A transition toward sustainability

Ecology Law Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 1021-1074

  Clark, William C ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0038243233     PISSN: 00461121     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. On the necessity for a symbiotic relationship between science and politics in sustainable development, see KAI LEE, COMPASS AND GYROSCOPE: INTEGRATING SCIENCE AND POLITICS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT (1993) (arguing persuasively that while science, compass-like, can help us get our bearings and identify helpful directions, the gyroscope of politics is necessary to keep us on course).
2. BD. ON SUSTAINABLE DEV., NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, OUR COMMON JOURNEY: A TRANSITION TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY (1999) [hereinafter, OUR COMMON JOURNEY].
3. Id.
4. These included Robert Kates as my co-chair, Lourdes Arizpe, John Bongaarts, Ralph Cicerone, Edward Frieman, Robert Frosch, Malcom Gillis, Richard Harwood, Philip Landrigan, Kai Lee, Jerry Mahlman, Richard Mahoney, Pamela Matson, William Merrell, G. William Miller, M. Granger Morgan, Paul Raskin, John Robinson, Vernon Ruttan, Thomas Schelling, Marvalee Wake, Warren Washington, Gordon Wolman, and Berrien Moore (ex-officio). Sherburne Abbott crafted much of the study's tone and content as its Executive Director. Laura Sigman provided inspired research assistance. The study also benefited from the contributions of more than 70 workshop participants and reviewers, all of whom are named on the cover pages of the report.
5. WORLD COMM'N ON ENV'T AND DEV., OUR COMMON FUTURE 8 (1987).
6. See OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 39, 46 (providing a summary of the international goals adopted by the Board).
7. Id. at 31.
8. UNITED NATIONS DEV. PROGRAMME, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1997 2 (1997).
9. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 64.
10. Id. at 67.
11. Peter M. Vitousek et al., Human Domination of the Earth's Ecosystems, 277 SCI. 494 (1997).
12. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CLIMATE CHANGE 1995: THE SCIENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (J. T. Houghton et al. eds., 1996).
13. Id.
14. Robert W. Kates et al., The Great Transformation, in THE EARTH AS TRANSFORMED BY HUMAN ACTION 7 (B. L. Turner II et al. eds., 1990).
15. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 86.
16. PANEL ON RECONCILING TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, RECONCILING OBSERVATIONS OF GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGE 36 (2000).
17. See GERMAN ADVISORY COUNCIL ON GLOBAL CHANGE, WORLD IN TRANSITION: THE RESEARCH CHALLENGE (1997), available at http://www/awi-bremmerhaven.de/WGBU.
18. REGIONS AT RISK: COMPARISONS OF THREATENED ENVIRONMENTS 524 (Jeanne X. Kasperson et al. eds., 1995).
19. See Robert W. Kates & William C. Clark, Environmental Surprise: Expecting the Unexpected?, ENV'T, Mar. 1996, at 6.
20. P. J. Crutzen & T. E. Graedel, The Role of Atmospheric Chemistry in Environment-Development Interactions, in SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIOSPHERE 213 (William C. Clark & R. E. Munn eds., 1986).
21. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 286.
22. See supra text accompanying note 17.
23. See UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK 2000, available at http://www.grida.no/geo2000/ov-e/ov-e.pdf.
24. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2.
25. See INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE, available at http://www.ipcc.ch/.
26. See WORLD COMM'N ON DAMS, available at http://www.dams.org/.
27. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 190.
28. WORLD COMM'N ON ENV'T AND DEV., supra note 5.
29. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2.
30. Id. at 61.
31. Id. at 305.
32. See Alan McDonald, Combating Acid Deposition and Climate Change, ENV'T, Apr. 1999, at 4.
33. See, e.g., COMM. TO EVALUATE INDICATORS FOR MONITORING AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ENV'TS, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION (2000); Robin O'Malley & Kate Wing, Forging a New Tool for Ecosystem Reporting, ENV'T, Apr. 2000, at 20; Edward Ayensu et al., International Ecosystem Assessment, 286 SCI. 685-86 (1999).
34. See, e.g., COMM. TO EVALUATE INDICATORS FOR MONITORING AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ENV'TS, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION (2000); Robin O'Malley & Kate Wing, Forging a New Tool for Ecosystem Reporting, ENV'T, Apr. 2000, at 20; Edward Ayensu et al., International Ecosystem Assessment, 286 SCI. 685-86 (1999).
35. See, e.g., COMM. TO EVALUATE INDICATORS FOR MONITORING AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ENV'TS, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR THE NATION (2000); Robin O'Malley & Kate Wing, Forging a New Tool for Ecosystem Reporting, ENV'T, Apr. 2000, at 20; Edward Ayensu et al., International Ecosystem Assessment, 286 SCI. 685-86 (1999).
36. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 7.
37. Id. at 8.
38. Id.
39. The remainder of this Article incorporates material originally prepared by the author for the National Research Council's Our Common Journey study and appears in slightly altered form in Chapter 6 of that study. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2. This material is included in the article in order to provide examples of specific approaches toward addressing the general problems discussed in the Introduction and Part I of this Article.
