Journalists' and public relations practitioners' news values: Perceptions and cross-perceptions

Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly

Volumn 75, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 366-377

  Sallot, Lynne M ^a   Steinfatt, Thomas M ^b   Salwen, Michael B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0005488824     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769909807500211     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Craig Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists," Public Relations Review 1 (fall 1975): 45-56; Jean Charron, "Relations Between Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Cooperation, Conflict and Negotiation," The Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (May 1989): 41-54; Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985); Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson, and Michael Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 860-65, 884; Richard R. Nicolai and Sam G. Riley, "The Gatekeeping Function from the Point of View of the PR Man," Journalism Quarterly 49 (summer 1972): 371-73; Paul Poorman, "Public Relations: The Newsman's View," Public Relations Journal 30 (March 1974): 14, 16, 40; Judy VanSlyke Turk, Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Relations Influence on the News, Journalism Monographs, no. 100 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, December 1986), 2.
2. Craig Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists," Public Relations Review 1 (fall 1975): 45-56; Jean Charron, "Relations Between Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Cooperation, Conflict and Negotiation," The Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (May 1989): 41-54; Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985); Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson, and Michael Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 860-65, 884; Richard R. Nicolai and Sam G. Riley, "The Gatekeeping Function from the Point of View of the PR Man," Journalism Quarterly 49 (summer 1972): 371-73; Paul Poorman, "Public Relations: The Newsman's View," Public Relations Journal 30 (March 1974): 14, 16, 40; Judy VanSlyke Turk, Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Relations Influence on the News, Journalism Monographs, no. 100 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, December 1986), 2.
3. Craig Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists," Public Relations Review 1 (fall 1975): 45-56; Jean Charron, "Relations Between Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Cooperation, Conflict and Negotiation," The Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (May 1989): 41-54; Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985); Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson, and Michael Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 860-65, 884; Richard R. Nicolai and Sam G. Riley, "The Gatekeeping Function from the Point of View of the PR Man," Journalism Quarterly 49 (summer 1972): 371-73; Paul Poorman, "Public Relations: The Newsman's View," Public Relations Journal 30 (March 1974): 14, 16, 40; Judy VanSlyke Turk, Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Relations Influence on the News, Journalism Monographs, no. 100 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, December 1986), 2.
4. Craig Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists," Public Relations Review 1 (fall 1975): 45-56; Jean Charron, "Relations Between Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Cooperation, Conflict and Negotiation," The Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (May 1989): 41-54; Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985); Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson, and Michael Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 860-65, 884; Richard R. Nicolai and Sam G. Riley, "The Gatekeeping Function from the Point of View of the PR Man," Journalism Quarterly 49 (summer 1972): 371-73; Paul Poorman, "Public Relations: The Newsman's View," Public Relations Journal 30 (March 1974): 14, 16, 40; Judy VanSlyke Turk, Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Relations Influence on the News, Journalism Monographs, no. 100 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, December 1986), 2.
5. Craig Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists," Public Relations Review 1 (fall 1975): 45-56; Jean Charron, "Relations Between Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Cooperation, Conflict and Negotiation," The Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (May 1989): 41-54; Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985); Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson, and Michael Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 860-65, 884; Richard R. Nicolai and Sam G. Riley, "The Gatekeeping Function from the Point of View of the PR Man," Journalism Quarterly 49 (summer 1972): 371-73; Paul Poorman, "Public Relations: The Newsman's View," Public Relations Journal 30 (March 1974): 14, 16, 40; Judy VanSlyke Turk, Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Relations Influence on the News, Journalism Monographs, no. 100 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, December 1986), 2.
6. Craig Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists," Public Relations Review 1 (fall 1975): 45-56; Jean Charron, "Relations Between Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Cooperation, Conflict and Negotiation," The Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (May 1989): 41-54; Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985); Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson, and Michael Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 860-65, 884; Richard R. Nicolai and Sam G. Riley, "The Gatekeeping Function from the Point of View of the PR Man," Journalism Quarterly 49 (summer 1972): 371-73; Paul Poorman, "Public Relations: The Newsman's View," Public Relations Journal 30 (March 1974): 14, 16, 40; Judy VanSlyke Turk, Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Relations Influence on the News, Journalism Monographs, no. 100 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, December 1986), 2.
