Estimating population sizes for elusive animals: The forest elephants of Kakum National Park, Ghana

Molecular Ecology

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1389-1402

  Eggert, Lori S ^a   Eggert, J A ^b   Woodruff, D S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^b SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Dung counts; Genetic censusing; Genetic tagging; Microsatellites; Molecular scatology; Noninvasive sampling

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; DNA PRIMERS; ELEPHANTS; FECES; GENE FREQUENCY; GHANA; MICROSATELLITE REPEATS; POPULATION DENSITY; SEX RATIO; SPECIMEN HANDLING; TREES; VARIATION (GENETICS);

ANIMALIA; ELEPHANT; ELEPHANTIDAE; LOXODONTA CYCLOTIS; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0038040719     PISSN: 09621083     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01822.x     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Alexandre DY (1977) Rôle disséminateur des eléphants en forêt Tai (Côte d'Ivoire). Terre et Vie, 32, 47-72.
2. Amos W, Sawcer SJ, Feakes RW, Rubinsztein DC (1996) Microsatellites show mutational bias and heterozygote instability. Nature Genetics, 13, 390-391.
3. Banks SC, Piggott MP, Hansen BD, Robinson NA, Taylor AC (2002) Wombat coprogenetics: enumerating a common wombat population by microsatellite analysis of faecal DNA. Australian Journal of Zoology, 50, 193-204.
4. Barnes RFW (1993) The Elephants of Kakum and Assin Attandanso Forests. Report of a consultancy under contract to Conservation International, Washington, DC.
5. Barnes RFW (1999) Is there a future for elephants in West Africa? Mammal Review, 29, 175-199.
6. Barnes RFW (2001) How reliable are dung counts for estimating elephant numbers? African Journal of Ecology, 38, 1-9.
7. Barnes RFW, Asamoah-Boateng B, Naada-Majam J, Agyei-Ohemeng J (1997) Rainfall and the population dynamics of elephant dung-piles in the forests of southern Ghana. African Journal of Ecology, 35, 39-52.
8. Barnes RFW, Craig GC, Dublin HT et al. (1998) African Elephant Database 1998. Occasional paper of the IUCN Species. Survival Commission no. 22. IUCN, Gland.
9. Barnes RFW, Dunn A (2002) Estimating forest elephant density in Sapo National Park (Liberia) with a rainfall model. African Journal of Ecology, 40, 159-163.
10. Barnes RFW, Jensen KL (1987) How to count elephants in forests. Technical Bulletin of the African Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group, 1, 1-6.
11. Blake S, Douglas-Hamilton I, Karesh WB (2001) GPS telemetry of forest elephants in Central Africa: results of a preliminary study. African Journal of Ecology, 39, 178-186.
12. Boom R, Sol CJA, Salimans MMM et al. (1990) Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28, 495-503.
13. Bradley BJ, Vigilant L (2002) False alleles derived from microbial DNA pose a potential source of error in microsatellite genotyping of DNA from faeces. Molecular Ecology Notes, 2, 602-605.
14. Chapman LJ, Chapman CA, Wrangham RW (1992) Balanites wilsoniana: elephant dependent dispersal? Journal of Tropical Ecology, 8, 275-283.
15. Colwell RK, Coddington JA (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Series B, 345, 101-118.
16. Comstock KE, Georgiadis N, Pecon-Slattery J et al. (2002) Patterns of molecular genetic variation among African elephant populations. Molecular Ecology, 11, 2489-2498.
17. Douglas-Hamilton I, Michelmore F, Inamdar A (1992) African elephant database. United Nations Environment Programme. Geneva, Switzerland.
18. Dudley JP, Mensah-Ntiamoah AY, Kpelle DP (1992) Forest elephants in a rainforest fragment: preliminary findings from a wildlife conservation project in southern Ghana. African Journal of Ecology, 30, 116-126.
19. Eggert LS, Rasner CA, Woodruff DS (2002) The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 269, 1993-2006.
20. Eggert LS, Ramakrishnan U, Mundy NI, Woodruff DS (2000) Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the African elephant (Loxondonta africana) and their use in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Molecular Ecology, 9, 2223-2225.
21. Ekobo A (1995) Elephants in the Lobeke Forest, Cameroon. Pachyderm, 19, 73-80.
22. Ernest HB, Penedo MCT, May BP, Syvanen SM, Boyce WM (2000) Molecular tracking of mountain lions in the Yosemite Valley region in California: genetic analysis using microsatellites and faecal DNA. Molecular Ecology, 9, 433-441.
23. Fay JM, Agnagna M (1991) A population survey of forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in northern Congo. African Journal of Ecology, 29, 177-187.