40. The remainder of this Article incorporates material originally prepared by the author for the National Research Council's Our Common Journey study and appears in slightly altered form in Chapter 6 of that study. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2. This material is included in the article in order to provide examples of specific approaches toward addressing the general problems discussed in the Introduction and Part I of this Article.
41. WORLD BANK, WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1998: KNOWLEDGE FOR DEVELOPMENT (1997); U.N. COMM'N FOR SCI. AND TECH. DEV., KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1998).
42. WORLD BANK, WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1998: KNOWLEDGE FOR DEVELOPMENT (1997); U.N. COMM'N FOR SCI. AND TECH. DEV., KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1998).
43. WORLD BANK, WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1998: KNOWLEDGE FOR DEVELOPMENT (1997); U.N. COMM'N FOR SCI. AND TECH. DEV., KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1998).
44. COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: RESEARCH PATHWAYS FOR THE NEXT DECADE, OVERVIEW 9 (1998); see also, Int'l Human Dimensions Programme on Global Envtl. Change, About IHDP, available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/ABOUT.HTML.
45. COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: RESEARCH PATHWAYS FOR THE NEXT DECADE, OVERVIEW 9 (1998); see also, Int'l Human Dimensions Programme on Global Envtl. Change, About IHDP, available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/ABOUT.HTML.
46. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 281.
47. See WILLIAM MARK ADAMS, GREEN DEVELOPMENT: ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE THIRD WORLD (1990); INT'L UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RES., UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, AND WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, WORLD CONSERVATION STRATEGY: LIVING RESOURCE CONSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1980); WORLD CONSERVATION UNION, UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, AND WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, CARING FOR THE EARTH: A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVING (1991); Diversitas, About Diversitas, available at http://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/icsu/DIVERSITAS/About/index.html.
48. See WILLIAM MARK ADAMS, GREEN DEVELOPMENT: ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE THIRD WORLD (1990); INT'L UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RES., UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, AND WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, WORLD CONSERVATION STRATEGY: LIVING RESOURCE CONSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1980); WORLD CONSERVATION UNION, UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, AND WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, CARING FOR THE EARTH: A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVING (1991); Diversitas, About Diversitas, available at http://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/icsu/DIVERSITAS/About/index.html.
49. See WILLIAM MARK ADAMS, GREEN DEVELOPMENT: ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE THIRD WORLD (1990); INT'L UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RES., UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, AND WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, WORLD CONSERVATION STRATEGY: LIVING RESOURCE CONSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1980); WORLD CONSERVATION UNION, UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, AND WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, CARING FOR THE EARTH: A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVING (1991); Diversitas, About Diversitas, available at http://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/icsu/DIVERSITAS/About/index.html.
50. See WILLIAM MARK ADAMS, GREEN DEVELOPMENT: ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE THIRD WORLD (1990); INT'L UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RES., UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, AND WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, WORLD CONSERVATION STRATEGY: LIVING RESOURCE CONSERVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1980); WORLD CONSERVATION UNION, UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME, AND WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE, CARING FOR THE EARTH: A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVING (1991); Diversitas, About Diversitas, available at http://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/icsu/DIVERSITAS/About/index.html.
51. Ecological Society of America, The Sustainable Biosphere Initiative, available at http://esa.sdsc.edu/sbi.htm (1998); PRESIDENT'S COMM. OF ADVISORS ON SCI. AND TECH., TEAMING WITH LIFE: INVESTING IN SCIENCE TO UNDERSTAND AND USE AMERICA'S LIVING CAPITAL (1998).
52. Ecological Society of America, The Sustainable Biosphere Initiative, available at http://esa.sdsc.edu/sbi.htm (1998); PRESIDENT'S COMM. OF ADVISORS ON SCI. AND TECH., TEAMING WITH LIFE: INVESTING IN SCIENCE TO UNDERSTAND AND USE AMERICA'S LIVING CAPITAL (1998).
53. THE EXECUTIVE COMM. OF A WORKSHOP HELD AT WOODS HOLE, MA, JUNE 16-21, 1982 (Richard Goody, Chairman), GLOBAL CHANGE: IMPACTS ON HABITABILITY (1980); COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39, at 9.
54. THE EXECUTIVE COMM. OF A WORKSHOP HELD AT WOODS HOLE, MA, JUNE 16-21, 1982 (Richard Goody, Chairman), GLOBAL CHANGE: IMPACTS ON HABITABILITY (1980); COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39, at 9.
55. See, e.g., ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT (C. S. Holling ed., 1978).
56. See, e.g., CARBON DIOXIDE, CLIMATE AND SOCIETY (Jill Williams ed., 1978).
57. E.g., COMM. FOR AN INT'L GEOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE PROGRAM, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, GLOBAL CHANGE IN THE GEOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE: INITIAL PRIORITIES FOR AN IGBP (1986).