7. Craig Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists," Public Relations Review 1 (fall 1975): 45-56; Jean Charron, "Relations Between Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Cooperation, Conflict and Negotiation," The Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (May 1989): 41-54; Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985); Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson, and Michael Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 860-65, 884; Richard R. Nicolai and Sam G. Riley, "The Gatekeeping Function from the Point of View of the PR Man," Journalism Quarterly 49 (summer 1972): 371-73; Paul Poorman, "Public Relations: The Newsman's View," Public Relations Journal 30 (March 1974): 14, 16, 40; Judy VanSlyke Turk, Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Relations Influence on the News, Journalism Monographs, no. 100 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, December 1986), 2.
8. Craig Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists," Public Relations Review 1 (fall 1975): 45-56; Jean Charron, "Relations Between Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners: Cooperation, Conflict and Negotiation," The Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (May 1989): 41-54; Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. Center, and Glen M. Broom, Effective Public Relations, 6th ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985); Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, David L. Martinson, and Michael Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other," Journalism Quarterly 61 (winter 1984): 860-65, 884; Richard R. Nicolai and Sam G. Riley, "The Gatekeeping Function from the Point of View of the PR Man," Journalism Quarterly 49 (summer 1972): 371-73; Paul Poorman, "Public Relations: The Newsman's View," Public Relations Journal 30 (March 1974): 14, 16, 40; Judy VanSlyke Turk, Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Relations Influence on the News, Journalism Monographs, no. 100 (Columbia, SC: AEJMC, December 1986), 2.
9. Lee W. Baker, "Public Relations and Ethical Conduct," Vital Speeches of the Day 59 (15 April 1995): 398-400; Barbara Ehrenreich, "Media Matters," The Nation, 4 December 1995, 698; Lee Feldman, "The Public Relations Man as City Editors See Him," Quill, October 1961, 16-17; Lee Feldman, "City Editor's Image of PR Man 'Blurred'," Editor & Publisher, July 1961, 36-37; David Lieberman, "Fake News," TV Guide, 22 February 1992, 1-16, 26; Alicia Mundy, "Is the Press Any Match for Powerhouse P.R.?" Columbia Journalism Review 31 (September/October 1992): 27-34; M. Shapiro, "Samurai Spin Control," Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1991, 138-41; Susan B. Trento, "Lord of Lies," Washington Monthly, September 1992, 12-21.
10. Lee W. Baker, "Public Relations and Ethical Conduct," Vital Speeches of the Day 59 (15 April 1995): 398-400; Barbara Ehrenreich, "Media Matters," The Nation, 4 December 1995, 698; Lee Feldman, "The Public Relations Man as City Editors See Him," Quill, October 1961, 16-17; Lee Feldman, "City Editor's Image of PR Man 'Blurred'," Editor & Publisher, July 1961, 36-37; David Lieberman, "Fake News," TV Guide, 22 February 1992, 1-16, 26; Alicia Mundy, "Is the Press Any Match for Powerhouse P.R.?" Columbia Journalism Review 31 (September/October 1992): 27-34; M. Shapiro, "Samurai Spin Control," Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1991, 138-41; Susan B. Trento, "Lord of Lies," Washington Monthly, September 1992, 12-21.
11. Lee W. Baker, "Public Relations and Ethical Conduct," Vital Speeches of the Day 59 (15 April 1995): 398-400; Barbara Ehrenreich, "Media Matters," The Nation, 4 December 1995, 698; Lee Feldman, "The Public Relations Man as City Editors See Him," Quill, October 1961, 16-17; Lee Feldman, "City Editor's Image of PR Man 'Blurred'," Editor & Publisher, July 1961, 36-37; David Lieberman, "Fake News," TV Guide, 22 February 1992, 1-16, 26; Alicia Mundy, "Is the Press Any Match for Powerhouse P.R.?" Columbia Journalism Review 31 (September/October 1992): 27-34; M. Shapiro, "Samurai Spin Control," Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1991, 138-41; Susan B. Trento, "Lord of Lies," Washington Monthly, September 1992, 12-21.
12. Lee W. Baker, "Public Relations and Ethical Conduct," Vital Speeches of the Day 59 (15 April 1995): 398-400; Barbara Ehrenreich, "Media Matters," The Nation, 4 December 1995, 698; Lee Feldman, "The Public Relations Man as City Editors See Him," Quill, October 1961, 16-17; Lee Feldman, "City Editor's Image of PR Man 'Blurred'," Editor & Publisher, July 1961, 36-37; David Lieberman, "Fake News," TV Guide, 22 February 1992, 1-16, 26; Alicia Mundy, "Is the Press Any Match for Powerhouse P.R.?" Columbia Journalism Review 31 (September/October 1992): 27-34; M. Shapiro, "Samurai Spin Control," Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1991, 138-41; Susan B. Trento, "Lord of Lies," Washington Monthly, September 1992, 12-21.
