing Company, Chicago, 1965, pp. 35, 162.
145. Julian Ralph, What becomes of reporters? The Journalist (February 23, 1889), p. 11.
146. J.W. Keller, op. cit., p. 693.
147. Cornelius Vanderbilt, op. cit., p. 1.
148. Louis Kirby, op. cit., pp. 121, 312.
149. Victor Holmes, Salt of the Earth, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1941, p. 20.
150. Robert St. John, op. cit., pp. 310-311.
151. Thurlow Weed Barnes, What inducements has journalism to offer to young men leaving college, The Harvard Monthly 6 4 June 1888 131
152. DeWeese Truman W. Journalism: its rewards and opportunities, The Forum 26 December 1898 441
153. New York reporters, The Journalist (September 14, 1889), p. 10.
154. Harger said journalists entered politics because candidates' success depended on their fame, and many journalists became well known. "One western state, for instance, has newspaper men for one third of its state officers and 40% of its delegation in Congress," Harger said, "This is not exceptional"; Charles Moreau Harger, "Journalism as a career," Atlantic Monthly 107, p. 222
155. Louis Kirby, op. cit., pp. 52, 122
156. Moses Koenigsberg, op. cit., p. 321
157. Ralph, op. cit., p. 11
158. Keller, op. cit., pp. 693-694.
159. William Salisbury, op. cit., p. 519.
160. Wilcox JuliusJournalism as a profession Galaxy 4 November 1867 799
161. Blythe, op. cit., pp. 194-195.
162. Edwin Francis Edgett, I Speak for Myself: An Editor in His World, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1940, pp. 159-160.
163. Charles W. Morton, It has Its Charms..., J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, 1966, p. 200
164. H. Allen Smith, To Hell in a Handbasket, Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY, 1962, p. 219.
165. Edwin Francis Edgett, op. cit., pp. 159-160.
166. Ward Morehouse, op. cit., pp. 91, 123.
167. Morton Sontheimer, op. cit., pp. 291-292.
168. Rollin Lynde Hartt, op. cit., p. 78.
169. Boyd ErnestPortrait of a press agent The Bookman 59 July 1924 559-565.
170. New York reporters, op. cit., p. 10.
171. Paul Lancaster, op. cit., pp. 159-160.
172. Stanley Walker, op. cit., p. 140.
173. Niver W. Beaman, op. cit., p. 65.
174. Robert St. John, op. cit., p. 309.
175. Stanley Walker, op. cit., p. 142.
176. Stanley Walker, op. cit., p. 140.
177. Victor Holmes, op. cit., pp. 16-17.
178. Sharyn Wizda, Deconstructing the newsroom, American Journalism Review (September 2000), p. 40.
179. Kent Cooper, op. cit., p. 181.
180. Theodore Prager, Donald D. McLennan, op. cit., p. 120.
181. Cornelius Vanderbilt, op. cit., p. 142.
182. Silas Bent, Ballyhood: The Voice of the Press, Boni and Liveright, New York, 1927, p. 123.
183. Stanley Walker, op. cit., p. 147
184. Bent, op. cit., p. 123.
185. Bixler Paul H.The reporter's last stand The North American Review 229 January 1930 113-116.
186. McKernon, op. cit., p. 131.
187. John Fetler, The Pikes Peak People: The Story of America's Most Popular Mountain, The Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, ID, 1966, p. 268.
188. Curtis D. MacDougall, Hoaxes, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1940, p. 251
189. Ward Morehouse, op. cit., pp. 105-106.
190. Ward Morehouse, op. cit., p. 106.
191. Robert St. John, op. cit., pp. 219-221
192. Ward Morehouse, op. cit., p. 106.
193. Candice Jacobson Fuhrman, op. cit., p. 146.
194. Drag Park Lake for body of supposed suicide, The World (July 19, 1920), p. 1.
195. Calls suicide fake 'forgery in third', The World (July 29), p. 24.
196. Searchlights aid in search for girl's body, The Evening Telegram (July 21, 1920), p. 20
197. Drag lake to find body of missing girl, The Evening Telegram (July 19, 1920), p. 1
198. Japanese beauty believed suicide, New York American (July 20, 1920), p. 4.
199. Miss Onda drowned? No, she's flickering, The World (July 29, 1920), p. 13
200. Swann elated over shaming movie men, New York Herald (July 31, 1920), p. 7
201. Drag lake in vain for body of Miss Yuki Onda, The World (July 20, 1920), p. 4
202. District attorney active over fake publicity plant, Variety (July 30, 1920), p. 38.
203. Reichenbach's denial, Variety (August 6, 1920), p. 31
204. Drowns in Central Park: large lake dragged for body of woman suicide, New York Tribune (July 19, 1920), p. 7
205. Swann investigates fake suicide publicity scheme, New York Tribune (July 28, 1920), p. 4
206. Swann summons more witnesses in Park suicide probe, New York Tribune (July 29, 1920), p. 17
207. Japanese woman's body sought in lake, New York Herald (July 19, 1920), p. 2.
208. Pigeon brings call for help 2,000 miles, The World (October 18, 1921), p. 1.
209. Breathless pigeon brings a help call, The New York Times (August 18, 1921), p. 17
210. Pigeon bears 'lost' message to Gotham from Yellowstone, The Chicago Tribune (August 18, 1921), p. 1.
211. Dr. Heller Safe in the hoodoos and pigeon's reputation is gone, The World (October 19, 1921)
212. Heller message is fake, say experts, The San Francisco Chronicle (August 19, 1921), p. 1
213. May prosecute joker for pigeon note hoax, The New York Times (August 26, 1921), p. 13
214. Squab loses credit for the world's record flight of 2,000 miles, The World (August 18, 1921), p. 1
215. Leon Nelson Flint, op. cit., pp. 40-41.