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Volumn 43, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 286-322

Alternative medicine in modern France

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ARTICLE; DIET THERAPY; FRANCE; HISTORY; NOMENCLATURE; PHILOSOPHY; POLITICS; VEGETARIAN DIET;

EID: 0033156802     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300065376     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (31)

References (225)
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    • This was a central point, for example, of Lucinda McCray Beier's paper, 'The creation of the medical fringe, 1500-1700', meeting on 'Fringe medicine and popular belief', Sheffield City Polytechnic, 1981; see Society for the Social History of Medicine, Bulletin, 1981, 29: 29-32.
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    • On the 1892 legislation, see René Roland, Les médecins et la loi du 30 novembre 1892: étude historique et juridique sur l'organisation de la profession medicale et sur ses conditions d'exercice, Paris, Bureau des lois nouvelles, 1893. On the aftermath: Georges David, De l'exercice illégal de la médecine en France (law thesis, 1904), Fontenay-le-Comte, Charles Claireaux, 1904; V Gauthier, Considérations sur l'exercice illégal de la médecine, Paris, Jules Rousset, 1900; and Émile-Auguste Berthomier, Charlatanisme et médecine illégale (Paris medical thesis), Paris, Librairie des Facultés de médecine, Ollier-Henry, 1910, ch. 5. On the political background: Jack D Ellis, The physician-legislators of France: medicine and politics in the Third Republic, 1870-1914, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
    • (1893) Les Médecins et la Loi du 30 Novembre 1892: Étude Historique et Juridique Sur l'Organisation de la Profession Medicale et Sur Ses Conditions d'Exercice
    • Roland, R.1
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    • On the 1892 legislation, see René Roland, Les médecins et la loi du 30 novembre 1892: étude historique et juridique sur l'organisation de la profession medicale et sur ses conditions d'exercice, Paris, Bureau des lois nouvelles, 1893. On the aftermath: Georges David, De l'exercice illégal de la médecine en France (law thesis, 1904), Fontenay-le-Comte, Charles Claireaux, 1904; V Gauthier, Considérations sur l'exercice illégal de la médecine, Paris, Jules Rousset, 1900; and Émile-Auguste Berthomier, Charlatanisme et médecine illégale (Paris medical thesis), Paris, Librairie des Facultés de médecine, Ollier-Henry, 1910, ch. 5. On the political background: Jack D Ellis, The physician-legislators of France: medicine and politics in the Third Republic, 1870-1914, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
    • (1904) De l'Exercice Illégal de la Médecine en France
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    • On the 1892 legislation, see René Roland, Les médecins et la loi du 30 novembre 1892: étude historique et juridique sur l'organisation de la profession medicale et sur ses conditions d'exercice, Paris, Bureau des lois nouvelles, 1893. On the aftermath: Georges David, De l'exercice illégal de la médecine en France (law thesis, 1904), Fontenay-le-Comte, Charles Claireaux, 1904; V Gauthier, Considérations sur l'exercice illégal de la médecine, Paris, Jules Rousset, 1900; and Émile-Auguste Berthomier, Charlatanisme et médecine illégale (Paris medical thesis), Paris, Librairie des Facultés de médecine, Ollier-Henry, 1910, ch. 5. On the political background: Jack D Ellis, The physician-legislators of France: medicine and politics in the Third Republic, 1870-1914, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
    • (1900) Considérations Sur l'Exercice Illégal de la Médecine
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    • (Paris medical thesis), Paris, Librairie des Facultés de médecine, Ollier-Henry, 1910, ch. 5
    • On the 1892 legislation, see René Roland, Les médecins et la loi du 30 novembre 1892: étude historique et juridique sur l'organisation de la profession medicale et sur ses conditions d'exercice, Paris, Bureau des lois nouvelles, 1893. On the aftermath: Georges David, De l'exercice illégal de la médecine en France (law thesis, 1904), Fontenay-le-Comte, Charles Claireaux, 1904; V Gauthier, Considérations sur l'exercice illégal de la médecine, Paris, Jules Rousset, 1900; and Émile-Auguste Berthomier, Charlatanisme et médecine illégale (Paris medical thesis), Paris, Librairie des Facultés de médecine, Ollier-Henry, 1910, ch. 5. On the political background: Jack D Ellis, The physician-legislators of France: medicine and politics in the Third Republic, 1870-1914, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
    • Charlatanisme et Médecine Illégale
    • Berthomier, É.-A.1
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    • On the 1892 legislation, see René Roland, Les médecins et la loi du 30 novembre 1892: étude historique et juridique sur l'organisation de la profession medicale et sur ses conditions d'exercice, Paris, Bureau des lois nouvelles, 1893. On the aftermath: Georges David, De l'exercice illégal de la médecine en France (law thesis, 1904), Fontenay-le-Comte, Charles Claireaux, 1904; V Gauthier, Considérations sur l'exercice illégal de la médecine, Paris, Jules Rousset, 1900; and Émile-Auguste Berthomier, Charlatanisme et médecine illégale (Paris medical thesis), Paris, Librairie des Facultés de médecine, Ollier-Henry, 1910, ch. 5. On the political background: Jack D Ellis, The physician-legislators of France: medicine and politics in the Third Republic, 1870-1914, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
    • (1990) The Physician-legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Third Republic, 1870-1914
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    • 18 6582. The archival record makes clear that Chevandier and his committee did not intend to exempt massage and magnetism as medical treatments; only scientific experimentation would be open to lay persons. See AN C 5492, Chambre des députés, registre de la Commission chargée de l'examen de la proposition de loi de M Lockeroy [et] 2° de M Chevandier et plusieurs de ses collègues, relatives àl'exercice de la médecine.