13. Lee W. Baker, "Public Relations and Ethical Conduct," Vital Speeches of the Day 59 (15 April 1995): 398-400; Barbara Ehrenreich, "Media Matters," The Nation, 4 December 1995, 698; Lee Feldman, "The Public Relations Man as City Editors See Him," Quill, October 1961, 16-17; Lee Feldman, "City Editor's Image of PR Man 'Blurred'," Editor & Publisher, July 1961, 36-37; David Lieberman, "Fake News," TV Guide, 22 February 1992, 1-16, 26; Alicia Mundy, "Is the Press Any Match for Powerhouse P.R.?" Columbia Journalism Review 31 (September/October 1992): 27-34; M. Shapiro, "Samurai Spin Control," Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1991, 138-41; Susan B. Trento, "Lord of Lies," Washington Monthly, September 1992, 12-21.
14. Lee W. Baker, "Public Relations and Ethical Conduct," Vital Speeches of the Day 59 (15 April 1995): 398-400; Barbara Ehrenreich, "Media Matters," The Nation, 4 December 1995, 698; Lee Feldman, "The Public Relations Man as City Editors See Him," Quill, October 1961, 16-17; Lee Feldman, "City Editor's Image of PR Man 'Blurred'," Editor & Publisher, July 1961, 36-37; David Lieberman, "Fake News," TV Guide, 22 February 1992, 1-16, 26; Alicia Mundy, "Is the Press Any Match for Powerhouse P.R.?" Columbia Journalism Review 31 (September/October 1992): 27-34; M. Shapiro, "Samurai Spin Control," Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1991, 138-41; Susan B. Trento, "Lord of Lies," Washington Monthly, September 1992, 12-21.
15. Lee W. Baker, "Public Relations and Ethical Conduct," Vital Speeches of the Day 59 (15 April 1995): 398-400; Barbara Ehrenreich, "Media Matters," The Nation, 4 December 1995, 698; Lee Feldman, "The Public Relations Man as City Editors See Him," Quill, October 1961, 16-17; Lee Feldman, "City Editor's Image of PR Man 'Blurred'," Editor & Publisher, July 1961, 36-37; David Lieberman, "Fake News," TV Guide, 22 February 1992, 1-16, 26; Alicia Mundy, "Is the Press Any Match for Powerhouse P.R.?" Columbia Journalism Review 31 (September/October 1992): 27-34; M. Shapiro, "Samurai Spin Control," Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1991, 138-41; Susan B. Trento, "Lord of Lies," Washington Monthly, September 1992, 12-21.
16. Lee W. Baker, "Public Relations and Ethical Conduct," Vital Speeches of the Day 59 (15 April 1995): 398-400; Barbara Ehrenreich, "Media Matters," The Nation, 4 December 1995, 698; Lee Feldman, "The Public Relations Man as City Editors See Him," Quill, October 1961, 16-17; Lee Feldman, "City Editor's Image of PR Man 'Blurred'," Editor & Publisher, July 1961, 36-37; David Lieberman, "Fake News," TV Guide, 22 February 1992, 1-16, 26; Alicia Mundy, "Is the Press Any Match for Powerhouse P.R.?" Columbia Journalism Review 31 (September/October 1992): 27-34; M. Shapiro, "Samurai Spin Control," Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1991, 138-41; Susan B. Trento, "Lord of Lies," Washington Monthly, September 1992, 12-21.
17. David H. Harris, "Publicity Releases: Why They End Up in the Wastebasket," Industrial Marketing 46 (June 1961): 98-100; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Linda Morton, "Producing Publishable Press Releases: A Research Perspective," Public Relations Quarterly 37 (winter 1992-93): 9-11; Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1974).
18. David H. Harris, "Publicity Releases: Why They End Up in the Wastebasket," Industrial Marketing 46 (June 1961): 98-100; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Linda Morton, "Producing Publishable Press Releases: A Research Perspective," Public Relations Quarterly 37 (winter 1992-93): 9-11; Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1974).
19. David H. Harris, "Publicity Releases: Why They End Up in the Wastebasket," Industrial Marketing 46 (June 1961): 98-100; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Linda Morton, "Producing Publishable Press Releases: A Research Perspective," Public Relations Quarterly 37 (winter 1992-93): 9-11; Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1974).
20. David H. Harris, "Publicity Releases: Why They End Up in the Wastebasket," Industrial Marketing 46 (June 1961): 98-100; Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306; Linda Morton, "Producing Publishable Press Releases: A Research Perspective," Public Relations Quarterly 37 (winter 1992-93): 9-11; Leon V. Sigal, Reporters and Officials (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1974).
21. Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations"; Larissa A. Grunig, "Variations in Relations with Environmental Publics" Public Relations Review 13 (fall 1987): 46-58; Peter M. Sandman, David M. Rubin, and David B. Sachsman, Media: An introductory Analysis of American Mass Communications, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1976), 266.
22. Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations"; Larissa A. Grunig, "Variations in Relations with Environmental Publics" Public Relations Review 13 (fall 1987): 46-58; Peter M. Sandman, David M. Rubin, and David B. Sachsman, Media: An introductory Analysis of American Mass Communications, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1976), 266.
23. Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations"; Larissa A. Grunig, "Variations in Relations with Environmental Publics" Public Relations Review 13 (fall 1987): 46-58; Peter M. Sandman, David M. Rubin, and David B. Sachsman, Media: An introductory Analysis of American Mass Communications, 2d ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1976), 266.
24. Scott M. Cutlip, "Third of Newspapers' Content PR-Inspired," Editor & Publisher, 26 May 1962, 68.
25. Cutlip, Center, and Broom, Effective Public Relations. Also see Scott M. Cutlip, "Public Relations: The Manufacture of Public Opinion," Gannett Center Journal 2 (spring 1989): 105-15; Cutlip, "Third of Newspapers."
26. Cutlip, Center, and Broom, Effective Public Relations. Also see Scott M. Cutlip, "Public Relations: The Manufacture of Public Opinion," Gannett Center Journal 2 (spring 1989): 105-15; Cutlip, "Third of Newspapers."
27. Cutlip, Center, and Broom, Effective Public Relations. Also see Scott M. Cutlip, "Public Relations: The Manufacture of Public Opinion," Gannett Center Journal 2 (spring 1989): 105-15; Cutlip, "Third of Newspapers."
28. Judy VanSlyke Turk, "Public Relations Influence on the News," Newspaper Research Journal 7 (summer 1986): 15-27.
29. William P. Martin and Michael Singletary, "Newspaper Treatment of State Government Releases," Journalism Quarterly 58 (spring 1981): 93-96.
30. William L. Rivers, Wilbur Schramm, and Clifford G. Christians, Responsibility in Mass Communication, 3d ed. (NY: Harper & Row, 1980), 128, quoting Ben Bagdikian, "Journalist Meets Propagandist," Columbia Journalism Review 3 (fall 1963): 29.
31. William L. Rivers, Wilbur Schramm, and Clifford G. Christians, Responsibility in Mass Communication, 3d ed. (NY: Harper & Row, 1980), 128, quoting Ben Bagdikian, "Journalist Meets Propagandist," Columbia Journalism Review 3 (fall 1963): 29.
32. William Schabacker, Public Relations and the News Media: A Study of the Selection and Utilization of Representative Milwaukee News Media of Materials Emanating from Public Relations Sources (master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1963).
33. Karen Sandquist, Public Relations and the News Media: A Comparative Study of the Utilization of Public Relations Material by Representative Milwaukee News Media (master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1976).
34. Oscar H. Gandy Jr., Beyond Agenda-Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Co., 1982).
35. Feldman, "The Public Relations Man," 16-17. For a more complete review of the research literature of relationships between journalists and public relations practitioners, see Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Patricia A. Curtin, "Public Relations and the Production of News: A Critical Review and Theoretical Framework," in Communication Yearbook 20, ed. Brant R. Burleson (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997), 111-55.
36. Feldman, "The Public Relations Man," 16-17. For a more complete review of the research literature of relationships between journalists and public relations practitioners, see Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Patricia A. Curtin, "Public Relations and the Production of News: A Critical Review and Theoretical Framework," in Communication Yearbook 20, ed. Brant R. Burleson (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997), 111-55.
37. Walter Lippmann, "On the Profession of Journalism," Editor & Publisher, 29 May 1965, 58, 64.
38. Bruce Garrison and Michael B. Salwen, "Sports Journalists Assess Their Place in the Profession," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (spring 1994): 37-49; Dan Lattimore and Oguz B. Nayman, "Professionalism of Colorado's Daily Newsmen: A Communicator Analysis," Gazette 23 (1974): 1-10 ; Swen Windahl and Karl Erik Rosengren, "Newsmen's Professionalization: Some Methodological Problems," Journalism Quarterly 67 (fall 1978): 466-73; John Soloski, "News Reporting and Professionalism: Some Constraints on the Reporting of News," Media, Culture and Society 11 (April 1989): 207-228; J.P. Henningham, "Comparisons Between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 302-309.
