메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 119, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 293-308

Basal ganglia efferents to the brainstem centers controlling postural muscle tone and locomotion: A new concept for understanding motor disorders in basal ganglia dysfunction

Author keywords

Decerebrate preparation; GABAergic projection; Mesencephalic locomotor region; Parkinson's disease; Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus; Substantia nigra pars reticulata

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BICUCULLINE; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR AGONIST; KAINIC ACID; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID; PICROTOXIN;

EID: 0038324553     PISSN: 03064522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4522(03)00095-2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (321)

References (86)
  • 1
    • 0020574342 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of cholinergic neurons in the rat brain demonstrated by the immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase
    • Armstrong D.A., Saper C.B., Levey A.I., Winer B.H., Terry R.D. Distribution of cholinergic neurons in the rat brain demonstrated by the immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. J Comp Neurol. 216:1983;53-68.
    • (1983) J Comp Neurol , vol.216 , pp. 53-68
    • Armstrong, D.A.1    Saper, C.B.2    Levey, A.I.3    Winer, B.H.4    Terry, R.D.5
  • 2
    • 0022523703 scopus 로고
    • Supraspinal contribution to the initiation and control of locomotion in the cat
    • Armstrong D.M. Supraspinal contribution to the initiation and control of locomotion in the cat. Prog Neurobiol. 26:1986;273-361.
    • (1986) Prog Neurobiol , vol.26 , pp. 273-361
    • Armstrong, D.M.1
  • 3
    • 0018709829 scopus 로고
    • Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat
    • Beckstead R.M., Domesick V.B., Nauta W.J.H. Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat. Brain Res. 175:1979;191-217.
    • (1979) Brain Res , vol.175 , pp. 191-217
    • Beckstead, R.M.1    Domesick, V.B.2    Nauta, W.J.H.3
  • 5
    • 0028870569 scopus 로고
    • The role of the basal ganglia in motor control: Contributions from PET
    • Brooks D.J. The role of the basal ganglia in motor control contributions from PET . J Neurol Sci. 128:1995;1-13.
    • (1995) J Neurol Sci , vol.128 , pp. 1-13
    • Brooks, D.J.1
  • 6
    • 0025069606 scopus 로고
    • The atonia and myoclonia of active (REM) sleep
    • Chase M.H., Morales F.R. The atonia and myoclonia of active (REM) sleep. Annu Rev Psychol. 41:1990;557-584.
    • (1990) Annu Rev Psychol , vol.41 , pp. 557-584
    • Chase, M.H.1    Morales, F.R.2
  • 7
    • 0026346391 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate-like immunoreactivity is present within cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei
    • Clements J.R., Toth D.D., Highfield D.A., Grant S.J. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity is present within cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine nuclei. Adv Exp Med Biol. 295:1991;127-142.
    • (1991) Adv Exp Med Biol , vol.295 , pp. 127-142
    • Clements, J.R.1    Toth, D.D.2    Highfield, D.A.3    Grant, S.J.4
  • 8
    • 0025298139 scopus 로고
    • Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin
    • Delong M.R. Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci. 13:1990;281-289.
    • (1990) Trends Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 281-289
    • Delong, M.R.1
  • 10
    • 0036920324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation
    • Dostrovsky J.O., Lozano A.M. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. Mov Disord. 17:(suppl 3):2002;S63-68.
    • (2002) Mov Disord , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 63-68
    • Dostrovsky, J.O.1    Lozano, A.M.2
  • 11
    • 0029772538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the motor cortex in the control of visually triggered gait modifications
    • Drew T., Jiang W., Kably B., Lavoie S. Role of the motor cortex in the control of visually triggered gait modifications. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 74:1996;426-442.
    • (1996) Can J Physiol Pharmacol , vol.74 , pp. 426-442
    • Drew, T.1    Jiang, W.2    Kably, B.3    Lavoie, S.4
  • 12
    • 0021180668 scopus 로고
    • Phase dependent responses evoked in limb muscles by stimulation of the medullary reticular formation during locomotion in thalamic cats
    • Drew T., Rossignol S. Phase dependent responses evoked in limb muscles by stimulation of the medullary reticular formation during locomotion in thalamic cats. J Neurophysiol. 52:1984;653-675.