    • (1894) Bulletin Officiel de l'Union des Syndicats Médicaux de France , vol.8 , pp. 161
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    • 18 6582. The archival record makes clear that Chevandier and his committee did not intend to exempt massage and magnetism as medical treatments; only scientific experimentation would be open to lay persons. See AN C 5492, Chambre des députés, registre de la Commission chargée de l'examen de la proposition de loi de M Lockeroy [et] 2° de M Chevandier et plusieurs de ses collègues, relatives àl'exercice de la médecine.
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  • 83
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    • note 49 above
    • 18 6582. The archival record makes clear that Chevandier and his committee did not intend to exempt massage and magnetism as medical treatments; only scientific experimentation would be open to lay persons. See AN C 5492, Chambre des députés, registre de la Commission chargée de l'examen de la proposition de loi de M Lockeroy [et] 2° de M Chevandier et plusieurs de ses collègues, relatives àl'exercice de la médecine.
    • Bulletin Officiel de l'Union des Syndicats Médicaux de France , pp. 46-48
    • Gauthier1
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    • note 49 above, (on masseurs and magnétiseurs) and 190-2 (on somnambules)
    • 18 6582. The archival record makes clear that Chevandier and his committee did not intend to exempt massage and magnetism as medical treatments; only scientific experimentation would be open to lay persons. See AN C 5492, Chambre des députés, registre de la Commission chargée de l'examen de la proposition de loi de M Lockeroy [et] 2° de M Chevandier et plusieurs de ses collègues, relatives àl'exercice de la médecine.
    • Bulletin Officiel de l'Union des Syndicats Médicaux de France , pp. 183-184
    • David1
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    • Paris
    • 18 6582. The archival record makes clear that Chevandier and his committee did not intend to exempt massage and magnetism as medical treatments; only scientific experimentation would be open to lay persons. See AN C 5492, Chambre des députés, registre de la Commission chargée de l'examen de la proposition de loi de M Lockeroy [et] 2° de M Chevandier et plusieurs de ses collègues, relatives àl'exercice de la médecine.
    • (1895) Application et Interprétation de la Loi du 30 Novembre 1892 Sur l'Exercice de la Médecine
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    • cited in note 50 above
    • BOUSMF, cited in note 50 above, 1901,15: 3.
    • (1901) BOUSMF , vol.15 , pp. 3
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    • note
    • The current code, as modified in 1996, defines as an illegal practitioner "toute personne qui prend part habituellement ou par direction suivie, même en présence d'un médecin, àl'établissement d'un diagnostic ou au traitement de maladies ou d'affections chirurgicales, congénitales ou acquises, réelles ou supposées, par actes personnels, consultations verbales ou écrites ou par tous autres procédés quels qu'ils soient, ou pratique l'un des actes professionnels prévus dans une nomenclature fixée par arrêté du ministre de la santé publique pris après avis de l'Académie nationale de médecine sans être titulaire d'un diplôme, certificat ou autre titre . . . exigé pour l'exercice de la profession de médecin . . ." (article L.372).
  • 90
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    • Professionalization of complementary medicine in the United Kingdom
    • 196
    • See S L Cant and U Sharma, 'Professionalization of complementary medicine in the United Kingdom', Complementary Therapies, 196,4: 157-62.
    • Complementary Therapies , vol.4 , pp. 157-162
    • Cant, S.L.1    Sharma, U.2
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    • Conscription, malingerers, and popular medicine in Napoleonic France
    • Athens, Georgia
    • Matthew Ramsey, 'Conscription, malingerers, and popular medicine in Napoleonic France', Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1978, Athens, Georgia, 1980, pp. 188-99.
    • (1980) Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1978 , pp. 188-199
    • Ramsey, M.1
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    • e siècle: Recherches sur les patients de L Vannier, 1928-1948
    • Faure, note 30 above
    • e siècle: recherches sur les patients de L Vannier, 1928-1948', in Faure, Praticiens, note 30 above, pp. 175-96. Vannier, apart from being a medical doctor, was an exceptional figure, the most prominent French homoeopath of the interwar period.