58. Int'l Human Dimensions Programme on Global Envtl. Change, supra note 39.
59. HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE (Steve Rayner & Elizabeth L. Malone eds., 1998); COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ET AL., NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE: RESEARCH PATHWAYS FOR THE NEXT DECADE (1999).
60. HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE (Steve Rayner & Elizabeth L. Malone eds., 1998); COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ET AL., NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE: RESEARCH PATHWAYS FOR THE NEXT DECADE (1999).
61. E.g., NAT'L ACAD. OF ENG'G, THE ECOLOGY OF INDUSTRY: SECTORS AND LINKAGES (Deanna J. Richards & Greg Pearson eds., 1998); OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 199 (citing numerous sources).
62. E.g., NAT'L ACAD. OF ENG'G, THE ECOLOGY OF INDUSTRY: SECTORS AND LINKAGES (Deanna J. Richards & Greg Pearson eds., 1998); OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 199 (citing numerous sources).
63. See BD. ON ENVTL. STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY & COMM'N ON BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIS. AND EDUC., NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, REDUCING HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION: AN EVALUATION AND CALL TO ACTION (1985).
64. See COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, ENVIRONMENTALLY SIGNIFICANT CONSUMPTION: RESEARCH DIRECTIONS (Paul C. Stern et al. eds., 1997);
65. PANEL ON ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEV., PRESIDENT'S COMM. OF ADVISORS ON SCI. AND TECH., FEDERAL ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY (1997).
66. See NAT'L ACAD. OF ENG'G, THE GREENING OF INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS (1994).
67. See, e.g., COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39; European Union, The Fifth Framework Programme, 1998 to 2002, available at http://www.cordis.lu/fp5/home.html (containing the program text and archived additional reports); INT'L HUMAN DIMENSIONS PROGRAM ON GLOBAL ENVTL. CHANGE, INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION SCIENCE PLAN (2000), available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/ITSciencePlan/index.htm.
68. See, e.g., COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39; European Union, The Fifth Framework Programme, 1998 to 2002, available at http://www.cordis.lu/fp5/home.html (containing the program text and archived additional reports); INT'L HUMAN DIMENSIONS PROGRAM ON GLOBAL ENVTL. CHANGE, INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION SCIENCE PLAN (2000), available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/ITSciencePlan/index.htm.
69. See, e.g., COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39; European Union, The Fifth Framework Programme, 1998 to 2002, available at http://www.cordis.lu/fp5/home.html (containing the program text and archived additional reports); INT'L HUMAN DIMENSIONS PROGRAM ON GLOBAL ENVTL. CHANGE, INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION SCIENCE PLAN (2000), available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/ITSciencePlan/index.htm.
70. COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39; UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME ET AL., PROTECTING OUR PLANET, SECURING OUR FUTURE (1998).
71. COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39; UNITED NATIONS ENV'T PROGRAMME ET AL., PROTECTING OUR PLANET, SECURING OUR FUTURE (1998).
72. See, e.g., BARRIERS AND BRIDGES TO THE RENEWAL OF ECOSYSTEMS AND INSTITUTIONS (Lance H. Gunderson et al. als., 1995) [hereinafter BARRIERS AND BRIDGES]; COMM. ON PROT. AND MGMT. OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, UPSTREAM: SALMON AND SOCIETY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST (1996).
73. See, e.g., BARRIERS AND BRIDGES TO THE RENEWAL OF ECOSYSTEMS AND INSTITUTIONS (Lance H. Gunderson et al. als., 1995) [hereinafter BARRIERS AND BRIDGES]; COMM. ON PROT. AND MGMT. OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, UPSTREAM: SALMON AND SOCIETY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST (1996).
74. See, e.g., USDA Forest Service National Headquarters, available at http://www.usfs.gov.
75. See, e.g., COMM. ON WATERSHED MGMT., NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, NEW STRATEGIES FOR AMERICA'S WATERSHEDS (1998).
76. COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39.
77. E.g., Clark Gibson et al., Scaling Issues in the Social Sciences (1998), available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/WP01.htm; Terry L. Root & Stephen H. Schneider, Ecology and Climate: Research Strategies and Implications, 269 SCI. 334 (1995); Thomas J. Wilbanks & Robert W. Kates, Global Change in Local Places: How Scale Matters, 43 CLIMATIC CHANGE 601 (1999); David W. Cash & Susanne C. Moser, Information and Decision Making Systems for the Effective Management of Cross-Scale Environmental Problems: A Theoretical Concept Paper (1998), available at http://environment.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/jan98ws_concept.html; William C. Clark, Scales of Climate Impacts, 7 CLIMATIC CHANGE 5 (1985).
