A shadow of orthodoxy? An epistemology of British hydropathy, 1840-1858

Medical History

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 173-194

  Bradley, James ^a,b   Dupree, Marguerite ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^b DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; HISTORY; HUMAN; HYDROTHERAPY; PHILOSOPHY; UNITED KINGDOM;

ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; HYDROTHERAPY; PHILOSOPHY, MEDICAL;

EID: 0038142396     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300056702     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. There were many variant spellings of Gräfenberg. We use this variant in our text, but leave the original spelling in contemporary quotes unchanged. The current Czech spelling is Gräfenberk.
2. Beginning in 1829 with 45 patients, the numbers rose steadily to 570 in 1837 and then dramatically to approximately 1,400 per year in 1839, remaining at that level for at least three years. The majority of patients in 1840 came from central Europe, including Prussia (527), Austria (367), Hungary (137), Poland (128), Russia (94) and Galicia (93), but they also came from further away, including France (15), America, Sweden (7) and England (2). While the figures should be treated as indicators rather than actual numbers, they are not mere guesses, as visitors to the area had to report to the local police who provided the figures to contemporary authors. R T Claridge, Hydropathy; or, the cold water cure, London, J Madden, 1842, pp. 69, 70-1.
3. See review of Dr H Claessen's The truth and falsehood of the so-called cold water cure, in Br. for. med. Rev., 1841, 12: 189-93; also the appendix in Edwin Lee, The principal baths of Germany considered with reference to their remedial efficacy in chronic disease, London, 2 vols, John Churchill, 1841, vol. 2.
4. See review of Dr H Claessen's The truth and falsehood of the so-called cold water cure, in Br. for. med. Rev., 1841, 12: 189-93; also the appendix in Edwin Lee, The principal baths of Germany considered with reference to their remedial efficacy in chronic disease, London, 2 vols, John Churchill, 1841, vol. 2.
5. See Claridge, op. cit., note 2 above.
6. See Edinburgh med. J., 1842, 58: 155-86.
7. See, for example, Lancet, 1841-2, i: 830-3; ii: 429-30, 489-91; 1842-3, 5: 687; 1843-4, i: 610, 612; Prov. med. surg J., 1843-4. 7: 52-4; 1843, 6: 393-5
8. See, for example, Lancet, 1841-2, i: 830-3; ii: 429-30, 489-91; 1842-3, 5: 687; 1843-4, i: 610, 612; Prov. med. surg J., 1843-4. 7: 52-4; 1843, 6: 393-5
9. See, for example, Lancet, 1841-2, i: 830-3; ii: 429-30, 489-91; 1842-3, 5: 687; 1843-4, i: 610, 612; Prov. med. surg J., 1843-4. 7: 52-4; 1843, 6: 393-5
10. See, for example, Lancet, 1841-2, i: 830-3; ii: 429-30, 489-91; 1842-3, 5: 687; 1843-4, i: 610, 612; Prov. med. surg J., 1843-4. 7: 52-4; 1843, 6: 393-5
11. See, for example, Lancet, 1841-2, i: 830-3; ii: 429-30, 489-91; 1842-3, 5: 687; 1843-4, i: 610, 612; Prov. med. surg J., 1843-4. 7: 52-4; 1843, 6: 393-5
12. See, for example, Lancet, 1841-2, i: 830-3; ii: 429-30, 489-91; 1842-3, 5: 687; 1843-4, i: 610, 612; Prov. med. surg J., 1843-4. 7: 52-4; 1843, 6: 393-5
13. Robin Price, 'Hydropathy in England, 1840-70', Med. Hist., 1981, 25: 269-80, pp. 273-8; Janet Browne, 'Spas and sensibilities: Darwin at Malvern', in Roy Porter (ed.), The medical history of waters and spas, Med. Hist. Supplement No. 10, London, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 1990, pp. 102-13, p. 106.
14. Robin Price, 'Hydropathy in England, 1840-70', Med. Hist., 1981, 25: 269-80, pp. 273-8; Janet Browne, 'Spas and sensibilities: Darwin at Malvern', in Roy Porter (ed.), The medical history of waters and spas, Med. Hist. Supplement No. 10, London, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, 1990, pp. 102-13, p. 106.