    • Praticiens , pp. 175-196
    • Faure1
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    • Academic medicine and medical industrialism: The regulation of secret remedies in nineteenth-century France
    • Ann La Berge and Mordechai Feingold (eds), Amsterdam and Atlanta, Rodopi
    • See Matthew Ramsey, 'Academic medicine and medical industrialism: the regulation of secret remedies in nineteenth-century France', in Ann La Berge and Mordechai Feingold (eds), French medical culture in the nineteenth century, Amsterdam and Atlanta, Rodopi, 1994, pp. 25-78.
    • (1994) French Medical Culture in the Nineteenth Century , pp. 25-78
    • Ramsey, M.1
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    • Paris, E Dentu
    • Caunière, La Médecine naturelle devant ses juges et devant l'opinion, Paris, E Dentu, 1858; cf. a pamphlet by one of his apologists, L Vanard, La Médecine naturelle: requête à MM. les juges de police correctionnelle en faveur d'un médecin étranger qu'on traduit en justice, Paris, E Dentu, 1858.
    • (1858) La Médecine Naturelle Devant Ses Juges et Devant l'Opinion
    • Caunière1
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    • The professionalization of homoeopathy in the nineteenth century
    • idem and John Woodward (eds), Sheffield, European Association for the History of Medicine and Health Publications
    • Robert Jütte, The professionalization of homoeopathy in the nineteenth century', in idem and John Woodward (eds), Coping with sickness: historical aspects of health care in a European perspective, Sheffield, European Association for the History of Medicine and Health Publications, 1995, pp. 45-66.
    • (1995) Coping with Sickness: Historical Aspects of Health Care in a European Perspective , pp. 45-66
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    • Paris, Imprimerie de P Dupont
    • Vries, Question du soleil, nouveau signe des temps, Paris, Imprimerie de P Dupont, 1868; Ordre de Dieu d'ériger Ie temple du royaume du Christ prophétisé par Salomon . . . Réforme universelle de la civilisation et l'union des nations. Érection à Paris d'un temple symbolique en albâtre réunissant et confondant en un culte unique le protestantisme, le catholicisme et le judaïsme, auxquels viennent se joindre toutes les religions professées dans l'univers; Paris, centre du inonde, devient le soleil dont les rayons répandent partout l'amour, l'union et la civilisation des peuples, Paris, Imprimerie de Dubuisson, 1856; Remplacement de la vapeur; nouvelle force motrice appliquée à tous les usages de la navigation et de l'industrie . . . Paris, Imprimerie de Renou et Maulde, 1870.
    • (1868) Question du Soleil, Nouveau Signe des Temps
    • Vries1
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    • Vries, Question du soleil, nouveau signe des temps, Paris, Imprimerie de P Dupont, 1868; Ordre de Dieu d'ériger Ie temple du royaume du Christ prophétisé par Salomon . . . Réforme universelle de la civilisation et l'union des nations. Érection à Paris d'un temple symbolique en albâtre réunissant et confondant en un culte unique le protestantisme, le catholicisme et le judaïsme, auxquels viennent se joindre toutes les religions professées dans l'univers; Paris, centre du inonde, devient le soleil dont les rayons répandent partout l'amour, l'union et la civilisation des peuples, Paris, Imprimerie de Dubuisson, 1856; Remplacement de la vapeur; nouvelle force motrice appliquée à tous les usages de la navigation et de l'industrie . . . Paris, Imprimerie de Renou et Maulde, 1870.
    • (1870) Remplacement de la Vapeur; Nouvelle Force Motrice Appliquée à Tous Les Usages de la Navigation et de l'Industrie . . .
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  • 115
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    • Hippolyte-Léon-Denizard Rivail
    • trans. Anna Blackwell, Boston, Colby and Rich, Publishers, reprint, New York, Amo Press
    • e siècle jusqu'à la Première Guerre Mondiale'. On the place of the occult in the cultural
    • (1875) The Spirits' Book. . . .
    • Kardec, A.1
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    • e siècle jusqu'à la Première Guerre Mondiale
    • note 23 above
    • e siècle jusqu'à la Première Guerre Mondiale'. On the place of the occult in the cultural life of France at the end of the nineteenth century, see Eugen Weber, France, fin de siècle, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1986, pp. 32-5.
    • The Spirits' Book. . . . , Issue.1 PART
    • Aubrée1    Laplantine2
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    • Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press
    • e siècle jusqu'à la Première Guerre Mondiale'. On the place of the occult in the cultural life of France at the end of the nineteenth century, see Eugen Weber, France, fin de siècle, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1986, pp. 32-5.
    • (1986) France, Fin de Siècle , pp. 32-35
    • Weber, E.1
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    • See Ruth Harris, Murders and madness: medicine, law, and society in the fin de siècle, Oxford University Press, 1989, subchapter on 'Spiritualism, magnetism, and medical authority', pp. 192-207, and Edelman, op. cit., note 13 above, pp. 54-9, 180-6, and passim.