78. E.g., Clark Gibson et al., Scaling Issues in the Social Sciences (1998), available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/WP01.htm; Terry L. Root & Stephen H. Schneider, Ecology and Climate: Research Strategies and Implications, 269 SCI. 334 (1995); Thomas J. Wilbanks & Robert W. Kates, Global Change in Local Places: How Scale Matters, 43 CLIMATIC CHANGE 601 (1999); David W. Cash & Susanne C. Moser, Information and Decision Making Systems for the Effective Management of Cross-Scale Environmental Problems: A Theoretical Concept Paper (1998), available at http://environment.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/jan98ws_concept.html; William C. Clark, Scales of Climate Impacts, 7 CLIMATIC CHANGE 5 (1985).
79. E.g., Clark Gibson et al., Scaling Issues in the Social Sciences (1998), available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/WP01.htm; Terry L. Root & Stephen H. Schneider, Ecology and Climate: Research Strategies and Implications, 269 SCI. 334 (1995); Thomas J. Wilbanks & Robert W. Kates, Global Change in Local Places: How Scale Matters, 43 CLIMATIC CHANGE 601 (1999); David W. Cash & Susanne C. Moser, Information and Decision Making Systems for the Effective Management of Cross-Scale Environmental Problems: A Theoretical Concept Paper (1998), available at http://environment.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/jan98ws_concept.html; William C. Clark, Scales of Climate Impacts, 7 CLIMATIC CHANGE 5 (1985).
80. E.g., Clark Gibson et al., Scaling Issues in the Social Sciences (1998), available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/WP01.htm; Terry L. Root & Stephen H. Schneider, Ecology and Climate: Research Strategies and Implications, 269 SCI. 334 (1995); Thomas J. Wilbanks & Robert W. Kates, Global Change in Local Places: How Scale Matters, 43 CLIMATIC CHANGE 601 (1999); David W. Cash & Susanne C. Moser, Information and Decision Making Systems for the Effective Management of Cross-Scale Environmental Problems: A Theoretical Concept Paper (1998), available at http://environment.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/jan98ws_concept.html; William C. Clark, Scales of Climate Impacts, 7 CLIMATIC CHANGE 5 (1985).
81. E.g., Clark Gibson et al., Scaling Issues in the Social Sciences (1998), available at http://www.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/WP01.htm; Terry L. Root & Stephen H. Schneider, Ecology and Climate: Research Strategies and Implications, 269 SCI. 334 (1995); Thomas J. Wilbanks & Robert W. Kates, Global Change in Local Places: How Scale Matters, 43 CLIMATIC CHANGE 601 (1999); David W. Cash & Susanne C. Moser, Information and Decision Making Systems for the Effective Management of Cross-Scale Environmental Problems: A Theoretical Concept Paper (1998), available at http://environment.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/jan98ws_concept.html; William C. Clark, Scales of Climate Impacts, 7 CLIMATIC CHANGE 5 (1985).
82. See GERMAN ADVISORY COUNCIL ON GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 17.
83. Int'l Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training (START), available at http://www.igbp.kva.se/start.html.
84. Id.
85. See THE REGIONAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: AN ASSESSMENT OF VULNERABILITY (Robert T. Watson et al. eds., 1998).
86. See supra note 17.
87. U.S. Global Change Research Program, U.S. National Assessment - The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, at http://www.nacc.usgcrp.gov/.
88. E.g., European Union, supra note 53; Canadian Tri-Council Eco-Research Program Home Page, at http://www.sdri.ubc.ca/GBFP/sum_tri.html; Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Home Page, http://www.iai.int/; United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development Home Page, http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd.htm (providing a broad overview of other initiatives).
89. But see http://www.sustainabilityscience.org (illustrating the momentum subsequently built for such an agenda).
90. AN AGENDA OF SCIENCE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT INTO THE 21st CENTURY (James C. I. Dooge et al. eds., 1992).
91. See http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/science.htm.
92. See http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/.
93. See http://interacademies.net/intracad/tokyo2000.nsf/all/home (containing the statement of the academies issued at the conference).
94. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 18.
95. Robert Kates et al., Sustainability Science, Faculty Research Working Paper RWP00-018, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University at http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/Research/wpaper.nsf/RWP/RWP00-018.
96. C. S. Holling, The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Local Surprise and Global Change, in SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIOSPHERE, supra note 20, at 292; William C. Clark, Visions of the 21st Century; Conventional Wisdom and Other Surprises in the Global Interactions of Population, Technology, and Environment, in PERSPECTIVE 2000: PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE SPONSORED BY THE ECONOMIC COUNCIL OF CANADA, DECEMBER 1998 7 (K. Newton et al. eds., 1988).
97. C. S. Holling, The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Local Surprise and Global Change, in SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIOSPHERE, supra note 20, at 292; William C. Clark, Visions of the 21st Century; Conventional Wisdom and Other Surprises in the Global Interactions of Population, Technology, and Environment, in PERSPECTIVE 2000: PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE SPONSORED BY THE ECONOMIC COUNCIL OF CANADA, DECEMBER 1998 7 (K. Newton et al. eds., 1988).