39. Bruce Garrison and Michael B. Salwen, "Sports Journalists Assess Their Place in the Profession," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (spring 1994): 37-49; Dan Lattimore and Oguz B. Nayman, "Professionalism of Colorado's Daily Newsmen: A Communicator Analysis," Gazette 23 (1974): 1-10 ; Swen Windahl and Karl Erik Rosengren, "Newsmen's Professionalization: Some Methodological Problems," Journalism Quarterly 67 (fall 1978): 466-73; John Soloski, "News Reporting and Professionalism: Some Constraints on the Reporting of News," Media, Culture and Society 11 (April 1989): 207-228; J.P. Henningham, "Comparisons Between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 302-309.
40. Bruce Garrison and Michael B. Salwen, "Sports Journalists Assess Their Place in the Profession," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (spring 1994): 37-49; Dan Lattimore and Oguz B. Nayman, "Professionalism of Colorado's Daily Newsmen: A Communicator Analysis," Gazette 23 (1974): 1-10 ; Swen Windahl and Karl Erik Rosengren, "Newsmen's Professionalization: Some Methodological Problems," Journalism Quarterly 67 (fall 1978): 466-73; John Soloski, "News Reporting and Professionalism: Some Constraints on the Reporting of News," Media, Culture and Society 11 (April 1989): 207-228; J.P. Henningham, "Comparisons Between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 302-309.
41. Bruce Garrison and Michael B. Salwen, "Sports Journalists Assess Their Place in the Profession," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (spring 1994): 37-49; Dan Lattimore and Oguz B. Nayman, "Professionalism of Colorado's Daily Newsmen: A Communicator Analysis," Gazette 23 (1974): 1-10 ; Swen Windahl and Karl Erik Rosengren, "Newsmen's Professionalization: Some Methodological Problems," Journalism Quarterly 67 (fall 1978): 466-73; John Soloski, "News Reporting and Professionalism: Some Constraints on the Reporting of News," Media, Culture and Society 11 (April 1989): 207-228; J.P. Henningham, "Comparisons Between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 302-309.
42. Bruce Garrison and Michael B. Salwen, "Sports Journalists Assess Their Place in the Profession," Newspaper Research Journal 15 (spring 1994): 37-49; Dan Lattimore and Oguz B. Nayman, "Professionalism of Colorado's Daily Newsmen: A Communicator Analysis," Gazette 23 (1974): 1-10 ; Swen Windahl and Karl Erik Rosengren, "Newsmen's Professionalization: Some Methodological Problems," Journalism Quarterly 67 (fall 1978): 466-73; John Soloski, "News Reporting and Professionalism: Some Constraints on the Reporting of News," Media, Culture and Society 11 (April 1989): 207-228; J.P. Henningham, "Comparisons Between Three Versions of the Professional Orientation Index," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 302-309.
43. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 22 (spring 1996):43-61; Brad Hainsworth, "Commentary: Professionalism in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 19 (winter 1993): 311-13; Patrick Jackson, "Demonstrating Professionalism," Public Relations Journal 44 (October 1988): 27-31; Richard Alan Nelson, "The Professional Dilemma," PR Update 4 (November 1994): 1; Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Professional Standards: Underestimating Professionalism of Our Peers in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 24 (spring 1998): 1-19; Donald Wright, "Professionalism and the Public Relations Counselor: An Empirical Analysis," Public Relations Quarterly 23 (winter 1978): 26-29; Donald Wright, "Accreditation's Effects on Professionalism," Public Relations Review 7 (spring 1981):48-61; Frank Winston Wylie, "Commentary: Public Relations is Not Yet a Profession," Public Relations Review 20 (spring 1994): 1-3.
44. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 22 (spring 1996):43-61; Brad Hainsworth, "Commentary: Professionalism in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 19 (winter 1993): 311-13; Patrick Jackson, "Demonstrating Professionalism," Public Relations Journal 44 (October 1988): 27-31; Richard Alan Nelson, "The Professional Dilemma," PR Update 4 (November 1994): 1; Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Professional Standards: Underestimating Professionalism of Our Peers in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 24 (spring 1998): 1-19; Donald Wright, "Professionalism and the Public Relations Counselor: An Empirical Analysis," Public Relations Quarterly 23 (winter 1978): 26-29; Donald Wright, "Accreditation's Effects on Professionalism," Public Relations Review 7 (spring 1981):48-61; Frank Winston Wylie, "Commentary: Public Relations is Not Yet a Profession," Public Relations Review 20 (spring 1994): 1-3.
45. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 22 (spring 1996):43-61; Brad Hainsworth, "Commentary: Professionalism in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 19 (winter 1993): 311-13; Patrick Jackson, "Demonstrating Professionalism," Public Relations Journal 44 (October 1988): 27-31; Richard Alan Nelson, "The Professional Dilemma," PR Update 4 (November 1994): 1; Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Professional Standards: Underestimating Professionalism of Our Peers in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 24 (spring 1998): 1-19; Donald Wright, "Professionalism and the Public Relations Counselor: An Empirical Analysis," Public Relations Quarterly 23 (winter 1978): 26-29; Donald Wright, "Accreditation's Effects on Professionalism," Public Relations Review 7 (spring 1981):48-61; Frank Winston Wylie, "Commentary: Public Relations is Not Yet a Profession," Public Relations Review 20 (spring 1994): 1-3.
46. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 22 (spring 1996):43-61; Brad Hainsworth, "Commentary: Professionalism in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 19 (winter 1993): 311-13; Patrick Jackson, "Demonstrating Professionalism," Public Relations Journal 44 (October 1988): 27-31; Richard Alan Nelson, "The Professional Dilemma," PR Update 4 (November 1994): 1; Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Professional Standards: Underestimating Professionalism of Our Peers in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 24 (spring 1998): 1-19; Donald Wright, "Professionalism and the Public Relations Counselor: An Empirical Analysis," Public Relations Quarterly 23 (winter 1978): 26-29; Donald Wright, "Accreditation's Effects on Professionalism," Public Relations Review 7 (spring 1981):48-61; Frank Winston Wylie, "Commentary: Public Relations is Not Yet a Profession," Public Relations Review 20 (spring 1994): 1-3.
47. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 22 (spring 1996):43-61; Brad Hainsworth, "Commentary: Professionalism in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 19 (winter 1993): 311-13; Patrick Jackson, "Demonstrating Professionalism," Public Relations Journal 44 (October 1988): 27-31; Richard Alan Nelson, "The Professional Dilemma," PR Update 4 (November 1994): 1; Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Professional Standards: Underestimating Professionalism of Our Peers in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 24 (spring 1998): 1-19; Donald Wright, "Professionalism and the Public Relations Counselor: An Empirical Analysis," Public Relations Quarterly 23 (winter 1978): 26-29; Donald Wright, "Accreditation's Effects on Professionalism," Public Relations Review 7 (spring 1981):48-61; Frank Winston Wylie, "Commentary: Public Relations is Not Yet a Profession," Public Relations Review 20 (spring 1994): 1-3.
48. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 22 (spring 1996):43-61; Brad Hainsworth, "Commentary: Professionalism in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 19 (winter 1993): 311-13; Patrick Jackson, "Demonstrating Professionalism," Public Relations Journal 44 (October 1988): 27-31; Richard Alan Nelson, "The Professional Dilemma," PR Update 4 (November 1994): 1; Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Professional Standards: Underestimating Professionalism of Our Peers in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 24 (spring 1998): 1-19; Donald Wright, "Professionalism and the Public Relations Counselor: An Empirical Analysis," Public Relations Quarterly 23 (winter 1978): 26-29; Donald Wright, "Accreditation's Effects on Professionalism," Public Relations Review 7 (spring 1981):48-61; Frank Winston Wylie, "Commentary: Public Relations is Not Yet a Profession," Public Relations Review 20 (spring 1994): 1-3.
49. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 22 (spring 1996):43-61; Brad Hainsworth, "Commentary: Professionalism in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 19 (winter 1993): 311-13; Patrick Jackson, "Demonstrating Professionalism," Public Relations Journal 44 (October 1988): 27-31; Richard Alan Nelson, "The Professional Dilemma," PR Update 4 (November 1994): 1; Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Professional Standards: Underestimating Professionalism of Our Peers in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 24 (spring 1998): 1-19; Donald Wright, "Professionalism and the Public Relations Counselor: An Empirical Analysis," Public Relations Quarterly 23 (winter 1978): 26-29; Donald Wright, "Accreditation's Effects on Professionalism," Public Relations Review 7 (spring 1981):48-61; Frank Winston Wylie, "Commentary: Public Relations is Not Yet a Profession," Public Relations Review 20 (spring 1994): 1-3.
