"It don't matter what people say as long as I love you": Experiencing stigma when raising an HIV-infected grandchild

Journal of Mental Health and Aging

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 331-348

  Poindexter, Cynthia Cannon ^a  

^a FORDHAM UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ARTICLE; CAREGIVER; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CLINICAL ARTICLE; EMOTIONAL STRESS; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MENTAL HEALTH; SOCIAL ISOLATION; THEORY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0038416065     PISSN: 10784470     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. AARP. (1995). Grandparents as caregivers: Options for improving access to federal public benefit programs. Washington, DC: Author.
2. Ainlay, S. C., Coleman, L. M., & Becker, G. (1986). Stigma reconsidered. In S. C. Ainlay, G. Becker, & L. M. Coleman (Eds.), The dilemma of difference: A multidisciplinary view of stigma. New York: Plenum Press.
3. Ammerman, J. (1993). Code search [Computer software].
4. Antonucci, T., & Akiyama, H. (1991, Winter). Social relationships and aging well. Generations, 39-44.
5. Boland, M. G., Czamiecki, L., & Haiken, H. J. (1992). Coordination care for children with HIV infection. In M. L. Stuber (Ed.), Children with AIDS. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
6. Bor, R., Miller, R., & Goldman, E. (1993). HIV/AIDS and the family: A review of research in the first decade. Journal of Family Therapy, 15, 187-204.
7. Boyd-Franklin, N., Drelich, E. W., & Schwolsky-Fitch, E. (1995). Death and dying/bereavement and mourning. In N. Boyd-Franklin, G. L. Steiner, & M. G. Boland (Eds.), Children, families, and HIV/AIDS: Psychosocial and therapeutic issues (pp. 179-189). New York: Guilford.
8. Boyle, J. S., Hodnicki, D. R., & Ferrell, J. A. (1999). Patterns of resistance: African American mothers and adult children with HIV illness. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 13(2), 111-33.
9. Brown, M. A., & Powell-Cope, G. (1993). Themes of loss and dying in caring for a family member with AIDS. Residential Nursing Health, 16(3), 179-191.
10. Burnette, D. (1997). Grandmother caregivers in inner-city Latino families: A descriptive profile and informal social supports. Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 5(3/4), 121-137.
11. Burton, L. M., Dilworth-Anderson, P., & Merriwether-deVries, C. (1995). Context and surrogate parenting among contemporary grandparents. Marriage and Family Review, 20(3/4), 349-366.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998, December). AIDS surveillance report. Atlanta, GA: Author.
13. Callandro, G., & Hughes, C. (1998). The experience of being a grandmother who is the primary caregiver for her HIV-positive grandchild. Nursing Research, 47(2), 107-113.
14. Chalfie, D. (1994). Going it alone: A closer look at grandparents parenting grandchildren. Washington, DC: AARP.
15. Cohen, F. (1983). Stress, emotion, and illness. In L. Temoshok, C. Van Dyke, & L. S. Zegans (Eds.), Emotions in health and illness: Theoretical and research foundations (pp. 31-35). New York: Grune and Stratton.
16. Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
17. Crandall, C. S., & Coleman, R. (1992). AIDS-related stigmatization and the disruption of social relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(2), 163-177.
18. Dane, B. O. (1991, February). Anticipatory mourning of middle-aged parents of adult children with AIDS. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 108-115.
19. Doka, J. D. (1989). Disenfranchised grief. New York: Lexington.
20. Draimin, B. (1993). Adolescents in families with AIDS: Growing up with loss. In C. Levine (Ed.), Orphans of the HIV epidemic (pp. 60-68). New York: United Hospital Fund.
21. Emlet, C. A. (1996). Case managing older people with AIDS: Bridging systems - Recognizing diversity. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 27(1/2), 55-71.
22. Eliason, M. J. (1993). AIDS-related stigma and homophobia: Implications for nursing education. Nurse Educator, 18(6), 27-30.
23. Faugier, J., & Wright, S. (1990). Homophobia, stigma and AIDS - An issue for all health care workers. Nurse Practitioner, 3(2), 27-128.
24. Forsyth, B. (1995). A pandemic out of control: The epidemiology of AIDS. In S. Geballe, J. Gruendel, & W. Andiman (Eds.) Forgotten children of the AIDS epidemic (pp. 19-31). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
25. Fuller-Thomson, E., Minkler, M., & Driver, D. (1997). A profile of grandparents raising grandchildren in the United States. Gerontologist, 37, 406-411.
26. Gilmore, N., & Somerville, M. A. (1994). Stigmatization, scapegoating, and discrimination in sexually transmitted disease: Overcoming "them" and "us." Social Science and Medicine, 39(9), 1339-1358.
27. Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
28. Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
29. Goldberg-Glen, R., Sands, R. G., Cole, R. D., & Cristofalo, C. (1998, September-October). Multigenerational patterns and internal structures in families in which grandparents raise grandchildren. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 79(5), 477-489.
30. Gottlieb, B. H. (1985). Social networks and social support: An overview of research, practice, and policy implications. Health Education Quarterly, 12(1), 5-22.
31. Green, G. (1993). Editorial review: Social support and HIV. AIDS Care, 5(1), 87-104.
32. Hall, B. A. (1992). Overcoming stigmatization: Social and personal implications of the human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(3), 189-194.