15. Browne, op. cit., note 7 above, p. 102 fn. 4, lists 26 hydropathic institutions "in existence before 1850". The list is not entirety accurate. For example, it includes Cluny Hill, founded in the mid-1860s while excluding Sir Arthur Clarke's Dublin establishment. New establishments also opened in the 1850s, such as the Gilmorehill Hydropathic in Glasgow.
16. Logic Barrow, 'Why were most medical heretics at their most confident around the 1840s? (The other side of mid-Victorian medicine)', in Roger French and Andrew Wear (eds), British medicine in an age of reform. London, Routledge, 1991, pp 165-85. on p. L65.
17. Ibid, p. 182.
18. N D Jewson. 'The disappearance of the sick-man from medical cosmology, 1770-1870', Sociology, 1976, 10: 225-44.
19. See, for example, Barrow, op. cit., note 9 above, p. 166, which notes all heresies were "holistic".
20. Price, op. cit., note 7 above, p. 280. '"Counterhegemonic" is the highly useful term coined by Ramsey in Matthew Ramsey, 'Alternative medicine in modern France', Med. Hist., 1999, 43: 286-322, p. 289.
21. Price, op. cit., note 7 above, p. 280. '"Counterhegemonic" is the highly useful term coined by Ramsey in Matthew Ramsey, 'Alternative medicine in modern France', Med. Hist., 1999, 43: 286-322, p. 289.
22. See, for example, Kelvin Rees, 'Water as a commodity: hydropathy in Matlock', in Roger Cooler (ed.), Studies in the history of alternative medicine. Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1988, pp. 28-45. Richard Metcalfe. The rise and progress of hydropathy in England and Scotland, London, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1913, pp. 171-90.
23. See, for example, Kelvin Rees, 'Water as a commodity: hydropathy in Matlock', in Roger Cooler (ed.), Studies in the history of alternative medicine. Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1988, pp. 28-45. Richard Metcalfe. The rise and progress of hydropathy in England and Scotland, London, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1913, pp. 171-90.
24. P S Brown, 'Social context and medical theory in the demarcation of nineteenth-century boundaries', in W F Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Medical fringe and medical orthodoxy, 1750-1850, London, Croom Helm, 1987, pp. 216-33, on pp. 223-30.
25. Rees, op. cit , note 14 above, p. 30.
26. Alison Winter, "The construction of orthodoxies and heterodoxies in the early Victorian life sciences', in Bernard Lightman (ed.), Victorian science in context, Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 1997, pp. 24-50.
27. Mark W Weatherall, 'Making medicine scientific: empiricism, rationality, and quackery in mid-Victorian Britain', Soc. Hist. Med., 1996, 9: 175-94, p. 181.
28. See, among others: John Harley Warner, 'Orthodoxy and otherness: homeopathy and regular medicine in nineteenth-century America", in R Jütte, G Risse and J Woodward (eds), Culture, knowledge, and healing: historical perspectives of homeopathic medicine in Europe and North America, Sheffield, European Association for the History of Medicine and Health, 1998, pp. 5-30; Naomi Rogers, "American homeopathy confronts scientific medicine", in ibid., pp. 32-64; J T H Connor, "Homoeopathy in Victorian Canada and its twentieth-century resurgence: professional, cultural and therapeutic perspectives', in ibid., pp. 111-38.
29. See, among others: John Harley Warner, 'Orthodoxy and otherness: homeopathy and regular medicine in nineteenth-century America", in R Jütte, G Risse and J Woodward (eds), Culture, knowledge, and healing: historical perspectives of homeopathic medicine in Europe and North America, Sheffield, European Association for the History of Medicine and Health, 1998, pp. 5-30; Naomi Rogers, "American homeopathy confronts scientific medicine", in ibid., pp. 32-64; J T H Connor, "Homoeopathy in Victorian Canada and its twentieth-century resurgence: professional, cultural and therapeutic perspectives', in ibid., pp. 111-38.