    • Spiritualism, Magnetism, and Medical Authority , pp. 192-207
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    • note 13 above
    • See Ruth Harris, Murders and madness: medicine, law, and society in the fin de siècle, Oxford University Press, 1989, subchapter on 'Spiritualism, magnetism, and medical authority', pp. 192-207, and Edelman, op. cit., note 13 above, pp. 54-9, 180-6, and passim.
    • Spiritualism, Magnetism, and Medical Authority , pp. 54-59
    • Edelman1
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    • New York, Basic Books
    • See Henri F Ellenberger, The discovery of the unconscious: the history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry, New York, Basic Books, 1970. For a nuanced account of the relationship between late-nineteenth-century psychiatry and the mesmerist tradition, see Anne Harrington, 'Hysteria, hypnosis, and the lure of the invisible: the rise of neomesmerism in fin-de-siècle French psychiatry', in W F Bynum, Roy Porter, and Michael Shepherd (eds), The anatomy of madness: essays in the history of psychiatry, vol. 3, London and New York, Routledge, 1988, pp. 226-46.
    • (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry
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    • Hysteria, hypnosis, and the lure of the invisible: The rise of neomesmerism in fin-de-siècle French psychiatry
    • W F Bynum, Roy Porter, and Michael Shepherd (eds), London and New York, Routledge
    • See Henri F Ellenberger, The discovery of the unconscious: the history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry, New York, Basic Books, 1970. For a nuanced account of the relationship between late-nineteenth-century psychiatry and the mesmerist tradition, see Anne Harrington, 'Hysteria, hypnosis, and the lure of the invisible: the rise of neomesmerism in fin-de-siècle French psychiatry', in W F Bynum, Roy Porter, and Michael Shepherd (eds), The anatomy of madness: essays in the history of psychiatry, vol. 3, London and New York, Routledge, 1988, pp. 226-46.
    • (1988) The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry , vol.3 , pp. 226-246
    • Harrington, A.1
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    • Paris 9-16 September Paris, Librairie spirite
    • Congrès splrite et spiritualiste international de 1889 [Paris 9-16 September 1889], Paris, Librairie spirite, 1890, quoted in Edelman, op. cit., note 13 above, p. 95.
    • (1889) Congrès Splrite et Spiritualiste International de 1889
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    • note
    • Léonard suggests that the medical profession in the conservative West was about evenly divided between anticlericals and supporters of the Church (Les médecins de l'Ouest, cited in note 12 above, ch. 18, 'Les médecins de l'Ouest et Ia religion'); the incidence of anticlericalism was generally higher elsewhere.
  • 136
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    • trans. Virgilia Peterson, New York, Harper & Brothers
    • See Carrel, The voyage to Lourdes, trans. Virgilia Peterson, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1950. The important synoptic study by Ruth Harris, Lourdes: body and spirit in a secular age, London, Allen Lane/Penguin, 1999, appeared too late to be consulted for this essay.
    • (1950) The Voyage to Lourdes
    • Carrel1
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    • London, Allen Lane/Penguin
    • See Carrel, The voyage to Lourdes, trans. Virgilia Peterson, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1950. The important synoptic study by Ruth Harris, Lourdes: body and spirit in a secular age, London, Allen Lane/Penguin, 1999, appeared too late to be consulted for this essay.
    • (1999) Lourdes: Body and Spirit in a Secular Age
    • Harris, R.1
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    • 56th year, January
    • For the background, see the Journal du magnétisme, du massage et de la psychologie, 1901-1902, 56th year, vol. 29, no. 1 (January 1901). Durville develops the magnetizers' position in Le Massage et le magnétisme sous l'empire de la loi du 30 novembre 1892; . . . , Paris, Librairie du magnétisme, 1894. For the perspective of the organized medical profession, see BOUSMF, cited in note 50 above, 5 January 1902.
    • (1901) Journal du Magnétisme, du Massage et de la Psychologie, 1901-1902 , vol.29 , Issue.1
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    • Paris, Librairie du magnétisme
    • For the background, see the Journal du magnétisme, du massage et de la psychologie, 1901-1902, 56th year, vol. 29, no. 1 (January 1901). Durville develops the magnetizers' position in Le Massage et le magnétisme sous l'empire de la loi du 30 novembre 1892; . . . , Paris, Librairie du magnétisme, 1894. For the perspective of the organized medical profession, see BOUSMF, cited in note 50 above, 5 January 1902.
    • (1894) Le Massage et Le Magnétisme Sous l'Empire de la Loi du 30 Novembre 1892; . . .