24. Gagneux P, Boesch C, Woodruff DS (1997) Microsatellite scoring errors associated with noninvasive genotyping based on nuclear DNA amplified from shed hair. Molecular Ecology, 6, 861-868.
25. Gotelli NJ, Graves GR (1996) Null Models in Ecology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
26. Hawthorne W, Musah J (1993) Forest production in Ghana. Unpublished Report, ODA and Forest Inventory and Management Project Planning Branch. Forestry Department, Kumasi.
27. Holdridge LR, Grenke WC, Hatheway WH, Liang T, Tosi JA (1971) Forest Environments in Tropical Life Zones. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
28. Hoppe-Dominik B (1998) Introduction d'un systeme de suivi écologique pour l'evaluation amelioree des activities du projet dans le Parc National de Taï. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. Project no. 97.2038.4. Berlin, Germany.
29. Jachmann H, Bell RHV (1984) The use of elephant droppings in assessing numbers, occupance and age structure: a refinement of the method. African Journal of Ecology, 23, 127-141.
30. Kimura M, Crow JF (1964) The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics, 61, 893-903.
31. Kohn MH, York EC, Kamradt DA et al. (1999) Estimating population size by genotyping faeces. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Series B, 266, 657-663.
32. Kohn M, Kanuer F, Stoffella A, Schröder W, Pääbo S (1995) Conservation genetics of the European brown bear - a study using excremental PCR of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Molecular Ecology, 4, 95-103.
33. Kpelle DG (1993) Evaluation of Past Management and Resource Use of Kakum and Assin Attandanso Forest Reserves. Unpublished report. Department of Game and Wildlife, Accra.
34. Lee PC, Moss CJ (1995) Statural growth in known-age African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Journal of the Zoological Society of London, 236, 29-41.
35. Merz G (1986a) Counting elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in tropical rain forests with particular reference to the Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. African Journal of Ecology, 24, 61-68.
36. Merz G (1986b) The status of the forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis, in the Gola Forest Reserves, Sierra Leone. Biological Conservation, 36, 83-94.
37. Merz G, Hoppe-Dominik B (1991) Distribution and status of the forest elephant in the Ivory Coast, west Africa. Pachyderm, 14, 22-24.
38. Miller RJ, Wiegert RG (1989) Documenting completeness, species-area relations, and the species-abundance distribution of a regional flora. Ecology, 70, 16-22.
39. Mills LS, Citta JJ, Lair KP, Schwartz MK, Tallmon DA (2000) Estimating animal abundance using noninvasive DNA sampling: Promise and pitfalls. Ecological Applications, 10, 283-294.
40. Morin PA, Chambers KE, Boesch C, Vigilant L (2001) Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of DNA from non-invasive samples for accurate microsatellite genotyping of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Molecular Ecology, 10, 1835-1844.
41. Morrison-Scott TCS (1947) A revision of our knowledge of African elephants' teeth, with notes on forest and 'pygmy' elephants. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 117, 505-527.
42. Moss CJ (1988) Elephant Memories. William Collins Ltd, Glasgow.
43. Norton-Griffiths M (1978) Serengeti Ecological Monitoring Series, no. 1. Counting Animals, 2nd edn (ed. Grimsdell JRR). Serengeti Ecological Monitoring Programme, African Wildlife Leadership Foundation, Nairobi.
44. Nyakaana S, Arctander P (1998) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the African elephant, Loxodonta africana. Molecular Ecology, 7, 1436-1437.
45. Ohta T, Kimura M (1973) The model of mutation appropriate to estimate the number of electrophoretically detectable alleles in a genetic population. Genetical Research, 22, 201-204.
46. Otis DL, Burnham KP, White GC, Anderson DR (1978) Statistical inference for capture data on closed animal populations. Wildlife Monographs, 62, 1-135.
47. Paetkau D, Strobeck C (1994) Microsatellite analysis of genetic variation in black bear populations. Molecular Ecology, 3, 489-495.
48. Paetkau D, Waits LP, Clarkson PL et al. (1998) Variation in genetic diversity across the range of North American brown bears. Conservation Biology, 12, 418-429.
49. Paijmans K, Jack WH (1959) Greater Kakum Forest Reserves Working Plan, vol. 1, Parts I, II, and III. Ghana Department of Forestry, Accra.
50. Palsboll PJ (1999) Genetic tagging: contemporary molecular ecology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68, 3-22.
