Tritiated water vapor in the stratosphere: Vertical profiles and residence time

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 107, Issue 24, 2002, Pages

  Ehhalt, D H ^a   Rohrer, F ^a   Schauffler, S ^b   Pollock, W ^b  

^a FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JÜLICH   (Germany)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Eigenfunctions of the vertical diffusion operator; Residence time; Stratosphere; Tritiated water vapor

Indexed keywords

EARTH ATMOSPHERE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MEASUREMENT THEORY; NUMERICAL METHODS; RADIOACTIVITY;

MEASUREMENT METHOD; RESIDENCE TIME; STRATOSPHERE; TEMPORAL VARIATION; TESTING METHOD; TRITIUM; TROPOSPHERE; VERTICAL PROFILE; WATER VAPOR;

EID: 0038123909     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001JD001343     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Abbas, M. M., et al., Seasonal variations of water vapor in the lower stratosphere inferred from ATMOS/ATLAS-3 measurements of H2O and CH4, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2401-2404, 1996.
2. Chang, A. Y., et al., A comparison of measurements from ATMOS and instruments aboard the ER-2 aircraft: Tracers of atmospheric transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2389-2392, 1996.
3. Craig, H., and D. Lal, The production rate of natural tritium, Tellus, XIII, 85-105, 1961.
4. Daniel, J. S., S. M. Schauffler, W. H. Pollock, S. Solomon, A. Weaver, L. E. Heidt, R. R. Garcia, and E. L. Atlas, On the age of stratospheric air and inorganic chlorine and bromine release, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 16,757-16,770, 1996.
5. Ehhalt, D. H., L. E. Heidt, R. H. Lueb, and E. A. Martell, Concentrations of CH4, CO, CO2, H2, H2O and N 2O in the upper stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 163-169, 1975.
6. Elkins, J. W., et al., Airborne gas Chromatograph for in situ measurements of long-lived species in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 347-350, 1996.
7. Eriksson, E., An account of the major pulses of tritium and their effects in the atmosphere, Tellus, XVII, 118-130, 1965.
8. Hall, T. M., and R. A. Plumb, Age as a diagnostic of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 1059-1070, 1994.
9. Hall, T. M., D. W. Waugh, K. A. Boering, and R. A. Plumb, Evaluation of transport in stratospheric models, J. Geophys. Res., 104,18,815-18,839, 1999a.
10. Hall, T. H., D. J. Wuebbles, K. A. Boering, R. S. Eckman, J. Lemer, R. A. Plumb, D. H. Rind, C. P. Rinsland, D. W. Waugh, and C.-F. Wei, Transport experiments, in Models and Measurements Intercomparison II, TM-1999-209554, edited by J. H. Park et al., NASA, Washington, D.C., 1999b.
11. Hall, T. M., and D. W. Waugh, Stratospheric residence time and its relationship to mean age, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 6773-6782, 2000.
12. Harnisch, J., R. Borchers, P. Fabian, and M. Maiss, Tropospheric trends for CF4 and C2F6 since 1982 derived from SF6 dated stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1099-1102, 1996.
13. Holton, J. R., A dynamically based transport pararheterisation for one-dimensional photochemical models of the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 2681-2686, 1986.
14. Irion, F. W., et al., Stratopheric observations of CH3D and HDO from ATMOS infrared solar spectra: Enrichments of deuterium in methane and implications for HD, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2381-2384, 1996.
15. Lal, D., and B. Peters, Cosmic ray produced isotopes and their application to problems in geophysics, Prog. Elem. Part. Cosmic Ray Phys., VI 3-74, 1962.
16. Lueb, R. A., D. H. Ehhalt, and L. E. Heidt, Balloon-borne low temperature air sampler, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 46, 702-705, 1975.
17. Masarik, J., and J. Beer, Simulation of particle fluxes and cosmogenic nuclide production in the Earth's atmosphere, J. Ceophys. Res., 104, 12,099-12,111, 1999.
18. Mason A. S., Stratospheric HTO perturbations 1980-1983, Tellus, Ser. B, 37, 41-45, 1985.
19. Mason A. S. and H. G. Östlund, Atmospheric HT and HTO, V, Distribution and large-scale circulation, in Behaviour of Tritium in the Environment, IAEA-SM-232/62, Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna, 1979.
20. Mason A. S., G. Hut, and K. Telegadas, Stratospheric HTO and 95Zr residence times, Tellus, 34, 369-375, 1982.
21. Moyer, E. J., F. W. Irion, Y. L. Yung, and M. R. Gunson, ATMOS stratospheric deuterated water and implications for troposphere-stratosphere transport, Ceophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2385-2388, 1996.
22. Östlund, H. G., and A. S. Mason, Atmospheric tritium, prog, rep., U. S. Dep. of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1979.
23. Pollock, W., L. E. Heidt, R. Lueb, and D. Ehhalt, Measurement of stratospheric water vapor by cryogenic collection, J. Ceophys. Res., 85, 5555-5568, 1980.
24. Pollock, W. H., L. E. Heidt, R. A. Lueb, J. F. Vedder, M. J. Mills, and S. Solomon, On the age of stratospheric air and ozone depletion potentials in polar regions, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12,993-12,999, 1992.
25. Prather, M. J., Timescales in atmospheric chemistry: Coupled perturbations to N2O, NOy and O3, Science, 279, 1339-1341, 1998.
26. Randel, W. J., F. Wu, J. M. Russel III, A. Roche, and J. W. Waters, Seasonal cycles and QBO variations in stratospheric CH4 and H 2O observed in UARS HALOE data, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 163-185, 1998.
27. Schmidt, U., and A. Khedim, In situ measurements of carbon dioxide in the winter arctic vortex and at midlatitudes: An indicator of the "age" of stratospheric air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 763-766, 1991.
28. Scholz, T. G.; D. H. Ehhalt, L. E. Heidt, and E. A. Martell, Water vapor, molecular hydrogen, methane, and tritium concentration near the stratopause, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 3049-3054, 1970.
29. Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (SPARC), Assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapor, edited by D. Kley, J. M. Russell III, and C. Philips, WCRP-113, WMO/TD 1043, SPARC rep. 2, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
30. Strunk, M., A. Engel, U. Schmidt, C. M. Volk, and T. Wetter, CO 2 and SF6 as stratospheric age traceṙs: consistency and the effect of mesospheric SF6-loss, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 341-344, 2000.