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    • cited in note 50 above, 5 January
    • For the background, see the Journal du magnétisme, du massage et de la psychologie, 1901-1902, 56th year, vol. 29, no. 1 (January 1901). Durville develops the magnetizers' position in Le Massage et le magnétisme sous l'empire de la loi du 30 novembre 1892; . . . , Paris, Librairie du magnétisme, 1894. For the perspective of the organized medical profession, see BOUSMF, cited in note 50 above, 5 January 1902.
    • (1902) BOUSMF
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    • AN C 5998-6000 and C 7778
    • AN C 5998-6000 and C 7778.
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    • Histoire naturelle de la santé et de Ia maladie . . .
    • Daniel Ligou (ed.), Paris, J Martineau
    • François-Vincent Raspail, Histoire naturelle de la santé et de Ia maladie . . . , in Daniel Ligou (ed.), François-Vincent Raspail, ou le bon usage de la prison . . . , Paris, J Martineau, 1968, pp. 511-13.
    • (1968) François-Vincent Raspail, Ou Le Bon Usage de la Prison . . . , pp. 511-513
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    • London
    • Cœurderoy, Jours d'exil, London, 1855; reprint, 3 vols, Paris, P-V Stock, 1910-11, vol. 1, pp. 388-90,435.
    • (1855) Jours d'Exil
    • Cœurderoy1
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    • reprint, 3 vols, Paris, P-V Stock
    • Cœurderoy, Jours d'exil, London, 1855; reprint, 3 vols, Paris, P-V Stock, 1910-11, vol. 1, pp. 388-90,435.
    • (1910) Jours d'Exil , vol.1 , pp. 388-390
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    • Paris, Librairie générale
    • Hureaux, Le Code moral de la République ou de l'esprit chrétien passé majeur, n.p., n.d.; La Régénération médicale pour tous: notice sur l'art de se guérir soi-même avec certitude enseigné par la nature, Paris, les principaux librairies, 1861; Le Salut social de la nation: la France ouvrière libre et la victoire sociale, Paris, Librairie générale, 1888.
    • (1888) Le Salut Social de la Nation: la France Ouvrière Libre et la Victoire Sociale
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    • Paris, Honoré Champion, eh. 5, 'Dormeuses et somnambules'
    • On popular somnambulisme, see Dr Emile Boismoreau, Coutumes médicales et superstitions populaires du bocage vendéen, Paris, Honoré Champion, 1911, eh. 5, 'Dormeuses et somnambules'. On radiesthesia: Albert Leprince, Radiesthésie médicale: applications de l'art du sourcier à la médecine humaine, Paris, Legrand, 1936.
    • (1911) Coutumes Médicales et Superstitions Populaires du Bocage Vendéen
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    • Paris, Maloine
    • See, for example, Albert Leprince, L'Acupuncture à la portée de tous: manuel théorique et pratique de l'acupuncture chinoise et des méthodes qui en dérivent, Paris, Éditions Dangles, n.d.; idem, Traité de réflexolhérapie. Paris, Maloine, 1924; and idem, La Vertébrothérapie: subhaations vertébrales et réflexes vertébraux, Paris, Maloine, 1931.
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    • Paris, Maloine
    • See, for example, Albert Leprince, L'Acupuncture à la portée de tous: manuel théorique et pratique de l'acupuncture chinoise et des méthodes qui en dérivent, Paris, Éditions Dangles, n.d.; idem, Traité de réflexolhérapie. Paris, Maloine, 1924; and idem, La Vertébrothérapie: subhaations vertébrales et réflexes vertébraux, Paris, Maloine, 1931.
    • (1931) La Vertébrothérapie: Subhaations Vertébrales et Réflexes Vertébraux
    • Leprince, A.1
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    • New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, esp. ch. 5
    • See the excellent collection of essays edited by Christopher Lawrence and George Weisz, Greater than the parts: holism in biomedicine, 1920-1950, New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998, esp. ch. 5, Weisz, 'A moment of synthesis: medical holism in France between the wars', pp. 68-93. The account that follows is based primarily on ch. 5. Thanks also to Weisz for his helpful comments and suggestions on this section and on the essay as a whole.
    • (1998) Greater Than the Parts: Holism in Biomedicine, 1920-1950
    • Lawrence, C.1    Weisz, G.2
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    • See the excellent collection of essays edited by Christopher Lawrence and George Weisz, Greater than the parts: holism in biomedicine, 1920-1950, New York and Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998, esp. ch. 5, Weisz, 'A moment of synthesis: medical holism in France between the wars', pp. 68-93. The account that follows is based primarily on ch. 5. Thanks also to Weisz for his helpful comments and suggestions on this section and on the essay as a whole.
    • A Moment of Synthesis: Medical Holism in France between the Wars , pp. 68-93
    • Weisz1
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    • 12744274630 scopus 로고
    • Paris, Fernand Aubier/Éditions Montaigne
    • Maritain, Humanisme intégral: problèmes temporels et spirituels d'une nouvelle chrétienté, Paris, F Aubier, 1936; Mounier, Manifeste au service du personnalisme, Paris, Fernand Aubier/Éditions Montaigne, 1936.