30. See, among others: John Harley Warner, 'Orthodoxy and otherness: homeopathy and regular medicine in nineteenth-century America", in R Jütte, G Risse and J Woodward (eds), Culture, knowledge, and healing: historical perspectives of homeopathic medicine in Europe and North America, Sheffield, European Association for the History of Medicine and Health, 1998, pp. 5-30; Naomi Rogers, "American homeopathy confronts scientific medicine", in ibid., pp. 32-64; J T H Connor, "Homoeopathy in Victorian Canada and its twentieth-century resurgence: professional, cultural and therapeutic perspectives', in ibid., pp. 111-38.
31. James Bradley and Marguerite Dupree, 'Opportunity on the edge of orthodoxy: medically qualified hydropathists in the era of reform, 1840-60' Soc Hist. Med , 2001, 14: 417-37. We also surveyed the development of hydropathic establishments in Scotland, see: Marguerite Dupree. James Bradley and Alastair Durie, 'Taking the waters: the development of hydropathic establishments in Scotland 1840-1940', Bus. econ. Hist., 1997, 26, 426-37.
32. James Bradley and Marguerite Dupree, 'Opportunity on the edge of orthodoxy: medically qualified hydropathists in the era of reform, 1840-60' Soc Hist. Med , 2001, 14: 417-37. We also surveyed the development of hydropathic establishments in Scotland, see: Marguerite Dupree. James Bradley and Alastair Durie, 'Taking the waters: the development of hydropathic establishments in Scotland 1840-1940', Bus. econ. Hist., 1997, 26, 426-37.
33. James Bradley, 'Medicine on the margins: hydropathy and orthodoxy in reform era Britain", in Waltraud Ernst (ed.), Plural medicine, tradition and modernity 1800-2000, London, Routledge, 2002, pp. 19-39.
34. Weatherall, op. cit., note 18 above, p. 192.
35. It should be noted that many unqualified hydropathists also accepted orthodox medicine's models of disease and the body, and drew on the accounts of qualified advocates. The difference between the accounts of the therapeutic rationale of hydropathy by qualified practitioners and an unqualified proponent, such as John Smedley, lay in style and organization. Bradley, op. cit., note 21 above, pp 23-4.
36. Bishop William Warburton (1698-1779) was reported to have remarked to Lord Sandwich. "Orthodoxy is my doxy; heterodoxy is another man's doxy".
37. Lancet, 1846, ii: 568.
38. Ibid., p. 567. For discussion of the etymology of medical "orthodoxy" and its links with current disputes between the Oxford Movement and evangelicals over what constituted legitimate doctrine, see Bradley, op. cit., note 21 above, pp. 31-4. See also. John V Pickstone, "Establishment and dissent in nineteenth-century medicine: an exploration of some correspondence and connections between religious and medical belief-systems in early industrial England', in W J Shels (ed.), The church and healing: studies in church history. Oxford, published for the Ecclesiastical History' Society by Basil Blackwell, 1982, pp. 165-89.
39. Ibid., p. 567. For discussion of the etymology of medical "orthodoxy" and its links with current disputes between the Oxford Movement and evangelicals over what constituted legitimate doctrine, see Bradley, op. cit., note 21 above, pp. 31-4. See also. John V Pickstone, "Establishment and dissent in nineteenth-century medicine: an exploration of some correspondence and connections between religious and medical belief-systems in early industrial England', in W J Shels (ed.), The church and healing: studies in church history. Oxford, published for the Ecclesiastical History' Society by Basil Blackwell, 1982, pp. 165-89.
40. Ibid., p. 567. For discussion of the etymology of medical "orthodoxy" and its links with current disputes between the Oxford Movement and evangelicals over what constituted legitimate doctrine, see Bradley, op. cit., note 21 above, pp. 31-4. See also. John V Pickstone, "Establishment and dissent in nineteenth-century medicine: an exploration of some correspondence and connections between religious and medical belief-systems in early industrial England', in W J Shels (ed.), The church and healing: studies in church history. Oxford, published for the Ecclesiastical History' Society by Basil Blackwell, 1982, pp. 165-89.
41. James Manby Gully, A guide to domestic hydrotherapeia The water cure in acute disease, London, Simpkin, Marshall, 1863, p xi.