98. C. S. Holling, The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Local Surprise and Global Change, in SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BIOSPHERE, supra note 20, at 292; William C. Clark, Visions of the 21st Century; Conventional Wisdom and Other Surprises in the Global Interactions of Population, Technology, and Environment, in PERSPECTIVE 2000: PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE SPONSORED BY THE ECONOMIC COUNCIL OF CANADA, DECEMBER 1998 7 (K. Newton et al. eds., 1988).
99. See JOHN W. KINGDON, AGENDAS, ALTERNATIVES AND PUBLIC POLICIES (1984); FRANK R. BAUMGARTNER & BRYAN D. JONES, AGENDAS AND INSTABILITY IN AMERICAN POLITICS (1993); IAN BURTON ET AL., THE ENVIRONMENT AS HAZARD (2d ed. 1993); BARRIERS AND BRIDGES, supra note 55.
100. See JOHN W. KINGDON, AGENDAS, ALTERNATIVES AND PUBLIC POLICIES (1984); FRANK R. BAUMGARTNER & BRYAN D. JONES, AGENDAS AND INSTABILITY IN AMERICAN POLITICS (1993); IAN BURTON ET AL., THE ENVIRONMENT AS HAZARD (2d ed. 1993); BARRIERS AND BRIDGES, supra note 55.
101. See JOHN W. KINGDON, AGENDAS, ALTERNATIVES AND PUBLIC POLICIES (1984); FRANK R. BAUMGARTNER & BRYAN D. JONES, AGENDAS AND INSTABILITY IN AMERICAN POLITICS (1993); IAN BURTON ET AL., THE ENVIRONMENT AS HAZARD (2d ed. 1993); BARRIERS AND BRIDGES, supra note 55.
102. See JOHN W. KINGDON, AGENDAS, ALTERNATIVES AND PUBLIC POLICIES (1984); FRANK R. BAUMGARTNER & BRYAN D. JONES, AGENDAS AND INSTABILITY IN AMERICAN POLITICS (1993); IAN BURTON ET AL., THE ENVIRONMENT AS HAZARD (2d ed. 1993); BARRIERS AND BRIDGES, supra note 55.
103. JOEL COHEN, HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN THE EARTH SUPPORT? (1995).
104. E.g., DAVID S. LANDES, THE WEALTH AND POVERTY OF NATIONS: WHY SOME ARE So POOR AND SOME SO RICH (1998); ARNULF A. GRUBLER, TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE (1998); THE EARTH AS TRANSFORMED BY HUMAN ACTION: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CHANGES IN THE BIOSPHERE OVER THE PAST 300 YEARS (B. L. Turner et al. eds., 1990).
105. E.g., DAVID S. LANDES, THE WEALTH AND POVERTY OF NATIONS: WHY SOME ARE So POOR AND SOME SO RICH (1998); ARNULF A. GRUBLER, TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE (1998); THE EARTH AS TRANSFORMED BY HUMAN ACTION: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CHANGES IN THE BIOSPHERE OVER THE PAST 300 YEARS (B. L. Turner et al. eds., 1990).
106. E.g., DAVID S. LANDES, THE WEALTH AND POVERTY OF NATIONS: WHY SOME ARE So POOR AND SOME SO RICH (1998); ARNULF A. GRUBLER, TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE (1998); THE EARTH AS TRANSFORMED BY HUMAN ACTION: GLOBAL AND REGIONAL CHANGES IN THE BIOSPHERE OVER THE PAST 300 YEARS (B. L. Turner et al. eds., 1990).
107. E.g., Robert S. Herman et al., Dematerialization, in TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 50 (Jesse H. Ausubel & Hedy E. Sladovich eds., 1989); Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Freeing Energy from Carbon, DAEDALUS, June 22, 1996, at 95; Iddo K. Wernick, Consuming Materials the American Way, 53 TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 111 (1996); GRUBLER, TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 77.
108. E.g., Robert S. Herman et al., Dematerialization, in TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 50 (Jesse H. Ausubel & Hedy E. Sladovich eds., 1989); Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Freeing Energy from Carbon, DAEDALUS, June 22, 1996, at 95; Iddo K. Wernick, Consuming Materials the American Way, 53 TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 111 (1996); GRUBLER, TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 77.
109. E.g., Robert S. Herman et al., Dematerialization, in TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 50 (Jesse H. Ausubel & Hedy E. Sladovich eds., 1989); Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Freeing Energy from Carbon, DAEDALUS, June 22, 1996, at 95; Iddo K. Wernick, Consuming Materials the American Way, 53 TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 111 (1996); GRUBLER, TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 77.
110. E.g., Robert S. Herman et al., Dematerialization, in TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 50 (Jesse H. Ausubel & Hedy E. Sladovich eds., 1989); Nebojsa Nakicenovic, Freeing Energy from Carbon, DAEDALUS, June 22, 1996, at 95; Iddo K. Wernick, Consuming Materials the American Way, 53 TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE 111 (1996); GRUBLER, TECHNOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 77.