33. Herek, G. M., Mitnick, L., Burris, S., Chesney, M., Devine, P., Fullilove, M. T., Fullilove, R., Gunther, H. C., Levi, J., Michaels, S., Novick, A., Pryor, J., Snyder, M., & Sweeney, T. (1998). AIDS and stigma: A conceptual framework and research agenda. AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 13(1), 36-47.
34. Herek, G. M., & Glunt, E. K. (1988). An epidemic of stigma: Public reactions to AIDS. American Psychologist, 43(11), 886-891.
35. Jankowski, S., Videka-Sherman, L., & Laquidara-Dickinson, K. (1996). Social support networks of confidants of people with AIDS. Social Work, 41(2), 206-312.
36. Joslin, D. (2000). Grandparents raising grandchildren orphaned and affected by HIV/AIDS. In C. Cox (Ed.). To grandmother's house we go and stay: Perspectives on custodial grandparents (pp. 167-183). New York: Springer Publishing.
37. Kelley, S. J. (1993). Caregiver stress in grandparents raising grandchildren. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 25(4), 331-337.
38. Kelly, J. A., St. Lawrence, J. S., Smith, S., Hood, H., & Cook, D. (1987). Stigmatization of AIDS patients by physicians. American Journal of Public Health, 77(7), 789-791.
39. Krause, N., & Keith, V. (1989). Gender differences in social support among older adults. Sex Roles, 21(9-10), 609-628.
40. Kreibick, T. (1995). Caretakers' support group. In N. Boyd-Franklin, G. L. Steiner, & M. G. Boland, (Eds.), Children, families, and HIV/AIDS: Psychosocial and therapeutic issues (pp. 167-178). New York: Guilford.
41. Lesar, S., Gerber, M. M., Semmel, M. I. (1995). HIV infection in children: Family stress, social support, and adaptation. Exceptional Children, 62(3), 224-236.
42. Lippmann, S. B., James, W. A., & Frierson, R. L. (1993). AIDS and the family: Implications for counseling. AIDS Care, 5(1), 71-78.
43. Macks, J. (1993). The psychological needs of people with AIDS. In J. W. Dilley, C. Pies, & M. Helquist (Eds.), Face to face: A guide to AIDS counseling (pp. 2-14). San Francisco: University of California.
44. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1995). Designing qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
45. Mellins, C. A., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1994). Families affected by pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Sources of stress and coping. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15(3), 54-60.
46. Melvin, D., & Sherr, L. (1993). The child in the family - Responding to AIDS and HIV. AIDS Care, 5(1), 35-42.
47. Michaels, D., & Levine, C. (1992). Estimates of the number of motherless youth orphaned by AIDS in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268(24), 3456-3461.
48. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
49. Minkler, M., & Roe, K. M. (1993). Grandmothers as caregivers: Raising children of the crack cocaine epidemic. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
50. National Association of Social Workers. (1995, September). Many found daunted by clients with HIV. NASW News, 15.
51. Neugarten, B. (1970). Dynamics of transition of middle to old age: Adaptation in the life cycle. Journal of Geriatric Psychology, 4, 71-87.
52. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
53. Pearlin, L. I., Semple, S., & Turner, H. (1988). Stress of AIDS caregiving: A preliminary overview of the issues. Death Studies, 12(5-6), 501-517.
54. Peate, I. (1995). A question of prejudice: Stigma, homosexuality and HIV/AIDS. Professional Nursing, 10(6), 380-383.
55. Poindexter, C. C. (1997). In the aftermath: Serial crisis intervention with persons with HIV. Health and Social Work, 22(2), 125-132.
56. Poindexter, C. C. (2001). "I'm still blessed": The assets and needs of HIV-affected caregivers over fifty. Families in Society, 82(5), 525-536.
57. Poindexter, C. C. (2002). Stigma, isolation, and support in HIV-affected elder parental surrogates. In D. Joslin (Ed.), Invisible caregivers: Older adults raising children in the wake of HIV/AIDS (pp. 42-63). New York: Columbia University Press.
58. Poindexter, C. C., & Linsk, N. (1998, September-October). The sources of social support for a sample of HIV-affected older minority caregivers. Families in Society, 79(5)491-503.
59. Powell-Cope, G. M., & Brown, M. A. (1992). Going public as an AIDS family caregiver. Social Science Medicine, 34(5), 571-580.
60. Rapp, S. R. (1996, November). Benefits of caregiving: Perceptions of caregivers. Poster presented at Gerontological Society of American, 49th Annual Scientific Meeting, Washington, DC.
61. Riessman, C. K. (2000). Stigma and everyday resistance practices: Childless women in South India. Gender and Society, 14(1), 111-135.
62. Sandler, I. N., & Barrera, M. (1984). Toward a multimethod approach to assessing the effects of social support. American Journal of Community Psychology, 12(1), 37-52.
63. Siminoff, L. A., Erlen, J. A., & Lidz, C. W. (1991). Stigma, AIDS and quality of nursing care: State of the science. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16(3), 262-269.
64. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
65. Taylor-Brown, S., & Wiener, L. (2000). Parents and their children: Planning in the face of uncertainty. In V. Lynch, (Ed.), HIV/AIDS at year 2000: A sourcebook for social workers (pp. 66-78). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
66. Wardlaw, L. A. (1994). Sustaining informal caregivers for persons with AIDS. Families in Society, 75(6), 373-384.
67. Weitz, R. (1991). Life with AIDS. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
68. Wiener, L. S., & Siegel, K. (1990, January). Social worker's comfort in providing services to it AIDS patients. Social Work, 35(1) 18-25.