42. Margaret Pelling, Cholera, fever and English medicine, 1825-1865, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp. 16 and 145.
43. Christopher Hamlin, "Predisposing causes and public health in early nineteenth century medical thought", Soc Hist. Med., 1992, 5: 43-70. pp. 50-53; Andrew Cunningham, 'Transforming plague: the laboratory and the identity of infectious disease', in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams (eds), The laboratory revolution in medicine, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 209-44, on p. 221.
44. Christopher Hamlin, "Predisposing causes and public health in early nineteenth century medical thought", Soc Hist. Med., 1992, 5: 43-70. pp. 50-53; Andrew Cunningham, 'Transforming plague: the laboratory and the identity of infectious disease', in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams (eds), The laboratory revolution in medicine, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 209-44, on p. 221.
45. John Harley Warner, 'Therapeutic explanation and the Edinburgh bloodletting controversy two perspectives on the medical meaning of science in the mid-nineteenth century', Med. Hist., 1980, 24, 241-58, pp. 245-53.
46. John Hughes Bennett, 'On the treatment of phthisis pulmonalis'. Mon. J. med. Sci., 1850, 1 (n.s.): 401-14, p. 414.
47. Mackin, Lancet, 1844. i: 473-5, on p. 474; see also comments by Mackin in ibid., p. 278.
48. Mackin, Lancet, 1844. i: 473-5, on p. 474; see also comments by Mackin in ibid., p. 278.
49. Ibid., p. 475.
50. Ibid., pp. 163-4.
51. Lancet, 1846. ii: 537.
52. Bradley, op. cit., note 21 above, pp. 27-9
53. William H Brock, Justus von Liebig: the chemical gatekeeper, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 203-14.
54. Lancet, 1841-2, ii: 485.
55. John Harley Warner, The therapeutic perspective: medical practice, knowledge, and identity in America 1820-1885, Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1986, p 6.
56. Robert Hay Graham, Graefenberg or, a true report of the water cure, London, Longman. Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1844, pp. 3-19.
57. Lancet, 1844, i: 701-2. Both Hay Graham and the anonymous reviewer were completely at ease with the contradiction between Priessnitz's illiteracy and his ability to plagiarize English medical texts.
58. Lancet, 1843-44, i: 661-2.
59. James Wilson. The water cure: a practical treatise on the cure of diseases by water, air, exercise, and diet, 3rd ed., London, John Churchill, 1842, pp. 17-18.
60. Prov. med. surg. J., 1842, p. 69.
61. Charles Scudamore, A medical visit to Gräfenberg, in April and May 1843: for the purpose of investigating the merits of the water-cure treatment, London, John Churchill, 1843, p. 5; Wilson, op. cit., note 43 above, p. 42.
62. Charles Scudamore, A medical visit to Gräfenberg, in April and May 1843: for the purpose of investigating the merits of the water-cure treatment, London, John Churchill, 1843, p. 5; Wilson, op. cit., note 43 above, p. 42.
63. Wilson, op. cit., note 43 above, pp 46-7.
64. Ibid., p. 19.
65. Thomas J Graham, A few pages on hydropathy, or the cold water system, London, W E Painter." 1843, p. 14.
66. James Manby Gully, The water cure in chronic disease, London, John Churchill, 1846, p. 685; Edward Johnson. Hydropathy. The theory, principles, and practice of the water cure shewn to be in accordance with medical science and the teachings of common sense, London. Simpkin, Marshall, 1843. p. 207; also noted by Roger Cooler, 'Alternative medicine, alternative cosmology', in Cooter (ed.). op. cit , note 14 above, pp. 63-78, on p. 68.
67. James Manby Gully, The water cure in chronic disease, London, John Churchill, 1846, p. 685; Edward Johnson. Hydropathy. The theory, principles, and practice of the water cure shewn to be in accordance with medical science and the teachings of common sense, London. Simpkin, Marshall, 1843. p. 207; also noted by Roger Cooler, 'Alternative medicine, alternative cosmology', in Cooter (ed.). op. cit , note 14 above, pp. 63-78, on p. 68.