    • (1936) Manifeste Au Service du Personnalisme
    • Mounier1
  • 164
    • 85034558904 scopus 로고
    • New York and London, Harper & Brothers, French ed., Paris, Librairie Pion, 1935
    • Mali the unknown [L'Homme, cet inconnu], New York and London, Harper & Brothers, 1935. French ed., Paris, Librairie Pion, 1935.
    • (1935) Mali the Unknown [L'Homme, Cet Inconnu]
  • 165
    • 85034530848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Dolores Peters is currently working on this topic; see her unpublished paper, 'Catholic doctors and family medicine: confessional and professional interests in interwar France', conference on 'Medicine and the family', Society for the Social History of Medicine, University of Exeter, July 1994.
  • 169
    • 8844283231 scopus 로고
    • Filiinges, Éditions Trois Fontaines
    • e siècle, Filiinges, Éditions Trois Fontaines, 1992.
    • (1992) e Siècle
    • Vasey, C.1
  • 170
    • 85034559914 scopus 로고
    • 2 vols, Paris, Albin Michel
    • Van der Meersch, Corps et âmes, roman . . . , 2 vols, Paris, Albin Michel, 1943; Bodies and souls, trans. Eithne Wilkins, London, Pilot Press, 1948. A play based on the novel was published in 1951, the year of the author's death: Corps et âmes, pièce en 4 actes, Paris, Albin Michel.
    • (1943) Corps et Âmes, Roman . . .
    • Van Meersch, D.1
  • 171
    • 12744279446 scopus 로고
    • trans. Eithne Wilkins, London, Pilot Press
    • Van der Meersch, Corps et âmes, roman . . . , 2 vols, Paris, Albin Michel, 1943; Bodies and souls, trans. Eithne Wilkins, London, Pilot Press, 1948. A play based on the novel was published in 1951, the year of the author's death: Corps et âmes, pièce en 4 actes, Paris, Albin Michel.
    • (1948) Bodies and Souls
  • 172
    • 85034538379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paris, Albin Michel
    • Van der Meersch, Corps et âmes, roman . . . , 2 vols, Paris, Albin Michel, 1943; Bodies and souls, trans. Eithne Wilkins, London, Pilot Press, 1948. A play based on the novel was published in 1951, the year of the author's death: Corps et âmes, pièce en 4 actes, Paris, Albin Michel.
    • Corps et Âmes, Pièce en 4 Actes
  • 173
    • 8844285025 scopus 로고
    • Lyons, Éditions de l'acropole
    • Dr O Loras, Maxence van der Meersch l'auteur de Corps et âmes s'est-il tué pour une doctrinel, Lyons, Éditions de l'acropole, 1951. Loras, though he rejected taking doctrinaire positions in medicine, was a self-professed medical humanist: "Une seule médecine considérant l'être humain dans son unité, n'est-ce pas la médecine de la personnalité humaine?" (p. 63).
    • (1951) Maxence Van der Meersch l'Auteur de Corps et Âmes s'est-il Tué Pour Une Doctrinel
    • Loras, O.1
  • 174
    • 8844259362 scopus 로고
    • Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1935) La Science Occulte et Les Sciences Occultes
    • Carton, P.1
  • 175
    • 84922998875 scopus 로고
    • Paris, N Maloine
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1926) Les Lois de la Vie Saine, 2nd Ed.
  • 176
    • 12744260003 scopus 로고
    • Paris, Maloine
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1922) Thérapeutique Infantile en Exemples: Méthode Naturiste Ou Hippocratique
  • 177
    • 12744269302 scopus 로고
    • Paris, Maloine
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1930) L'Art Médical: L'Individualisation des Règles de Santé
  • 178
    • 12744280818 scopus 로고
    • trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1931) Simple Vegetarian Cooking [La Cuisine Simple]
  • 179
    • 85034547693 scopus 로고
    • Paris, Le François
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1934) Les Clefs du Diagnostic de l'Individualité: Aide-mémoire de Clinique Thérapeutique Naturiste
  • 180
    • 85034554307 scopus 로고
    • Paris, Le François
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1973) La Synthèse Directrice et Libératrice de Ia Personne Humaine: Méthode Hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd Ed.
  • 181
    • 12744276650 scopus 로고
    • n.p., n.d.
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1992) Le Décalogue de la Santé, 9th Ed.
  • 182
    • 85034561885 scopus 로고
    • Paris, Le François
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1965) L'Art Médical: L'individualisme des Règles de Santé, l'Orientation Sanitaire et Professionnelle, la Culture des Immunités Naturelles. Méthode Hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd Ed.