    • (1984) J Neurophysiol , vol.52 , pp. 653-675
    • Drew, T.1    Rossignol, S.2
  • 13
    • 0019415571 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of facilitatory coerulospinal action in lumbar motoneurons of cats
    • Fung S.J., Barnes C.D. Evidence of facilitatory coerulospinal action in lumbar motoneurons of cats. Brain Res. 216:1981;299-311.
    • (1981) Brain Res , vol.216 , pp. 299-311
    • Fung, S.J.1    Barnes, C.D.2
  • 14
    • 0025766032 scopus 로고
    • The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
    • Garcia-Rill E. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Prog Neurobiol. 36:1991;363-389.
    • (1991) Prog Neurobiol , vol.36 , pp. 363-389
    • Garcia-Rill, E.1
  • 18
    • 0023716457 scopus 로고
    • Modulation of rhythmic functions in the posterior midbrain
    • Garcia-Rill E., Skinner R.D. Modulation of rhythmic functions in the posterior midbrain. Neuroscience. 27:1988;639-654.
    • (1988) Neuroscience , vol.27 , pp. 639-654
    • Garcia-Rill, E.1    Skinner, R.D.2
  • 19
    • 0021943635 scopus 로고
    • Chemical activation of the mesencephalic locomotor region
    • Garcia-Rill E., Skinner R.D., Fitxgerald J.A. Chemical activation of the mesencephalic locomotor region. Brain Res. 330:1985;43-54.
    • (1985) Brain Res , vol.330 , pp. 43-54
    • Garcia-Rill, E.1    Skinner, R.D.2    Fitxgerald, J.A.3
  • 20
    • 0024416143 scopus 로고
    • Visuomotor coordination in reaching and locomotion
    • Georgopoulos A.P., Grillner S. Visuomotor coordination in reaching and locomotion. Science. 245:1989;1209-1210.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 1209-1210
    • Georgopoulos, A.P.1    Grillner, S.2
  • 21
    • 0000423735 scopus 로고
    • Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish
    • V.B. Brooks. Bethesda: American Physiological Society Press
    • Grillner S. Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish. Brooks V.B. The nervous system II. 1981;1179-1236 American Physiological Society Press, Bethesda.
    • (1981) The nervous system II , pp. 1179-1236
    • Grillner, S.1
  • 22
    • 0001791740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection and initiation of motor behavior
    • Stein PSG, Grillner S, Selverson AI, Stuart DG, eds. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press
    • Grillner S, Georgopoulos AP, Jordan LM (1997) Selection and initiation of motor behavior. In: Neurons, networks, and motor behavior (Stein PSG, Grillner S, Selverson AI, Stuart DG, eds), pp 3-19. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
    • (1997) Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior , pp. 3-19
    • Grillner, S.1    Georgopoulos, A.P.2    Jordan, L.M.3
  • 23
    • 0027436519 scopus 로고
    • Organization of the output of the ventral striatopallidal system in the rat: Ventral pallidal efferents
    • Groenewegen H.J., Berendse H.W., Haber S.N. Organization of the output of the ventral striatopallidal system in the rat ventral pallidal efferents . Neuroscience. 57:1993;113-142.
    • (1993) Neuroscience , vol.57 , pp. 113-142
    • Groenewegen, H.J.1    Berendse, H.W.2    Haber, S.N.3
  • 24
    • 0032496737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nigral innervation of cholinergic and glutamatergic cells in the rat mesopontine tegmentum: Light and electron microscopic anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical studies
    • Grofova I., Zhou M. Nigral innervation of cholinergic and glutamatergic cells in the rat mesopontine tegmentum light and electron microscopic anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical studies . J Comp Neurol. 395:1998;359-379.
    • (1998) J Comp Neurol , vol.395 , pp. 359-379
    • Grofova, I.1    Zhou, M.2
  • 25
    • 0038059987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nigral innervation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) neurons that control postural muscle tone in cats
    • Habaguchi T., Takakusaki T., Suginoto J., Saitoh K., Sakamoto T. Nigral innervation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) neurons that control postural muscle tone in cats. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 24:1998;664.
    • (1998) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.24 , pp. 664
    • Habaguchi, T.1    Takakusaki, T.2    Suginoto, J.3    Saitoh, K.4    Sakamoto, T.5
  • 26
    • 0032767876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease: A single photon emission computed tomography study
    • Hanakawa T., Katsumi Y., Fukuyama H., Honda M., Hayashi T., Kimura J., Shibasaki H. Mechanisms underlying gait disturbance in Parkinson's disease a single photon emission computed tomography study . Brain. 122:1999;1271-1282.