68. James Manby Gully, The water cure in chronic disease, London, John Churchill, 1846, p. 685; Edward Johnson. Hydropathy. The theory, principles, and practice of the water cure shewn to be in accordance with medical science and the teachings of common sense, London. Simpkin, Marshall, 1843. p. 207; also noted by Roger Cooler, 'Alternative medicine, alternative cosmology', in Cooter (ed.). op. cit , note 14 above, pp. 63-78, on p. 68.
69. Metcalfe, op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 73. 101-3, 126-41.
70. Ibid., pp. 77-80.
71. Johnson, op. cit , note 49 above, p. v.
72. Ibid., pp vi-vii.
73. Ibid., pp. xiii-xiv.
74. Edward Johnson, Letters 10 brother John, on life, health, and disease, London, Saunders and Otley, 1837, esp. pp. 212-13. Letters was originally published over twelve months as twelve separate letters in the Merropolitan Magazine.
75. Johnson, op. cit., note 49 above, p. 217.
76. Edward Johnson, The domestic practice of hydropathy, London. Simpkin, Marshall, 1849, pp. 54-64.
77. Johnson, op. cit., note 49 above, pp. 88-233.
78. Scudamore, op. cit., note 45 above, p. 99.
79. James Wilson and James M Gully, The dangers of the water cure, London, Cunningham and Mortimer. 1843, but reprinted in Gully. Water cure in chronic disease. 7th ed., 1856, London, John Churchill, pp. 666-8.
80. James Wilson and James M Gully, The dangers of the water cure, London, Cunningham and Mortimer. 1843, but reprinted in Gully. Water cure in chronic disease. 7th ed., 1856, London, John Churchill, pp. 666-8.
81. Water Cure Journal, 1848, ii. 34-5; for another use of Liebig, see John Goodman. Hydropathy, or the philosophy of bathing, London, William Horsel, c.1859. pp. 57-62.
82. Water Cure Journal, 1848, ii. 34-5; for another use of Liebig, see John Goodman. Hydropathy, or the philosophy of bathing, London, William Horsel, c.1859. pp. 57-62.
83. E G Martin, Water treatment of gout and rheumatism, London, Longman, 1844. p. 7. For a rebuttal of humoralism see Wilson, op. cit , note 43 above, p. 44.
84. E G Martin, Water treatment of gout and rheumatism, London, Longman, 1844. p. 7. For a rebuttal of humoralism see Wilson, op. cit , note 43 above, p. 44.
85. William Macleod. A letter to Professor J. Y. Simpson President of the Royal College of Physicians concerning the resolution recently passed by that body in reference to the therapeutic practice commonly called homoeopathy. London, Edinburgh and Glasgow. 1851, pp. 2-3.
86. Gully, op. cit., note 49 above, p. 688.
87. For a standard description, see W B Carpenter, A manual of physiology, including physiological anatomy for the use of the medical student, London, John Churchill, 1846, pp. 217-20.
88. See James Wilson, The principles and practice of the water cure, London, John Churchill, 1854, passim.
89. Graham, op. cit., note 40 above, p 11.
90. Gully, op. cit., note 49 above, p. 3.
91. Michel Foucault, The birth of the clinic An archaeology of medical perception, London, Tavistock, 1976, pp. 184-92.
92. For America, see Warner, op. cit., note 39 above, pp 123-4.
93. James M Gully, The simple treatment of disease deduced from the methods of expectancy and revulsion, London, John Churchill, 1842, p. 25.
94. Gully, note 49 above, p. 11 : for first use of this axiom see ibid., p. 190.
95. Charles Coulston Gillespie (ed. in chief), Dictionary of scientific biography, 16 vols, New-York, Scribner, 1970-80, vol. 2, pp. 507-8.
96. Quoted in Russell C Maulitz, Morbid appearances: the anatomy of pathology in the early nineteenth century. Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 205
97. Lancet, 1846, ii: 537.
98. It was for this reason that Foucault believed that Broussais doctrine was a defining moment in the birth of the clinic. See Foucault, op. cit., note 69, p. 192.
