Global sea surface temperature analyses: Multiple problems and their implications for climate analysis, modeling, and reanalysis

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

Volumn 80, Issue 12, 1999, Pages 2661-2678

  Hurrell, James W ^a   Trenberth, Kevin E ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038063708     PISSN: 00030007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<2661:GSSTAM>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Bottomley, M., C. K. Folland, J. Hsiung, R. E. Newell, and D. E. Parker, 1990: Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas. U. K. Meteorological Office, 20 pp. and 313 plates.
2. Cane, M. A., A. C. Clement, A. Kaplan, Y. Kushnir, R. Murtugudde, D. Pozdnyakov, R. Seager, and S. E. Zebiak, 1997: 20th century sea surface temperature trends. Science, 275, 957-960.
3. Enfield, D. B., and A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, 1999: Multiscale variabilities in global sea surface temperatures and their relationships with tropospheric climate patterns. J. Climate, 12, 2719-2733.
4. Folland, C. K., and D. E. Parker, 1995: Correction of instrumental biases in historical sea surface temperature data. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 319-367.
5. _, R. W. Reynolds, M. Gordon, and D. E. Parker, 1993: A study of six operational sea surface temperature analyses. J. Climate, 6, 96-113.
6. _, D. M. H. Sexton, D. J. Karoly, C. E. Johnson, D. P. Rowell, and D. E. Parker, 1998: Influences of anthropogenic and oceanic forcing on recent climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 353-356.
7. Gates, W. L., 1992: AMIP: The Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1962-1970.
8. _, and Coauthors, 1999: An overview of the results of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP I). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 29-55.
9. Hurrell, J. W., 1996: Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 665-668.
10. _, J. J. Hack, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and J. T. Kiehl, 1998: The dynamical simulation of the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3). J. Climate, 11, 1207-1236.
11. Kaplan, A., Y. Kushnir, M. A. Cane, and M. B. Blumenthal, 1997: Reduced space optimal analysis for historical datasets: 136 years of Atlantic sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27835-27860.
12. _, M. A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, A. C. Clement, M. B. Blumenthal, and B. Rajagopalan, 1998: Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18567-18589.
13. Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, 1998: The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3. J. Climate, 11, 1131-1149.
14. Knight, R. W., 1984. Introduction to a new sea-ice database. Ann. Glaciol., 5, 81-84.
15. Masutani, M., 1997: Relation between SST and rainfall on the seasonal time scale. Proc. 22d Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Berkeley, CA, Climate Prediction Center, NOAA, 65-68.
16. Parker, D. E., and C. K. Folland, 1991: Worldwide surface temperature trends since the mid-19th century. Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change: A Critical Appraisal of Simulations and Observations, M. Schlesinger, Ed., Elsevier, 173-193.
17. _, P. D. Jones, C. K. Folland, and A. Bevan, 1994: Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14373-14399.
18. _, C. K. Folland, and M. Jackson, 1995a: Marine surface temperature: Observed variations and data requirements. Climatic Change, 31, 559-600.
19. _, M. Jackson, and E. B. Horton, 1995b: The GISST2.2 sea surface temperature and sea ice climatology. CRTN 63, 16 pp. plus figures. [Available from Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 2SY, United Kingdom.]
20. _, C. K. Folland, A. Bevan, M. N. Ward, M. Jackson, and K. Maskell, 1995c: Marine surface data for analysis of climatic fluctuations on interannual to century timescales. Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales, D. G. Martinson et al., Eds., National Academy Press, 241-250.
21. Rayner, N. A., E. B. Horton, D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, and R. B. Hackett, 1996: Version 2.2 of the Global Sea-Ice and Sea Surface Temperature data set, 1903-1994. CRTN 74, 21 pp. plus figures. [Available from Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 2SY, United Kingdom.]
22. Reynolds, R. W., 1988: A real-time global sea surface temperature analysis. J. Climate, 1, 75-86.
23. _, and D. C. Marsico, 1993: An improved real-time global SST analysis. J. Climate, 6, 114-119.
24. _, and T. M. Smith, 1994: Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation. J. Climate, 7, 929-948.
25. _, and _, 1995: A high-resolution global sea surface temperature climatology. J. Climate, 8, 1571-1583.
26. Saravanan, R., 1998: Atmospheric low-frequency variability and its relationship to midlatitude SST variability: Studies using the NCAR Climate System Model. J. Climate, 11, 1386-1404.
27. Shukla, J., 1998: Predictability in the midst of chaos: A scientific basis for climate forecasting. Science, 282, 728-731.
28. Smith, T. M., and R. W. Reynolds, 1998: A high-resolution global sea surface temperature climatology for the 1961-90 base period. J. Climate, 11, 3320-3323.
29. _, _, R. E. Livezey, and D. C. Stokes, 1996: Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions. J. Climate, 9, 1403-1420.
30. _, R. E. Livezey, and S. S. Shen, 1998: An improved method for analyzing sparse and irregularly distributed SST data on a regular grid: The tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 11, 1717-1729.
31. Trenberth, K. E., and A. Solomon, 1993: Implications of global atmospheric spatial spectra for processing and displaying data. J. Climate, 6, 531-545.
32. _, and T. J. Hoar, 1996: The 1990-1995 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: Longest on record. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 57-60.
33. _, and _, 1997: El Niño and climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3057-3060.
34. _, J. R. Christy, and J. W. Hurrell, 1992: Monitoring global monthly mean surface temperatures. J. Climate, 5, 1405-1423.
35. _, G. W. Branstator, D. Karoly, A. Kumar, N.-C. Lau, and C. Ropelewski, 1998: Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14291-14324.
36. Walsh, J. E., 1995: A sea ice database. Workshop on Simulations of the Climate of the Twentieth Century using GISST, C. K. Folland and D. P. Rowell. Eds., CRTN, 56, 54-55.
37. Webster, P. J., C. A. Clayson, and J. A. Curry, 1996: Clouds, radiation and the diurnal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific Ocean. J. Climate, 9, 1712-1730.
38. Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.
39. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.