    • (1999) Brain , vol.122 , pp. 1271-1282
    • Hanakawa, T.1    Katsumi, Y.2    Fukuyama, H.3    Honda, M.4    Hayashi, T.5    Kimura, J.6    Shibasaki, H.7
  • 27
    • 0033922255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the basal ganglia in the control of purposive saccadic eye movements
    • Hikosaka O., Takikawa Y., Kawgoe R. Role of the basal ganglia in the control of purposive saccadic eye movements. Physiol Rev. 80:2000;954-978.
    • (2000) Physiol Rev , vol.80 , pp. 954-978
    • Hikosaka, O.1    Takikawa, Y.2    Kawgoe, R.3
  • 29
    • 0028364101 scopus 로고
    • Serotonergic synaptic input to cholinergic neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum
    • Honda T., Semba K. Serotonergic synaptic input to cholinergic neurons in the rat mesopontine tegmentum. Brain Res. 647:1994;299-306.
    • (1994) Brain Res , vol.647 , pp. 299-306
    • Honda, T.1    Semba, K.2
  • 30
    • 0028825871 scopus 로고
    • The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: Where the striatum meets the reticular formation
    • Inglis W.L., Winn P. The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus where the striatum meets the reticular formation . Prog Neurobiol. 47:1995;1-29.
    • (1995) Prog Neurobiol , vol.47 , pp. 1-29
    • Inglis, W.L.1    Winn, P.2
  • 31
    • 0020954341 scopus 로고
    • Nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus efferent connections with special reference to the basal ganglia, studied in the rat by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase
    • Jackson A., Crossman A.R. Nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus efferent connections with special reference to the basal ganglia, studied in the rat by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neuroscience. 10:1983;725-766.
    • (1983) Neuroscience , vol.10 , pp. 725-766
    • Jackson, A.1    Crossman, A.R.2
  • 32
    • 0032424968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initiation of locomotion in mammals
    • Jordan LM (1998) Initiation of locomotion in mammals. Ann NY Acad Sci 860:83-93.
    • (1998) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.860 , pp. 83-93
    • Jordan, L.M.1
  • 33
    • 0025753001 scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical sleep and its chemical/structural substrates in the brain
    • Jones B.E. Paradoxical sleep and its chemical/structural substrates in the brain. Neuroscience. 40:1991;637-656.
    • (1991) Neuroscience , vol.40 , pp. 637-656
    • Jones, B.E.1
  • 34
    • 0025258424 scopus 로고
    • Electrophysiological properties of pedunculopontine neurons and their postsynaptic responses following stimulation of substantia nigra reticulata
    • Kang Y., Kitai S.T. Electrophysiological properties of pedunculopontine neurons and their postsynaptic responses following stimulation of substantia nigra reticulata. Brain Res. 535:1990;79-95.
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.535 , pp. 79-95
    • Kang, Y.1    Kitai, S.T.2
  • 35
    • 0024367086 scopus 로고
    • Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-induced inhibition of muscle activity in the rat
    • Kelland M.D., Asdourian D. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-induced inhibition of muscle activity in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 34:1989;213-234.
    • (1989) Behav Brain Res , vol.34 , pp. 213-234
    • Kelland, M.D.1    Asdourian, D.2
  • 36
    • 0023262215 scopus 로고
    • Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the rat: Light and electron microscopic analysis with the PHA-L method
    • Kita H., Kitai S.T. Efferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the rat light and electron microscopic analysis with the PHA-L method . J Comp Neurol. 260:1987;435-452.
    • (1987) J Comp Neurol , vol.260 , pp. 435-452
    • Kita, H.1    Kitai, S.T.2
  • 37
    • 0023941273 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat
    • Kosaka T., Tauchi M., Dahl J. Cholinergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat. Exp Brain Res. 70:1988;605-617.
    • (1988) Exp Brain Res , vol.70 , pp. 605-617
    • Kosaka, T.1    Tauchi, M.2    Dahl, J.3
  • 38
    • 0024203807 scopus 로고
    • Medullary regions mediating atonia
    • Lai Y.Y., Siegel J.M. Medullary regions mediating atonia. J Neurosci. 8:1988;4790-4796.