111. See COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 51; POLICY RESEARCH PROJECT ON SUSTAINABLE DEV., LYNDON B. JOHNSON SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, THE ROAD TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A GUIDE FOR NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (1998); Robert W. Kates, Population and Consumption: What We Know, What We Need to Know, ENV'T, Apr. 2000, at 10.
112. See COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 51; POLICY RESEARCH PROJECT ON SUSTAINABLE DEV., LYNDON B. JOHNSON SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, THE ROAD TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A GUIDE FOR NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (1998); Robert W. Kates, Population and Consumption: What We Know, What We Need to Know, ENV'T, Apr. 2000, at 10.
113. See COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 51; POLICY RESEARCH PROJECT ON SUSTAINABLE DEV., LYNDON B. JOHNSON SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, THE ROAD TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A GUIDE FOR NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (1998); Robert W. Kates, Population and Consumption: What We Know, What We Need to Know, ENV'T, Apr. 2000, at 10.
114. E.g., WILLETT KEMPTON ET AL., ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1995); MERCK FAMILY FUND, YEARNING FOR BALANCE: VIEWS OF AMERICA ON CONSUMPTION, MATERIALISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT (1995).
115. E.g., WILLETT KEMPTON ET AL., ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES IN AMERICAN CULTURE (1995); MERCK FAMILY FUND, YEARNING FOR BALANCE: VIEWS OF AMERICA ON CONSUMPTION, MATERIALISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT (1995).
116. UNITED NATIONS DEV. PROGRAMME HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1998: CONSUMPTION FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (1998).
117. See COMM. ON ISSUES IN THE TRANSBORDER FLOW OF SCIENTIFIC DATA, NAT'L RESEARCH COUNCIL, BITS OF POWER: ISSUES IN GLOBAL ACCESS TO SCIENTIFIC DATA (1997).
118. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at ch. 5.
119. Id. at ch. 4.
120. GLOBAL ENVTL. ASSESSMENT PROJECT, A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS: THE CLIMATE EXPERIENCE (1997), available at http://environment.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/97swr.html; JAN-STEPHAN FRITZ, REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PROCESSES ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1998), available at http://www.unep.ch/earthw/sciadv.htm.
121. GLOBAL ENVTL. ASSESSMENT PROJECT, A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS: THE CLIMATE EXPERIENCE (1997), available at http://environment.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/97swr.html; JAN-STEPHAN FRITZ, REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PROCESSES ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (1998), available at http://www.unep.ch/earthw/sciadv.htm.
122. E.g., Report of a workshop sponsored by the ESRC Global Environmental Change Programme (UK) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (Canada), Interactive Social Science: Environmental Research (1998), available at http://www.sdri.ubc.ca/GBFP/brighton.html.
123. E.g., Hadi Dowlatabadi & M. Granger Morgan, A Model Framework for Integrated Assessment of the Climate Problem, 21 ENERGY POL'Y 209 (1993); Jan Rotmans & Hadi Dowlatabadi, Integrated Assessment Modeling, in HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE ch. 5 (Steven Rayner & Elizabeth Malone eds., 1998).
124. E.g., Hadi Dowlatabadi & M. Granger Morgan, A Model Framework for Integrated Assessment of the Climate Problem, 21 ENERGY POL'Y 209 (1993); Jan Rotmans & Hadi Dowlatabadi, Integrated Assessment Modeling, in HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE ch. 5 (Steven Rayner & Elizabeth Malone eds., 1998).
125. See BARRIERS AND BRIDGES, supra note 55; PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABLE DEV., TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE AMERICA: ADVANCING PROSPERITY, OPPORTUNITY AND A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT FOR THE 21ST CENTURY (1999), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/media/pdf/tsa.pdf; United Nations Div. for Sustainable Dev., Sustainable Development Success Stories, available at http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/success.htm.
126. See BARRIERS AND BRIDGES, supra note 55; PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABLE DEV., TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE AMERICA: ADVANCING PROSPERITY, OPPORTUNITY AND A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT FOR THE 21ST CENTURY (1999), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/media/pdf/tsa.pdf; United Nations Div. for Sustainable Dev., Sustainable Development Success Stories, available at http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/success.htm.
127. See BARRIERS AND BRIDGES, supra note 55; PRESIDENT'S COUNCIL ON SUSTAINABLE DEV., TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE AMERICA: ADVANCING PROSPERITY, OPPORTUNITY AND A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT FOR THE 21ST CENTURY (1999), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/media/pdf/tsa.pdf; United Nations Div. for Sustainable Dev., Sustainable Development Success Stories, available at http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/success.htm.
128. E.g., VIEWS FROM THE ALPS: REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CLIMATE CHANGE (Peter Cebon et al. eds., 1998); Edward L. Miles, Integrated Assessment of Climate Variability, Impacts, and Policy Response in the Pacific Northwest, US GLOBEC NEWS, Nov. 1995, at 4-5, 14-15; COMM. ON PROT. AND MGMT. OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS, supra note 55.