99. Lancet, 1841-42, ii: 794
100. Johnson, op cit., note 49 above, p. 235.
101. Archibald Billing. First principles of medicine, London, Thomas and George Underwood, 1831, see esp. p 44.
102. Br. for. med Rev., 1846, 18: 437.
103. Goodman, op. cit., note 61 above, pp. 135-48.
104. Edward Johnson, whose work has been examined in detail during this paper, had three sons who became hydropathists, Howard being one of them Metcalfe. op. cit., note 14 above, p. 81
105. William Meikle, 'On some of the actions and uses of water as a therapeutic agent", unpublished MD dissertation. University of Edinburgh, 1857. pp. 43-4.
106. Br. for. med. Rev., 1847, 23: 269
107. Johnson, op. cit., note 49 above, p. 70.
108. Brown, op. cit., note 15 above, pp. 224-6.
109. Johnson, op. cit., note 49 above, p. xiv.
110. Graham, op. cit , note 40 above, p. 4.
111. Wilson and Gully, op. cit , note 60 above, p. viii.
112. Gully, op. cit., note 49 above, p. ix.
113. See, for example. Rowland East, Results of the water cure, Glasgow, George Gallie, 1848. pp. 5-6; John Harley Warner, Against the spirit of system: the French impulse in nineteenth-century American medicine. Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 224-8.
114. See, for example. Rowland East, Results of the water cure, Glasgow, George Gallie, 1848. pp. 5-6; John Harley Warner, Against the spirit of system: the French impulse in nineteenth-century American medicine. Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 224-8.
115. Brown, op. cit., note 15 above, p. 226.
116. Gully, op. cit., note 49 above, pp. 65-7.
117. Water Cure J., 1848, 1: 4-5.
118. Water Cure J , 1849, 18: 1-2.
119. William Macleod, Directory of Ben Rhydding with a chapter on the water cure and homoeopathy, London, Charles Gilpin, 1852, pp. 33-6
120. Macleod, op. cit., note 63 above, pp. 3-6.
121. See Glynis Rankin, 'Professional organisation and the development of medical knowledge: two interpretations of homoeopathy', in Cooler (ed.), op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 46-62; Weatherall, op. cit., note 18 above, p. 181.
122. See Glynis Rankin, 'Professional organisation and the development of medical knowledge: two interpretations of homoeopathy', in Cooler (ed.), op. cit., note 14 above, pp. 46-62; Weatherall, op. cit., note 18 above, p. 181.
123. Rees, op. cit., note 14 above, p. 30.
124. Lancet, 1846, ii: 567.
125. See, for example, ibid., pp. 567-8.
126. Lancet, 1842-43, i: 687.
127. See the criticisms levelled by a reporter against James Wilson, Lancet, 1841-42. ii: 429-30, and James Freeman. Lancet, 1843-44, i: 610.
128. See the criticisms levelled by a reporter against James Wilson, Lancet, 1841-42. ii: 429-30, and James Freeman. Lancet, 1843-44, i: 610.
129. For example, Macleod, op. cit., note 96 above, pp. 47-8: and Rowland East, The principles and practice of the water cure popularly expounded, London, William Allan, 1850.
130. For example, Macleod, op. cit., note 96 above, pp. 47-8: and Rowland East, The principles and practice of the water cure popularly expounded, London, William Allan, 1850.
131. Lancet, 1843-44. i: 610; Prov. med. surg. J. 1842. 1: 491-2; 1842-43, 5; 73-5, 149-50, 328-9: 1843, 6, 345-7.
132. Lancet, 1843-44. i: 610; Prov. med. surg. J. 1842. 1: 491-2; 1842-43, 5; 73-5, 149-50, 328-9: 1843, 6, 345-7.
133. Lancet, 1843-44. i: 610; Prov. med. surg. J. 1842. 1: 491-2; 1842-43, 5; 73-5, 149-50, 328-9: 1843, 6, 345-7.
134. Lancet, 1843-44. i: 610; Prov. med. surg. J. 1842. 1: 491-2; 1842-43, 5; 73-5, 149-50, 328-9: 1843, 6, 345-7.
135. Lancet, 1846, i 661, 666-7, 707, 711.
136. Lancet, 1843-44. i: 695.
137. Prov. med. surg. J , 1842, ii 50.
138. Warner, op. cit., note 39 above, p. 6.