    • (1988) J Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 4790-4796
    • Lai, Y.Y.1    Siegel, J.M.2
  • 39
    • 0025469587 scopus 로고
    • Muscle tone suppression and stepping produced by stimulation of midbrain and rostral pontine reticular formation
    • Lai Y.Y., Siegel J.M. Muscle tone suppression and stepping produced by stimulation of midbrain and rostral pontine reticular formation. J Neurosci. 10:1990;2727-2734.
    • (1990) J Neurosci , vol.10 , pp. 2727-2734
    • Lai, Y.Y.1    Siegel, J.M.2
  • 40
    • 0025720675 scopus 로고
    • Pontomedullary glutamate receptors mediating locomotion and muscle tone suppression
    • Lai Y.Y., Siegel J.M. Pontomedullary glutamate receptors mediating locomotion and muscle tone suppression. J Neurosci. 11:1991;2931-2937.
    • (1991) J Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 2931-2937
    • Lai, Y.Y.1    Siegel, J.M.2
  • 41
    • 0027483913 scopus 로고
    • Glutamatergic and cholinergic projections to the pontine inhibitory area identified with horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport and immunohistochemistry
    • Lai Y.Y., Clements J.R., Siegel J.M. Glutamatergic and cholinergic projections to the pontine inhibitory area identified with horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport and immunohistochemistry. J Comp Neurol. 336:1993;321-330.
    • (1993) J Comp Neurol , vol.336 , pp. 321-330
    • Lai, Y.Y.1    Clements, J.R.2    Siegel, J.M.3
  • 42
    • 0028286902 scopus 로고
    • Serotonergic and cholinergic inhibition of mesopontine cholinergic neurons controlling REM sleep: An in vitro electrophysiological study
    • Leonald C.S., Llinas R. Serotonergic and cholinergic inhibition of mesopontine cholinergic neurons controlling REM sleep an in vitro electrophysiological study . Neuroscience. 59:1994;309-330.
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.59 , pp. 309-330
    • Leonald, C.S.1    Llinas, R.2
  • 43
    • 0034074740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organization of somatic motor inputs from the frontal lobe to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the macaque monkey
    • Matsumura M., Nambu A., Yamaji Y., Watanabe K., Imai H., Inase M., Tokuno H., Takada M. Organization of somatic motor inputs from the frontal lobe to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience. 98:2000;97-110.
    • (2000) Neuroscience , vol.98 , pp. 97-110
    • Matsumura, M.1    Nambu, A.2    Yamaji, Y.3    Watanabe, K.4    Imai, H.5    Inase, M.6    Tokuno, H.7    Takada, M.8
  • 44
    • 0031590678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The organization of the projection from the pericruciate cortex to the pontomedullary brainstem of the cat: A study using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin
    • Matsuyama K., Drew T. The organization of the projection from the pericruciate cortex to the pontomedullary brainstem of the cat a study using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin . J Comp Neurol. 389:1997;617-641.
    • (1997) J Comp Neurol , vol.389 , pp. 617-641
    • Matsuyama, K.1    Drew, T.2
  • 45
    • 0034106888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits
    • Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops motor and cognitive circuits . Brain Res Rev. 31:2000;236-250.
    • (2000) Brain Res Rev , vol.31 , pp. 236-250
    • Middleton, F.A.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 46
    • 0034115492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia output and cognition: Evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies
    • Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Basal ganglia output and cognition evidence from anatomical, behavioral, and clinical studies . Brain Cogn. 42:2000;183-200.
    • (2000) Brain Cogn , vol.42 , pp. 183-200
    • Middleton, F.A.1    Strick, P.L.2
  • 47
    • 0034668770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of pontine and medullary motor inhibitory regions reduces discharge in neurons located in the locus coeruleus and the anatomical equivalent of the midbrain locomotor region
    • Mileykovskiy B.Y., Kiyashchenko L.I., Kodama T., Lai Y.Y., Siegel J.M. Activation of pontine and medullary motor inhibitory regions reduces discharge in neurons located in the locus coeruleus and the anatomical equivalent of the midbrain locomotor region. J Neurosci. 20:2000;8551-8558.
    • (2000) J Neurosci , vol.20 , pp. 8551-8558
    • Mileykovskiy, B.Y.1    Kiyashchenko, L.I.2    Kodama, T.3    Lai, Y.Y.4    Siegel, J.M.5
  • 48
    • 0023939408 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic projections from the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei to the pontine giganotocellular tegmental field in the cat
    • Mitani A., Ito K., Hallanger A.E., Wainer B.H., Kataoka K., McCarley R.W. Cholinergic projections from the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei to the pontine giganotocellular tegmental field in the cat. Brain Res. 451:1988;397-402.