129. E.g., VIEWS FROM THE ALPS: REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CLIMATE CHANGE (Peter Cebon et al. eds., 1998); Edward L. Miles, Integrated Assessment of Climate Variability, Impacts, and Policy Response in the Pacific Northwest, US GLOBEC NEWS, Nov. 1995, at 4-5, 14-15; COMM. ON PROT. AND MGMT. OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS, supra note 55.
130. E.g., VIEWS FROM THE ALPS: REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CLIMATE CHANGE (Peter Cebon et al. eds., 1998); Edward L. Miles, Integrated Assessment of Climate Variability, Impacts, and Policy Response in the Pacific Northwest, US GLOBEC NEWS, Nov. 1995, at 4-5, 14-15; COMM. ON PROT. AND MGMT. OF PACIFIC NORTHWEST ANADROMOUS SALMONIDS, supra note 55.
131. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 304.
132. Id.
133. Id. at 310.
134. Id. at 316.
135. Id.
136. For example, see previous discussion of research on degraded ecosystems, supra p. 1063
137. See Jessica T. Mathews, Power Shift, FOREIGN AFF., Jan. 1997, at 50; GOVERNANCE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD (Joseph S. Nye, Jr. & John D. Donahue eds., 2000).
138. See Jessica T. Mathews, Power Shift, FOREIGN AFF., Jan. 1997, at 50; GOVERNANCE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD (Joseph S. Nye, Jr. & John D. Donahue eds., 2000).
139. See RONNIE D. LIPSCHUTZ WITH JUDITH MAYER, GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY & GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE: THE POLITICS OF NATURE FROM PLACE TO PLANET (1996).
140. See Joseph S. Nye, Jr. & Robert O. Keohane, Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, FOREIGN AFF., Sept. 1998, at 81.
141. E.g., Margaret E. Keck & Kathryn Sikkink, ACTIVISTS BEYOND BORDERS: ADVOCACY NETWORKS IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS (1998).
142. E.g., ELINOR OSTROM, GOVERNING THE COMMONS: THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION (1990); INSTITUTIONS FOR THE EARTH: SOURCES OF EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (Peter M. Haas et al. eds., 1993); COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 51; HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE (Steve Rayner & Elizabeth L. Malone eds., 1998); Int'l Human Dimensions Programme on Global Envtl. Change, supra note 39.
143. E.g., ELINOR OSTROM, GOVERNING THE COMMONS: THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION (1990); INSTITUTIONS FOR THE EARTH: SOURCES OF EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (Peter M. Haas et al. eds., 1993); COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 51; HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE (Steve Rayner & Elizabeth L. Malone eds., 1998); Int'l Human Dimensions Programme on Global Envtl. Change, supra note 39.
144. E.g., ELINOR OSTROM, GOVERNING THE COMMONS: THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION (1990); INSTITUTIONS FOR THE EARTH: SOURCES OF EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (Peter M. Haas et al. eds., 1993); COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 51; HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE (Steve Rayner & Elizabeth L. Malone eds., 1998); Int'l Human Dimensions Programme on Global Envtl. Change, supra note 39.
145. E.g., ELINOR OSTROM, GOVERNING THE COMMONS: THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION (1990); INSTITUTIONS FOR THE EARTH: SOURCES OF EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (Peter M. Haas et al. eds., 1993); COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 51; HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE (Steve Rayner & Elizabeth L. Malone eds., 1998); Int'l Human Dimensions Programme on Global Envtl. Change, supra note 39.
146. E.g., ELINOR OSTROM, GOVERNING THE COMMONS: THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION (1990); INSTITUTIONS FOR THE EARTH: SOURCES OF EFFECTIVE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (Peter M. Haas et al. eds., 1993); COMM. ON THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, supra note 51; HUMAN CHOICE AND CLIMATE CHANGE (Steve Rayner & Elizabeth L. Malone eds., 1998); Int'l Human Dimensions Programme on Global Envtl. Change, supra note 39.
147. See TODD SANDLER, GLOBAL CHALLENGES: AN APPROACH TO ENVIRONMENTAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS (1997).
148. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 296.
149. Id. at 297.
150. See KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (Robin Mansell & Uta Wehn eds., 1998) (prepared for the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development).
151. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 297.
152. See UNITED NATIONS COMM'N ON SUSTAINABLE DEV., OVERALL PROGRESS ACHIEVED SINCE THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (1997).
153. See, e.g., CARNEGIE COMM'N ON SCI., TECH. AND GOV'T, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: STRENGTHENING THE FEDERAL INFRASTRUCTURE (1992); CARNEGIE COMM'N ON SCI., TECH. AND GOV'T, INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT: PROPOSALS FOR BETTER ORGANIZATION AND DECISION MAKING (1992) [hereinafter CARNEGIE COMM'N].