  • 183
    • 12744280822 scopus 로고
    • Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart
    • Except as noted, the following account is based primarily on Paul Carton, La Science occulte et les sciences occultes, Brévannes (Seine-et-Oise), P Carton, 1935. Carton's dozens of publications also included Les lois de la vie saine, 2nd ed., Paris, N Maloine, 1926; Thérapeutique infantile en exemples: méthode naturiste ou hippocratique, Paris, Maloine, 1922; L'Art médical: l'individualisation des règles de santé, Paris, Maloine, 1930; Simple vegetarian cooking [La Cuisine simple], trans. Elizabeth Lucas, London, G G Harrap, 1931; Les Clefs du diagnostic de l'individualité: aide-mémoire de clinique thérapeutique naturiste, Paris, Le François, 1934. Some of his texts became hardy perennials of the alternative literature. See, for example, La Synthèse directrice et libératrice de Ia personne humaine: méthode hippocratiquecartonienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1973; Le Décalogue de la santé, 9th ed., n.p., n.d., 1992; L'Art médical: l'individualisme des règles de santé, l'orientation sanitaire et professionnelle, la culture des immunités naturelles. Méthode hippocratiquecartonnienne, 3rd ed., Paris, Le François, 1965; Alimentation, hygiène et thérapeutique infantile en exemples . . . , 6th ed., Abbeville, Imprimerie F Paillart, 1988.
    • (1988) Alimentation, Hygiène et Thérapeutique Infantile en Exemples . . . , 6th Ed.
  • 192
    • 85034560091 scopus 로고
    • Collection pour ou contre, Nancy, Berger-Levrault
    • See, for example, Maurice Mességué, Pour les guérisseurs et la médecine libre, and Fernand Mouquin, Contre les guérisseurs et Ia médecine libre, Collection pour ou contre, Nancy, Berger-Levrault, 1967.
    • (1967) Contre Les Guérisseurs et Ia Médecine Libre
    • Mouquin, F.1
  • 194
    • 85034545120 scopus 로고
    • [Paris], Éditions de la Seine
    • See Zaraï, Ma médecine naturelle, [Paris], Éditions de la Seine, 1989, and Ces émotions qui guérissent, [Paris], Le Grand Livre du Mois, 1995.
    • (1989) Ma Médecine Naturelle
    • Zaraï1
  • 195
    • 85034547429 scopus 로고
    • [Paris], Le Grand Livre du Mois
    • See Zaraï, Ma médecine naturelle, [Paris], Éditions de la Seine, 1989, and Ces émotions qui guérissent, [Paris], Le Grand Livre du Mois, 1995.
    • (1995) Ces Émotions Qui Guérissent
  • 196
    • 85034545039 scopus 로고
    • France possessed by the occult and irrational
    • reprinted from International Herald Tribune
    • Barry James, 'France possessed by the occult and irrational', Skeptical Inquirer, 1990,14: 232-3 (reprinted from International Herald Tribune); Marlise Simons, 'France under the spell of Druids?', New York Times, 30 April 1996.
    • (1990) Skeptical Inquirer , vol.14 , pp. 232-233
    • James, B.1
  • 197
    • 85034550795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • France under the spell of Druids?
    • 30 April
    • Barry James, 'France possessed by the occult and irrational', Skeptical Inquirer, 1990,14: 232-3 (reprinted from International Herald Tribune); Marlise Simons, 'France under the spell of Druids?', New York Times, 30 April 1996.
    • (1996) New York Times
    • Simons, M.1
  • 198
    • 85034560618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At the time of this writing a guide from the Annuaire des médecines douces could be found at: http://www.naturmed.com.
  • 199
    • 0028308240 scopus 로고
    • Complementary medicine in Europe
    • table
    • Peter Fisher and Adam Ward, 'Complementary medicine in Europe', Br. med. J., 1994, 309: 107-11, p. 309, table.
    • (1994) Br. Med. J. , vol.309 , pp. 107-111
    • Fisher, P.1    Ward, A.2
  • 200
    • 85034533788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Le Cheminement social des médecines parallèles
    • postface to Barel and Butel, note 4 above
    • Bouchayer, 'Le Cheminement social des médecines parallèles', postface to Barel and Butel, op. cit., note 4 above, p. 281.
    • Br. Med. J. , pp. 281
    • Bouchayer1
  • 201
    • 85034557963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 85 above
    • Guillaume, op. cit., note 85 above, pp. 219-23.
    • Br. Med. J. , pp. 219-223
    • Guillaume1
  • 202
    • 85034548695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • cited in note 30 above
    • For the historical background and some useful comparisons with Germany, see the essays in Faure (ed.). Praticiens, cited in note 30 above.
    • Praticiens
    • Faure1
  • 203
    • 12744258639 scopus 로고
    • 'Science and the citizen' column
    • September
    • On the initial controversy, see Timothy M Beardsley, 'Science and the citizen' column, Scientific American, September 1988, pp. 19-22; on subsequent developments, Tara Patel, '"Molecule memory" man to lose his laboratory'. New Scientist, 23 October 1993, p. 10.