    • (1988) Brain Res , vol.451 , pp. 397-402
    • Mitani, A.1    Ito, K.2    Hallanger, A.E.3    Wainer, B.H.4    Kataoka, K.5    McCarley, R.W.6
  • 49
    • 0001482155 scopus 로고
    • From motivation to action: A review of dopaminergic regulation of limbic-nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidum-pedunculopontine nucleus circuits involved in limbic-motor integration
    • P.W. Kalivas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Mogenson G.J., Brudzynski S.M., Wu M., Yang C.R., Yim C.C.Y. From motivation to action: a review of dopaminergic regulation of limbic-nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidum-pedunculopontine nucleus circuits involved in limbic-motor integration. Kalivas P.W. Limbic motor circuit and neuropsychiatry. 1993;193-236 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1993) Limbic motor circuit and neuropsychiatry , pp. 193-236
    • Mogenson, G.J.1    Brudzynski, S.M.2    Wu, M.3    Yang, C.R.4    Yim, C.C.Y.5
  • 50
    • 0020606234 scopus 로고
    • The afferent and efferent connections of the feline nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, pars compacta
    • Moon-Edley S., Graybiel A.M. The afferent and efferent connections of the feline nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, pars compacta. J Comp Neurol. 217:1983;187-215.
    • (1983) J Comp Neurol , vol.217 , pp. 187-215
    • Moon-Edley, S.1    Graybiel, A.M.2
  • 51
    • 0023247942 scopus 로고
    • Integration of posture and locomotion in acute decerebrate cats and in awake, free moving cats
    • Mori S. Integration of posture and locomotion in acute decerebrate cats and in awake, free moving cats. Prog Neurobiol. 28:1987;161-196.
    • (1987) Prog Neurobiol , vol.28 , pp. 161-196
    • Mori, S.1
  • 52
    • 0024811582 scopus 로고
    • Site-specific postural and locomotor changes evoked in awake, freely moving intact cats by stimulating the brainstem
    • Mori S., Sakamoto T., Ohta Y., Takakusaki K., Matsuyama K. Site-specific postural and locomotor changes evoked in awake, freely moving intact cats by stimulating the brainstem. Brain Res. 505:1989;66-74.
    • (1989) Brain Res , vol.505 , pp. 66-74
    • Mori, S.1    Sakamoto, T.2    Ohta, Y.3    Takakusaki, K.4    Matsuyama, K.5
  • 53
    • 0023749425 scopus 로고
    • Topographic projections from the basal ganglia to the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta of the cat with special reference to pallidal projections
    • Moriizumi T., Nakamura Y., Tokuno H., Kitao Y., Kudo M. Topographic projections from the basal ganglia to the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta of the cat with special reference to pallidal projections. Exp Brain Res. 71:1988;298-306.
    • (1988) Exp Brain Res , vol.71 , pp. 298-306
    • Moriizumi, T.1    Nakamura, Y.2    Tokuno, H.3    Kitao, Y.4    Kudo, M.5
  • 54
    • 0026543614 scopus 로고
    • Separate neuronal projections of the rat globus pallidus projecting to the subthalamic nucleus, auditory cortex and pedunculopontine tegmental area
    • Moriizumi T., Hattori T. Separate neuronal projections of the rat globus pallidus projecting to the subthalamic nucleus, auditory cortex and pedunculopontine tegmental area. Neuroscience. 46:1992;701-710.
    • (1992) Neuroscience , vol.46 , pp. 701-710
    • Moriizumi, T.1    Hattori, T.2
  • 55
    • 0028001746 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of gait hypokinesia in Parkinson's disease
    • Morris M.E., Iansek R., Matyas T.A., Summers J.J. The pathogenesis of gait hypokinesia in Parkinson's disease. Brain. 117:1994;1169-1181.
    • (1994) Brain , vol.117 , pp. 1169-1181
    • Morris, M.E.1    Iansek, R.2    Matyas, T.A.3    Summers, J.J.4
  • 57
    • 0013873620 scopus 로고
    • Projections of lentiform nucleus in the monkey
    • Nauta W.J.H., Mehler W.R. Projections of lentiform nucleus in the monkey. Brain Res. 1:1966;3-42.