154. See, e.g., CARNEGIE COMM'N ON SCI., TECH. AND GOV'T, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: STRENGTHENING THE FEDERAL INFRASTRUCTURE (1992); CARNEGIE COMM'N ON SCI., TECH. AND GOV'T, INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT: PROPOSALS FOR BETTER ORGANIZATION AND DECISION MAKING (1992) [hereinafter CARNEGIE COMM'N].
155. See United Nations Div. for Sustainable Dev., supra note 88.
156. See European Union, supra note 53.
157. See ROGER B. PORTER & RAYMOND VERNON, FOREIGN ECONOMIC POLICYMAKING IN THE UNITED STATES (1989).
158. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 299.
159. In 1992, the Carnegie Commission suggested establishing a Consultative Group for Research on the Environment (CGREEN), patterned after the CGIAR. CARNEGIE COMM'N, supra note 107, at 22. See generally AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY (Vernon W. Ruttan ed., 1994); THE INT'L RESEARCH P'SHIP FOR FOOD SEC. AND AGRIC., THE THIRD SYSTEM REVIEW OF THE CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (CGIAR) (1998).
160. In 1992, the Carnegie Commission suggested establishing a Consultative Group for Research on the Environment (CGREEN), patterned after the CGIAR. CARNEGIE COMM'N, supra note 107, at 22. See generally AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY (Vernon W. Ruttan ed., 1994); THE INT'L RESEARCH P'SHIP FOR FOOD SEC. AND AGRIC., THE THIRD SYSTEM REVIEW OF THE CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (CGIAR) (1998).
161. In 1992, the Carnegie Commission suggested establishing a Consultative Group for Research on the Environment (CGREEN), patterned after the CGIAR. CARNEGIE COMM'N, supra note 107, at 22. See generally AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY (Vernon W. Ruttan ed., 1994); THE INT'L RESEARCH P'SHIP FOR FOOD SEC. AND AGRIC., THE THIRD SYSTEM REVIEW OF THE CONSULTATIVE GROUP ON INTERNATIONA AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (CGIAR) (1998).
162. CARNEGIE COMM'N, supra note 107, at 22.
163. The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), later named the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, was established by the Department of Defense in 1958 to foster and fund cutting-edge research related to defense needs. The ARPA-supported work in universities led to the development of the Internet and optical communications, among other accomplishments. For an account of ARPA's workings in supporting development of what became the Internet, see THOMAS P. HUGHES, RESCUING PROMETHEUS (1998).
164. See David W. Cash & Suzanne C. Moser, Linking Global and Local Scales: Designing Dynamic Assessment and Management Processes, 10 GLOBAL ENVTL. CHANGE: HUM. & POL'Y DIMENSIONS 109 (2000).
165. See NAT'L SCI. BD., ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (2000).
166. See, e.g., UNITED STATES GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAM, OUR CHANGING PLANET: THE FY 1999 US GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAM: A REPORT BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH (1998); COMM. ON WATERSHED MGMT., supra note 57.
167. See, e.g., UNITED STATES GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAM, OUR CHANGING PLANET: THE FY 1999 US GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH PROGRAM: A REPORT BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH (1998); COMM. ON WATERSHED MGMT., supra note 57.
168. COMM. ON GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH, supra note 39.
169. OUR COMMON JOURNEY, supra note 2, at 302.
170. See THE INT'L RESEARCH P'SHIP FOR FOOD SEC. AND AGRIC., supra note 113; Global Research Systems for Sustainable Development: Agriculture, Health and Environment, in AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY 358 (David E. Bell et al. eds., 1994).
171. See THE INT'L RESEARCH P'SHIP FOR FOOD SEC. AND AGRIC., supra note 113; Global Research Systems for Sustainable Development: Agriculture, Health and Environment, in AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY 358 (David E. Bell et al. eds., 1994).
172. See, e.g., Vicki Norberg-Bohm, Stimulating 'Green' Technological Innovation: An Analysis of Alternative Policy Mechanisms, 32 POL'Y SCIS. 13 (1999).
173. See Defining Successful Partnerships and Collaborations in Scientific Research: Hearing before the House Science Committee (March 11, 1998), available at 1998 WL 8993067 (statement of Lewis Branscomb, Aetna Professor, Emeritus, in Public Policy and Corporate Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University).
174. See HOUSE COMM. ON SCI., UNLOCKING OUR FUTURE: TOWARD A NEW NATIONAL SCIENCE POLICY (1998); David Guston, Critical Appraisal in Science and Technology Policy Analysis: The Example of 'Science, the Endless Frontier,' 30 POL'Y SCIS. 233 (1997).
175. See HOUSE COMM. ON SCI., UNLOCKING OUR FUTURE: TOWARD A NEW NATIONAL SCIENCE POLICY (1998); David Guston, Critical Appraisal in Science and Technology Policy Analysis: The Example of 'Science, the Endless Frontier,' 30 POL'Y SCIS. 233 (1997).
176. I am indebted to Harvey Brooks of Harvard University for helping to clarify my thinking on the potential analogies discussed here.