50. Glen T. Cameron, Lynne M. Sallot, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Developing Standards of Professional Performance in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 22 (spring 1996):43-61; Brad Hainsworth, "Commentary: Professionalism in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 19 (winter 1993): 311-13; Patrick Jackson, "Demonstrating Professionalism," Public Relations Journal 44 (October 1988): 27-31; Richard Alan Nelson, "The Professional Dilemma," PR Update 4 (November 1994): 1; Lynne M. Sallot, Glen T. Cameron, and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Pluralistic Ignorance and Professional Standards: Underestimating Professionalism of Our Peers in Public Relations," Public Relations Review 24 (spring 1998): 1-19; Donald Wright, "Professionalism and the Public Relations Counselor: An Empirical Analysis," Public Relations Quarterly 23 (winter 1978): 26-29; Donald Wright, "Accreditation's Effects on Professionalism," Public Relations Review 7 (spring 1981):48-61; Frank Winston Wylie, "Commentary: Public Relations is Not Yet a Profession," Public Relations Review 20 (spring 1994): 1-3.
51. Dennis W. Jeffers, "Performance Expectations as a Measure of Relative Status of News and PR People," Journalism Quarterly 54 (summer 1977): 299-306.
52. Oguz Nayman, Blaine K. McKee, and Dan Lattimore, "PR Personnel and Print Journalists: A Comparison of Professionalism," Journalism Quarterly 54 (fall 1977): 492-97.
53. Steven Chaffee and Jack McLeod, "Sensitization in Panel Design: A Coorientation Experiment," Journalism Quarterly 45 (winter 1968): 661-69.
54. Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, "Aligning Values of Practitioners and Journalists," Public Relations Review 11 (summer 1985): 34-42.
55. Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations."
56. Michael Ryan and David L. Martinson, "Ethical Values, the Flow of Journalistic Information and Public Relations Persons," Journalism Quarterly 61 (spring 1984): 27-34.
57. Andrew Belz, Albert D. Talbott, and Kenneth Starck, "Using Role Theory to Study Cross Perceptions of Journalists and Public Relations Practitioners," in Public Relations Research Annual: Vol. 1, ed. James E. Grunig and Larissa A. Grunig (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1980), 125-39.
58. The value item "Fairness to different views" is original to this study. All other values were derived from previous studies including Roy Carter, Jr., "Newspaper 'Gatekeepers' and the Sources of News," Public Opinion Quarterly 22 (summer 1958): 133-44; Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists"; Kopenhaver, Martinson, and Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other"; Kopenhaver, "Aligning Values of Practitioners and Journalists"; and Peter Habermann, Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, and David L. Martinson, "Sequence Faculty Divided on PR Value, Status and News Orientation," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 490-96.
59. The value item "Fairness to different views" is original to this study. All other values were derived from previous studies including Roy Carter, Jr., "Newspaper 'Gatekeepers' and the Sources of News," Public Opinion Quarterly 22 (summer 1958): 133-44; Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists"; Kopenhaver, Martinson, and Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other"; Kopenhaver, "Aligning Values of Practitioners and Journalists"; and Peter Habermann, Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, and David L. Martinson, "Sequence Faculty Divided on PR Value, Status and News Orientation," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 490-96.
60. The value item "Fairness to different views" is original to this study. All other values were derived from previous studies including Roy Carter, Jr., "Newspaper 'Gatekeepers' and the Sources of News," Public Opinion Quarterly 22 (summer 1958): 133-44; Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists"; Kopenhaver, Martinson, and Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other"; Kopenhaver, "Aligning Values of Practitioners and Journalists"; and Peter Habermann, Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, and David L. Martinson, "Sequence Faculty Divided on PR Value, Status and News Orientation," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 490-96.
61. The value item "Fairness to different views" is original to this study. All other values were derived from previous studies including Roy Carter, Jr., "Newspaper 'Gatekeepers' and the Sources of News," Public Opinion Quarterly 22 (summer 1958): 133-44; Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists"; Kopenhaver, Martinson, and Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other"; Kopenhaver, "Aligning Values of Practitioners and Journalists"; and Peter Habermann, Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, and David L. Martinson, "Sequence Faculty Divided on PR Value, Status and News Orientation," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 490-96.