    • (1966) Brain Res , vol.1 , pp. 3-42
    • Nauta, W.J.H.1    Mehler, W.R.2
  • 58
    • 0027162516 scopus 로고
    • Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat
    • Oka T., Iwakiri H., Mori S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat. Neurosci Res. 17:1993;127-140.
    • (1993) Neurosci Res , vol.17 , pp. 127-140
    • Oka, T.1    Iwakiri, H.2    Mori, S.3
  • 59
    • 0021716227 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate- and GABA containing neurons in the mouse and rat brain, as demonstrated with a new immunohistochemical technique
    • Ottersen O., Storm-Mathisen J. Glutamate- and GABA containing neurons in the mouse and rat brain, as demonstrated with a new immunohistochemical technique. J Comp Neurol. 229:1984;374-392.
    • (1984) J Comp Neurol , vol.229 , pp. 374-392
    • Ottersen, O.1    Storm-Mathisen, J.2
  • 60
    • 0033847609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease
    • Pahapill P.A., Lozano A.M. The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson's disease. Brain. 123:2000;1767-1783.
    • (2000) Brain , vol.123 , pp. 1767-1783
    • Pahapill, P.A.1    Lozano, A.M.2
  • 61
    • 0001396849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural control of stereotypic limb movements
    • L.B. Rowell, & J.T. Shepherd. New York: Oxford University Press
    • Rossignol S. Neural control of stereotypic limb movements. Rowell L.B., Shepherd J.T. Handbook of physiology. 1996;173-216 Oxford University Press, New York.
    • (1996) Handbook of physiology , pp. 173-216
    • Rossignol, S.1
  • 62
    • 0023224450 scopus 로고
    • Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat: Cytoarchitecture, cytochemistry, and some extrapyramidal connections of the mesopontine tegmentum
    • Rye B.D., Saper C.B., Lee H.J., Wainer B.H. Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat cytoarchitecture, cytochemistry, and some extrapyramidal connections of the mesopontine tegmentum . J Comp Neurol. 259:1987;483-528.
    • (1987) J Comp Neurol , vol.259 , pp. 483-528
    • Rye, B.D.1    Saper, C.B.2    Lee, H.J.3    Wainer, B.H.4
  • 63
    • 0034737394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in excessive muscle tone by selective depletion of serotonin in intercollicularly decerebrated rats
    • Sakai M., Matsunaga M., Kubota A., Yamanishi Y., Nishizawa Y. Reduction in excessive muscle tone by selective depletion of serotonin in intercollicularly decerebrated rats. Brain Res. 860:2000;104-111.
    • (2000) Brain Res , vol.860 , pp. 104-111
    • Sakai, M.1    Matsunaga, M.2    Kubota, A.3    Yamanishi, Y.4    Nishizawa, Y.5
  • 64
    • 0020354508 scopus 로고
    • Projections of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the rat: Evidence for additional extrapyramidal circuitry
    • Saper C.B., Lowey A.D. Projections of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in the rat evidence for additional extrapyramidal circuitry . Brain Res. 252:1982;367-372.
    • (1982) Brain Res , vol.252 , pp. 367-372
    • Saper, C.B.1    Lowey, A.D.2
  • 65
    • 0022360396 scopus 로고
    • Substantia nigra projection to medullary reticular formation: Relevance to oculomotor and related motor functions in the cat
    • Schneider J.S., Manetto C., Lidsky T.I. Substantia nigra projection to medullary reticular formation relevance to oculomotor and related motor functions in the cat . Neurosci Lett. 62:1985;1-6.
    • (1985) Neurosci Lett , vol.62 , pp. 1-6
    • Schneider, J.S.1    Manetto, C.2    Lidsky, T.I.3
  • 66
    • 0026706156 scopus 로고
    • Afferent connections of the laterodorsal and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat: A retro- and anterograde transport and immunohistochemical study
    • Semba K., Fibiger H.C. Afferent connections of the laterodorsal and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat a retro- and anterograde transport and immunohistochemical study . J Comp Neurol. 323:1992;387-410.
    • (1992) J Comp Neurol , vol.323 , pp. 387-410
    • Semba, K.1    Fibiger, H.C.2
  • 67
    • 0023200074 scopus 로고
    • Application of autoradiographic analysis of 2-deoxyglucose in the study of locomotion
    • Shimamura M., Edgarton V.R., Kogure I. Application of autoradiographic analysis of 2-deoxyglucose in the study of locomotion. J Neurosci Methods. 21:1987;303-310.