51. Palsbøll PJ, Allen J, Bérubé M et al. (1997) Genetic tagging of humpback whales. Nature, 388, 767-769.
52. Pomp D, Good BA, Geisert RD, Corbin CJ, Conley AJ (1995) Sex identification in mammals with polymerase chain reaction and its use to examine sex effects on diameter of day-10 or -11 pig embryos. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 1408-1415.
53. Poole J (1989) The effect of poaching on the age structure and social reproductive patterns of selected East African populations. Ivory Trade Review Group Report no. 2. In: The Ivory Trade and the Future of the African Elephant (ed. Cobb S). International Development Centre, Oxford.
54. Poulin R (1998) Comparison of three estimators of species richness in parasite component communities. Journal of Parasitology, 84, 485-490.
55. Querouil S, Magliocca F, Gauthier-Hion A (1999) Structure of population, grouping patterns and density of forest elephants in north-west Congo. African Journal of Ecology, 37, 161-167.
56. Raymond M, Rousset F (1995) GENEPOP, version 3.2a: A population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 86, 248-249.
57. Reed JZ, Tollit DJ, Thompson PM, Amos W (1997) Molecular scatology: the use of molecular genetic analysis to assign species, sex and individual identity to seal faeces. Molecular Ecology, 6, 225-234.
58. Rice WR (1989) Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution, 43, 223-225.
59. Roth HH, Douglas-Hamilton I (1991) Distribution and status of elephants in West Africa. Mammalia, 55, 489-527.
60. Ruggiero RG, Fay JM (1994) Utilization of termitarium soils by elephants and its ecological implications. African Journal of Ecology, 32, 222-232.
61. Saccheri I, Kuussaari M, Kankare M et al. (1998) Inbreeding and extinctions in a butterfly metapopulation. Nature, 392, 491-494.
62. Soberón SM, Llorente JB (1993) The use of species accumulation functions for the prediction of species richness. Conservation Biology, 7, 480-488.
63. Surendra Varman K, Ramakrishnan U, Sukumar R (1995) Direct and indirect methods of counting elephants: a comparison of results from Mudumalai Sanctuary. In: A Week with Elephants (eds Daniel JC, Datye H), pp. 331-339. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay and Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
64. Taberlet P, Camarra JJ, Griffin S et al. (1997) Noninvasive genetic tracking of the endangered Pyrenean brown bear population. Molecular Ecology, 6, 869-876.
65. Taberlet P, Griffin S, Goossens BS et al. (1996) Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR. Nucleic Acids Research, 24, 3189-3194.
66. Taberlet P, Luikart GS (1999) Non-invasive genetic sampling and individual identification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68, 41-55.
67. Theuerkauf J, Ellenberg H, Guiro Y (2000) Group structure of forest elephants in the Bossematié Forest Reserve, Ivory Coast. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 262-264.
68. Thurow R (2002) Getting the scoop on these elephants is next to impossible. Ghanaians collect droppings to count elusive beasts; in 3 years, just 1 photo. Wall Street Journal, November 27: A-1, A-6.
69. Ulrich W (1999) Estimating species numbers by extrapolation I. Comparing the performance of various estimators using large model communities. Polish Journal of Ecology, 49, 299-305.
70. Waits LP, Luikart G, Taberlet P (2001) Estimating the probability of identity among genotypes in natural populations: cautions and guidelines. Molecular Ecology, 10, 249-256.
71. Weber JL, Wong C (1993) Mutation of human short tandem repeats. Human Molecular Genetics, 2, 1123-1128.
72. White LJT (1994) Socoglottis gabonensis fruiting and the seasonal movements of elephants in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 10, 121-125.
73. White GC, Anderson DR, Burnham KP, Otis DL (1982) Capture-Recapture and Removal Methods for Sampling Closed Populations. Publication LA-8787-NERP. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos.
74. White LJT, Tutin CEG, Fernandez M (1993) Group composition and diet of forest elephants, Loxodonta africana cyclotis Marschie 1900, in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. African Journal of Ecology, 31, 181-199.
75. Woodruff DS (2001) Declines of biomes and biotas and the future of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 5471-5476.
76. Woods JG, Paetkau D, Lewis D et al. (1999) Genetic tagging of free-ranging black and brown bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 27, 616-627.