62. The value item "Fairness to different views" is original to this study. All other values were derived from previous studies including Roy Carter, Jr., "Newspaper 'Gatekeepers' and the Sources of News," Public Opinion Quarterly 22 (summer 1958): 133-44; Aronoff, "Credibility of Public Relations for Journalists"; Kopenhaver, Martinson, and Ryan, "How Public Relations Practitioners and Editors in Florida View Each Other"; Kopenhaver, "Aligning Values of Practitioners and Journalists"; and Peter Habermann, Lillian Lodge Kopenhaver, and David L. Martinson, "Sequence Faculty Divided on PR Value, Status and News Orientation," Journalism Quarterly 65 (summer 1988): 490-96.
63. Maxwell E. McCombs and Tamara Bell, "The Agenda-Setting Role of Mass Communication," in An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, ed. Michael B. Salwen and Don W. Stacks (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996), 93-110; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of the Mass Media," Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (spring 1972): 176-87.
64. Maxwell E. McCombs and Tamara Bell, "The Agenda-Setting Role of Mass Communication," in An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research, ed. Michael B. Salwen and Don W. Stacks (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1996), 93-110; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, "The Agenda-Setting Function of the Mass Media," Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (spring 1972): 176-87.
65. R. D. Laing, Politics of Experience (New York: Pantheon Books, 1967); R. D. Laing, Self and Others, 2d ed. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970); R. D. Laing, Herbert Phillipson, and A. Russell Lee, Interpersonal Perception: A Theory and a Method of Research (New York: Springer, 1966).
66. R. D. Laing, Politics of Experience (New York: Pantheon Books, 1967); R. D. Laing, Self and Others, 2d ed. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970); R. D. Laing, Herbert Phillipson, and A. Russell Lee, Interpersonal Perception: A Theory and a Method of Research (New York: Springer, 1966).
67. R. D. Laing, Politics of Experience (New York: Pantheon Books, 1967); R. D. Laing, Self and Others, 2d ed. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1970); R. D. Laing, Herbert Phillipson, and A. Russell Lee, Interpersonal Perception: A Theory and a Method of Research (New York: Springer, 1966).
68. Chaffee and McLeod, "Sensitization in Panel Design: A Coorientational Experiment," 661-69.
69. H. S. Kim, "Coorientation and Communication," in Progress in Communication Sciences, ed. B. Dervin and M.J. Voight, vol. 7 (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1986), 31-54; Carroll J. Glynn, Ronald E. Ostman, and Daniel G. McDonald, "Opinions, Perception, and Social Reality," in Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, ed. Theodore L. Glasser and Charles T. Salmon (New York: Guilford Press, 1995), 249-80.
70. H. S. Kim, "Coorientation and Communication," in Progress in Communication Sciences, ed. B. Dervin and M.J. Voight, vol. 7 (Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing, 1986), 31-54; Carroll J. Glynn, Ronald E. Ostman, and Daniel G. McDonald, "Opinions, Perception, and Social Reality," in Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, ed. Theodore L. Glasser and Charles T. Salmon (New York: Guilford Press, 1995), 249-80.
71. W. Phillips Davison, "The Third Person Effect in Communication," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (spring 1983): 1-15.
72. W. Phillips Davison, "The Third-Person Effect Revisited," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 8 (summer 1996): 113-19; Richard M. Perloff, "Third-Person Effect Research, 1983-1992: A Review and Synthesis," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 5 (summer 1993): 162-84; Michael B. Salwen and Paul D. Driscoll, "Consequences of Third-Person Perception in the O.J. Simpson Trial," Journal of Communication 47 (spring 1997): 60-78.
73. W. Phillips Davison, "The Third-Person Effect Revisited," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 8 (summer 1996): 113-19; Richard M. Perloff, "Third-Person Effect Research, 1983-1992: A Review and Synthesis," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 5 (summer 1993): 162-84; Michael B. Salwen and Paul D. Driscoll, "Consequences of Third-Person Perception in the O.J. Simpson Trial," Journal of Communication 47 (spring 1997): 60-78.
74. W. Phillips Davison, "The Third-Person Effect Revisited," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 8 (summer 1996): 113-19; Richard M. Perloff, "Third-Person Effect Research, 1983-1992: A Review and Synthesis," International Journal of Public Opinion Research 5 (summer 1993): 162-84; Michael B. Salwen and Paul D. Driscoll, "Consequences of Third-Person Perception in the O.J. Simpson Trial," Journal of Communication 47 (spring 1997): 60-78.
75. Chaffee and McLeod, "Sensitization in Panel Design."
76. Kopenhaver, "Aligning Values of Practitioners and Journalists."
77. Joel Pomerantz, "The Media and Public Relations: Pride and Prejudice," Public Relations Quarterly 33 (winter 1989-90): 13-16.