    • (1987) J Neurosci Methods , vol.21 , pp. 303-310
    • Shimamura, M.1    Edgarton, V.R.2    Kogure, I.3
  • 68
    • 0025310396 scopus 로고
    • Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedial reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat
    • Shiromani P.J., Lai Y.Y., Siegel J.M. Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedial reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. Brain Res. 28:1990;224-228.
    • (1990) Brain Res , vol.28 , pp. 224-228
    • Shiromani, P.J.1    Lai, Y.Y.2    Siegel, J.M.3
  • 69
    • 0001761874 scopus 로고
    • Control of walking and running by means of electrical stimulation of the mid-brain
    • Shik M.L., Severin F.V., Orlovskii G.N. Control of walking and running by means of electrical stimulation of the mid-brain. Biophysics. 11:1966;756-765.
    • (1966) Biophysics , vol.11 , pp. 756-765
    • Shik, M.L.1    Severin, F.V.2    Orlovskii, G.N.3
  • 70
    • 0011731918 scopus 로고
    • Descending projections of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) based upon treadmill induced c-fos protein and anterograde tract tracing
    • Shojania K., Livingston C.A., Pylypas S., Jordan L.M., Nance D.M. Descending projections of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) based upon treadmill induced c-fos protein and anterograde tract tracing. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 18:1992;591 15.
    • (1992) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.18 , pp. 59115
    • Shojania, K.1    Livingston, C.A.2    Pylypas, S.3    Jordan, L.M.4    Nance, D.M.5
  • 72
    • 0025813104 scopus 로고
    • Nigro-pedunculopontine projection in the rat: An anterograde tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L)
    • Spann B.M., Grofova I. Nigro-pedunculopontine projection in the rat an anterograde tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) . J Comp Neurol. 311:1991;375-388.
    • (1991) J Comp Neurol , vol.311 , pp. 375-388
    • Spann, B.M.1    Grofova, I.2
  • 73
    • 0026731005 scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the rat pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
    • Spann B.M., Grofova I. Cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the rat pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Anat Embryol. 186:1992;215-227.
    • (1992) Anat Embryol , vol.186 , pp. 215-227
    • Spann, B.M.1    Grofova, I.2
  • 74
    • 0021362046 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a projection from the lateral preoptic area and substantia innominata to the 'mesencephalic locomotor region' in the rat
    • Swanson L.W., Mogenson G.J., Gerfen C.R., Robinson P. Evidence for a projection from the lateral preoptic area and substantia innominata to the 'mesencephalic locomotor region' in the rat. Brain Res. 295:1984;161-178.
    • (1984) Brain Res , vol.295 , pp. 161-178
    • Swanson, L.W.1    Mogenson, G.J.2    Gerfen, C.R.3    Robinson, P.4
  • 75
    • 0005776717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulus effects of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) on hindlimb motoneurons in cats
    • Takakusaki K., Hobaguchi T., Nagaoka T., Sakamoto T. Stimulus effects of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) on hindlimb motoneurons in cats. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 23:1997;762.
    • (1997) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.23 , pp. 762
    • Takakusaki, K.1    Hobaguchi, T.2    Nagaoka, T.3    Sakamoto, T.4
  • 76
    • 0035857740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating the generalized motor inhibition in cats: Parallel inhibitory mechanisms acting on motoneurons and on interneuronal transmission in reflex pathways
    • Takakusaki K., Kohyama J., Matsuyama K., Mori S. Medullary reticulospinal tract mediating the generalized motor inhibition in cats parallel inhibitory mechanisms acting on motoneurons and on interneuronal transmission in reflex pathways . Neuroscience. 103:2001;511-527.
    • (2001) Neuroscience , vol.103 , pp. 511-527
    • Takakusaki, K.1    Kohyama, J.2    Matsuyama, K.3    Mori, S.4
  • 77
    • 0027215117 scopus 로고
    • Pontine microinjection of carbachol and critical zone for inducing postural atonia in reflexively standing decerebrate cats
    • Takakusaki K., Matsuyama K., Kobayashi Y., Kohyama J., Mori S. Pontine microinjection of carbachol and critical zone for inducing postural atonia in reflexively standing decerebrate cats. Neurosci Lett. 153:1993;185-188.