    • (1988) Scientific American , pp. 19-22
    • Beardsley, T.M.1
  • 204
    • 85034561020 scopus 로고
    • "Molecule memory" man to lose his laboratory
    • 23 October
    • On the initial controversy, see Timothy M Beardsley, 'Science and the citizen' column, Scientific American, September 1988, pp. 19-22; on subsequent developments, Tara Patel, '"Molecule memory" man to lose his laboratory'. New Scientist, 23 October 1993, p. 10.
    • (1993) New Scientist , pp. 10
    • Patel, T.1
  • 205
    • 85034534077 scopus 로고
    • In the forest of Orléans, unneighborly snarls
    • 10 February
    • Alan Riding, 'In the forest of Orléans, unneighborly snarls', New York Times, 10 February 1993.
    • (1993) New York Times
    • Riding, A.1
  • 206
    • 85034556563 scopus 로고
    • From healing to salvation: The neorural apocalyptic communities in France
    • Marc Augé and Claudine Herzlich (eds), trans. Katherine J Durnin, et al., Luxembourg, Harwood Academic Publishers
    • D Léger, 'From healing to salvation: the neorural apocalyptic communities in France', in Marc Augé and Claudine Herzlich (eds), The meaning of illness: anthropology, history and sociology, trans. Katherine J Durnin, et al., Luxembourg, Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995, pp. 207-24.
    • (1995) The Meaning of Illness: Anthropology, History and Sociology , pp. 207-224
    • Léger, D.1
  • 208
    • 85034539652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A well-funded voluntary organization known as the National Council Against Health Fraud, which describes itself as a consumer advocacy group, has been active since 1984. The very militant Quackwatch, Inc., assumed its present name in 1997 but has been in operation since the 1970s; it has a French-language Web site based in Canada, http://www.allerg.qc.ca/quackwf.html. The US is also the home base of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal and its journal, the Skeptical Inquirer, which for two decades have maintained a steady campaign against "antiscientific" claims, many of them related to health and medicine; an affiliated journal, The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, was launched in October 1997.
  • 209
    • 85034548210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • was launched in October
    • A well-funded voluntary organization known as the National Council Against Health Fraud, which describes itself as a consumer advocacy group, has been active since 1984. The very militant Quackwatch, Inc., assumed its present name in 1997 but has been in operation since the 1970s; it has a French-language Web site based in Canada, http://www.allerg.qc.ca/quackwf.html. The US is also the home base of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal and its journal, the Skeptical Inquirer, which for two decades have maintained a steady campaign against "antiscientific" claims, many of them related to health and medicine; an affiliated journal, The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, was launched in October 1997.
    • (1997) The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine
  • 212
    • 12744253556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Un "Moniteur sectes" va être nommé dans chaque région
    • 3 October
    • 'Rapport français fait au nom de Ia Commission d'enquête sur les sectes', http://www.geocities.com/ CapitolHill/3329/rapportf.htm. See H T, 'Un "Moniteur sectes" va être nommé dans chaque région', Le Monde, 3 October 1996.
    • (1996) Le Monde
    • T., H.1
  • 213
    • 1642612816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5, 9, and 10 October
    • Le Monde, 5, 9, and 10 October 1996.
    • (1996) Le Monde
  • 214
    • 0347788408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 31 May
    • Le Figaro, 31 May 1997.
    • (1997) Le Figaro
  • 215
    • 0345230307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Résolution du Parlement européen sur le statut des médecines non conventionnelles
    • 7 June
    • European Parliament, Bulletin UE 5-1997, 1.3.40, 'Résolution du Parlement européen sur le statut des médecines non conventionnelles', and Br med. J., vol. 314, no. 7095, 7 June 1997. See also Tom Huggon and Alan Trench, 'Brussels post-1992: protector or persecutor?', in Saks (ed.), op. cit., note 25 above, pp. 241-9, and, on the history of regulation of the professions in the EU, Louis H Orzack, 'Educators, practitioners and politicians in the European Common Market', Higher Education, 1980, 9: 307-23.
    • (1997) Br Med. J. , vol.314 , Issue.7095
  • 216
    • 0345230307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brussels post-1992: Protector or persecutor?
    • Saks (ed.), note 25 above
    • European Parliament, Bulletin UE 5-1997, 1.3.40, 'Résolution du Parlement européen sur le statut des médecines non conventionnelles', and Br med. J., vol. 314, no. 7095, 7 June 1997. See also Tom Huggon and Alan Trench, 'Brussels post-1992: protector or persecutor?', in Saks (ed.), op. cit., note 25 above, pp. 241-9, and, on the history of regulation of the professions in the EU, Louis H Orzack, 'Educators, practitioners and politicians in the European Common Market', Higher Education, 1980, 9: 307-23.
    • Br Med. J. , pp. 241-249
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