    • (1993) Neurosci Lett , vol.153 , pp. 185-188
    • Takakusaki, K.1    Matsuyama, K.2    Kobayashi, Y.3    Kohyama, J.4    Mori, S.5
  • 78
    • 0028286198 scopus 로고
    • Discharge properties of medullary reticulospinal neurons during postural changes induced by intrapontine injections of carbachol, atropine and serotonin, and their functional linkages to hindlimb motoneurons in cats
    • Takakusaki K., Shimoda N., Matsuyama K., Mori S. Discharge properties of medullary reticulospinal neurons during postural changes induced by intrapontine injections of carbachol, atropine and serotonin, and their functional linkages to hindlimb motoneurons in cats. Exp Brain Res. 99:1994;361-374.
    • (1994) Exp Brain Res , vol.99 , pp. 361-374
    • Takakusaki, K.1    Shimoda, N.2    Matsuyama, K.3    Mori, S.4
  • 79
    • 0029846635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic and non-cholinergic tegmental pedunculopontine projection neurons in rats revealed by intracellular labeling
    • Takakusaki K., Shiroyama T., Yamamoto T., Kitai S.T. Cholinergic and non-cholinergic tegmental pedunculopontine projection neurons in rats revealed by intracellular labeling. J Comp Neurol. 371:1996;345-361.
    • (1996) J Comp Neurol , vol.371 , pp. 345-361
    • Takakusaki, K.1    Shiroyama, T.2    Yamamoto, T.3    Kitai, S.T.4
  • 80
    • 20244372706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nigrotegmental systems involved in the control of locomotion and postural muscle tone in the cat
    • Takakusaki K, Saitoh K, Satoh E, Sakamoto T (2000) The nigrotegmental systems involved in the control of locomotion and postural muscle tone in the cat. Soc Neurosci Abstr 26:1224.
    • (2000) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.26 , pp. 1224
    • Takakusaki, K.1    Saitoh, K.2    Satoh, E.3    Sakamoto, T.4
  • 81
    • 0030739607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two types of cholinergic neurons in the rat tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus: Electrophysiological and morphological characterization
    • Takakusaki K., Shiroyama T., Kitai S.T. Two types of cholinergic neurons in the rat tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus electrophysiological and morphological characterization . Neuroscience. 79:1997;1089-1109.
    • (1997) Neuroscience , vol.79 , pp. 1089-1109
    • Takakusaki, K.1    Shiroyama, T.2    Kitai, S.T.3
  • 82
    • 0030911925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions
    • Turner R.S., Anderson M.E. Pallidal discharge related to the kinematics of reaching movements in two dimensions. J Neurophysiol. 77:1997;1051-1074.
    • (1997) J Neurophysiol , vol.77 , pp. 1051-1074
    • Turner, R.S.1    Anderson, M.E.2
  • 83
    • 0021047280 scopus 로고
    • Substance P in the ascending cholinergic reticular system
    • Vincent S.R., Satoh K., Armstrong D.M., Fibiger H.C. Substance P in the ascending cholinergic reticular system. Nature. 306:1983;688-691.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.306 , pp. 688-691
    • Vincent, S.R.1    Satoh, K.2    Armstrong, D.M.3    Fibiger, H.C.4
  • 84
    • 0036925171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: Excitation or inhibition
    • Vitek J.L. Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation excitation or inhibition . Mov Disord. 17:(suppl 3):2002;S69-72.
    • (2002) Mov Disord , vol.17 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 69-72
    • Vitek, J.L.1
  • 85
    • 0030463523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia
    • Wichmann T., DeLong M.R. Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 6:1996;751-758.
    • (1996) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.6 , pp. 751-758
    • Wichmann, T.1    DeLong, M.R.2
  • 86
    • 0025609850 scopus 로고
    • A cholinoceptive desynchronized sleep induction zone in the anterodorsal pontine tegmentum: Locus of the sensitive region
    • Yamamoto K., Mamelak A.N., Quattrochi J.J., Hobson J.A. A cholinoceptive desynchronized sleep induction zone in the anterodorsal pontine tegmentum locus of the sensitive region . Neuroscience. 39:1990;279-293.
    • (1990) Neuroscience , vol.39 , pp. 279-293
    • Yamamoto, K.1    Mamelak, A.N.2    Quattrochi, J.J.3    Hobson, J.A.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.